IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


mm 


lit 


140 


■  22 

■  2.0 

m 


|L25  III  1.4    IJ4 

< 

6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STIilT 

WHSTSR.N.Y.  MStO 

(716)t72-4S03 


* 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiquos 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibiiographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibiiographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 


D 


□ 


□ 


D 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  et/ou  poliicuiie 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I    1    Coloured  maps/ 

L^    Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
RtiliA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirleure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  M  fiimies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires: 


L'Instltut  a  microfilm^  le  meilieur  exemplaire 
qu'll  lui  a  M  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restauries  et/ou  peiliculAes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxet 
Pages  d6color6es,  tacheties  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quaiiti  inigaie  de  i'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materit 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppi^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

ry\  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

r~~|  Pages  detached/ 

r~|  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I      I  Only  edition  available/ 


Pagei.  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
«nsure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meiiieure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film^  au  taux  de  rAdurtion  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


aire 
details 
ues  du 
t  modifier 
ger  une 
I  filmage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Pubiic 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  iegibillty 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


6es 


L'exemplaire  f  ilmA  f  ut  reproduit  grftce  h  la 
g^ntrosit*  de: 

La  bibiiothAque  des  Archives 
pubiiques  du  Canada 

Les  images  sulvantes  ont  tt^  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soln,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  fiimA,  et  en 
conformity  avec  ies  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  fiimte  en  commen9ant 
par  ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration,  soit  par  ie  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  leo  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^»- (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  sulvants  apparaftra  sur  la 
derni6re  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  ie 
symbols  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 


re 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  mav  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Tho^A  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvont  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  fiimA  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArleur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  ie  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


y  errata 
)d  to 

nt 

ne  pelure, 

1900  A 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^. 


1 


^ompliments  of  the  U.  S.  Deep  Waterways  Commission. 
,     A  /     ,yO  ^  James  B.  AnffclU 

^^^^hrU^JLAdy  -  uMjr. Chicago,  October, 


1897. 


REPORT 


OF  THE 


llTi  STATES  BEEP  WATERWAYS  WMMl 


PRrPARED 


AT  DETROIT,  MICHIGAN,  DECEMBER  18-22, 1896, 


BY  THTi:  COMMISSIONERS, 


JAMES  B.  ANGELL,  JOHN  E.  RUSSELL,  LYMAN  E.  COOLEY. 


ACCOMPANIED  BY  THE  REPORT  ON  TECHNICAL  WORK 

AND  THE  SEVERAL  TOPICAL  REPORTS  AND 

DRAWINGS  PERTAINING  THERETO. 


Januaky  18,  1897. — Referred  to  tho  Committoe  ou  Interstate  and 

Foreign  Coiumerce,  with  accompanying  pai)er8, 

and  ordered  to  be  x>iinted. 


WASHINGTON: 

CK)VEBNMENT    PRINTING   OFFICE. 
1897. 


.^alocC 


•><1>1T 


UN 


:*.liTn  CoNGRESf?,  )  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES.  (  Document 
•    2d  Hessian.        ]  \     No.  192. 


REPORT 


\ 


OF  THE 


PREPARED 


AT  DETROIT,  MICHIGAN,  DECEMBER  18-22, 109G, 


»Y  THE  COMMISSIONERS, 


JAMES  B.  ANGELL,  JOHN  E.  RUSSELL,  LYMAN  E.  COOLEY. 


ACCOMPANIED  BY  THE  REPORT  ON  TECHNICAL  WORK 

AND  THE  SEVERAL  TOPICAL  REPORTS  AND 

DRAWINGS  PERTAINING  THERETO. 


January  18,  1897. — Referred  to  tho  Committoe  on  Interfitato  and 

Foreign  Commerce,  with  accompanying  papers, 

and  ordered  to  be  printed. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT   PRINTING   OFFICE. 
1897. 


t. 


u 


CONTENTS. 


#<« 


I 


• 


\Mta 


M^ 


Page. 

Lcttorof  traiiHiiiittal  from  tlio  rresiduiit  of  the  (Iiiited  StatcH 5 

Letter  of  Hocretary  of  CoiniiiiHsion (> 

Keport  of  Ibe  I'lutctl  StateH  Deep  \Vaterways  Coiumission 7 

T«xt  of  joint  reHoliitioii  creatiuj;  Comiui8.-iiou 7 

I'ersouuel  of  Coiniuissiou 7 

Suiuiiiary  of  dcductioiiH 14 

Tho  trunk  route 11 

Torniinal  routes It> 

Limiting  conditions 18 

Capacity 22 

Projects 24 

Miscellaneous 28 

Conclusions 29 

Keconunendations yo 

Report  on  technical  work 33 

lutroductiou 33 

Scope  of  work 33 

Exhibit  A— Proliles  and  maps  of  water  routes 31 

Tho  Lakes  and  Atlantic  waterway 31 

rrofiles  and  maps,  list  of 31 

Introduction 31) 

(ieneral  profile 11 

Lake  Superior  to  Lake  Huron  through  the  St.  Marys  River 42 

Lake  Michigan  to  Lake  Huron  through  tho  Straits  of  Mackinac 4:{ 

I^ake  Huron  to  Lake  Erie  through  tho  St.  Clair  River,  Lake  St.  Clair, 

an;l  Detroit  River 43 

Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Ontario  through  the  Niagara  River  and  proposed 

ship  canal  and  Welland  Canal 45 

Lake  Ontario  to  Lake  St.  Francis  ^jhrough  the  St.  Lawrence  River 45 

Lake  St.  Francis  to  Lake  Chanipluin  and  to  Montreal 47 

St.  Lawrence  River  from  Montreal  to  deep  water  below  Quebec 48 

Tho  Champlaiu-Hudsoii  Valley  from  St.  Johns,  Provin<'e  of  Quebec,  to 

Troy  Dam,  New  York 40 

Hudson  River  from  Troy  Dam  to  Atlantic  0<'ean 49 

Lake  Ontario  to  Hudson  River  through  the  Oswego-Oneida-Mohawk 

Valley  from  Oswego  to  Troy  Dam 50 

(ieorgian  Bay  to  Lake  Ontario  through  Lake  Simcoe 50 

The  Ottawa  route  from  Georgian  Hay  to  Richelieu  River 51 

Early  canal  systems 52 

Inter  lakes  route 5-1 

Western  New  York  (no  profile) 5H 

New  York  and  Pennsylvania  (no  profile)   57 

Conclusion 57 

Appendix '. 58 

t 


CONTENTS. 


Report  on  toL-hiiical  work — CoutiniuMl.  P»ge. 

Kxhihit  A— Profiles  nnd  iiiapH  of  water  routes— (Ntntinnetl. 
Ap])en(lix — Con  tin  nod. 

DiatancoH — Luko-Hi'uboanl  vontcs 58 

Wpetiul  report  on  Oswogo-Oneiflu-Mohawk  routo 59 

St.  La\vrout;e-Champlain  route 63 

Exhil. it  B— Hydrology 36 

Exhibit  IJ  1 — Klovatiuns  for  the  Great  Lakes  and  for  the  St.  Lawrence 

and  Hudson  rivers 69 

Introduction 69 

Part  I — Primary  leveling 70 

Part  II — Special  discussions 83 

Part  III — Notable  elevations;  ])laues  of  reference  and  bench  marks.        87 
Exhibit  B  2 — Water  levels  for  the  Great  Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  Kiver 

for  tho  years  1860  to  1895,  inclusive 97 

I  )iagranis '. 122 

Memoranda 123 

Tables  of  water  levels  for  tho  Great  Lakes  and  St.  Lawreni'e  Kiver. ..       129 
Exhibit  U  3 — Basin  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Hud- 
son rivers 145 

Tables  appended 148-154 

Exhibit  B  4 — Effects  of  gales  on  Lake  Erie 155 

Table  showing  eflfects  of  gales  on  Lake  Erie 160-162 

Exhibit  H  5 — Water  levels  for  tho  Great  l^akcs  and  St.  Lawrence  Kiver 

prior  to  1860 1 69 

Data  furnished  and  documents  consulted 174 

Deduced  tables 176-178 

Exhibit  C — Practical  problems ;  the  ice  season ;  basin  of  the  Great  Lakes 

and  surrounding  territory 36, 193 

General  index  table — ice  season 196-200 

Addenda — ice  season 201-263 


C*«. 


^^y 


r 


58 
59 
R3 
36 

69 
69 

70 
83 
87 


ib 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


To  the  Senate  and  House  of  Reprenentath'es  : 

I  transmit  herewith  the  re)K)rt  of  Messrs.  .Jaines  B.  An^ell,  of  Michi- 
gan, John  E.  Russell,  of  Massachusetts,  and  Lyman  l).  Cooley,  of 
Illinois,  who  were  appointed  Commissioners  imder  the  authority  of  a 
law  passed  Man-h  2, 1895,  to  make  inquiry  and  report,  after  eonlerence 
with  such  similar  commissioners  as  miji^ht  be  ap|)ointed  on  behalf  of 
Great  Britain  or  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  concerning  the  feasibility  of 
the  construction  of  such  canals  as  will  enable  vessels  engagcil  in  ocean 
commerce  to  pass  between  the  Great  Lakes  jind  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  the  most  convenient  location  and  probable  cost  of  such  canals, 
together  with  other  facts  and  information  in  said  act  specified  relating 
to  their  construction  and  use. 

The  Commissioners  have  prosecuted  tlie  work  assigned  them  with 
great  zeal  and  intelligence,  resulting  in  the  (collection  of  a  .uass  of 
information,  embodied  in  their  report  and  its  accompanying  exhibits, 
which  is  of  great  importance  and  interest  as  related  to  the  project  sub- 
jected to  their  examination. 

The  advantages  of  direct  and  unbroken  water  transportation  of  the 
products  of  our  Western  States  and  Territories  from  convenient  points 
of  shipment  to  our  seaboard  ports  are  plainly  palpable.  The  report  of 
the  Commissioners  contains,  in  my  opinion,  demonstration  of  the  feasi- 
bility of  securing  such  transpoitation,  and  gives  ground  for  the  antici- 
pation that  better  and  more  uninterrupted  commerce  through  the  ])lan 
suggested,  between  the  great  West  and  foreign  jmrts,  with  tlie  increase 
of  national  prosperity  which  must  follow  in  its  train,  will  not  long 
e8cai)e  American  enterprise  and  activity. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  report  of  the  CommissionervS,  though  as 
comprehensive  as  the  time  and  facilities  at  their  disposal  permitted, 
does  not  definitely  deal  with  the  cost  of  the  work  they  were  called  ui)on 
to  consider,  and  omits  some  of  the  other  details  related  to  it.  Thus  far 
they  have  labored  without  compensation,  and  a  ])art  of  the  small  sum 
appropriated  for  the  payment  of  their  eNi)c!i8es  still  remains  unex- 
pendetL 

I  suggest  to  the  Congress  the  i)ropriety  of  making  economical  pro- 
vision for  such  further  prosecution  of  their  work  as  will  m(U'«'  fully 
develop  the  information  necessary  to  an  exact  and  complete  under- 
standing of  this  interesting  and  important  subject. 

Gkoveu  Cleveland. 

Executive  Mansion, 

January  18,  1897. 


<«l)MM,1|||gm|^f  I 


(1 


W AHTimcTO-N,  Jfnniarj/ S,  ISOT. 
The  Prertbent: 

By  iustnictioii  of  tlio  Denp  Waterways  Commission,  I  herewith  trans- 
mit its  report  made  in  pursuance  of  the  joint  resohition  of  Congress 
which  became  a  hiw  March  2,  1895,  under  which  the  Commission  was 
appointed  November  1  foUowing. 
Kespectfully,  yours, 

JOTTN  E.  llTTSSELL, 
Member  of  the  Comwission,  and  Us  Sevrciitry, 
6 


>7. 

ana- 

;ress 

was 


y- 


•4> 

I    f 


w 


REPORT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  DEEP  WATERWAYS 

COMMISSION. 


On  the  8th  day  of  February,  1805,  Senator  William  P.  Vilas  intro- 
duced the  fuUowinju^  Joint  resolution,  authorizing  a  preliminary  inquiry 
conceriiin{j^  deep  waterways  between  the  ocean  and  the  Great  Lakes, 
and  providing  commissioners  therefor: 

Resolved  hij  Ihv  Senate  anil  Ilouxe  of  Hepresentaiiven  of  the  United  States  of  Ametica  in 
ConijrcHH  aancmhled,  That  tho  PicHitltiiit  o(  the  I'uitod  >Statea  ia  antborixod  to  appoint 
iiiiiiiodiiitoly  ul'ter  tlio  pjiHuago  of  tliiH  Joint  rcHolution  tliree  porHoiiH,  who  shall  have 
jiower  to  meet  antl  conter  Avith  iiny  Hiuiilar  committee  which  may  be  appoiut«Hl  )iy 
thu  (lovcrnmeut  of  (ircat  Britiiin  or  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and  who  shall  make 
inquiry  and  report  whether  it  Ih  feaHiblo  to  build  such  canals  as  shall  enable  voasela 
engaged  in  ocean  commerce  to  pass  to  and  fro  ])etweeu  the  Great  Lakes  an«l  the 
Atlantic  0<-6an,  with  an  adequate  and  controllable  supply  of  water  for  continual  use, 
where  hucIi  canals  can  be  most  conveniently  located,  and  the  probable  cost  of  the 
same,  with  estimates  in  detail;  and  if  any  part  of  tho  same  should  bo  built  in  the 
territory  of  Canada,  what  regulations  or  treaty  arrangements  will  be  necessary 
bet  veen  the  United  States  and  Great  Kritain  to  preserve  the  free  use  of  such  canals 
to  the  ]ieo]>Ie  of  this  country  at  all  times;  and  all  necessary  facts  and  considerations 
relating  to  the  construction  and  use  of  deep-water  channels  between  the  Great  Lakes 
and  the  Atlantic  Oc«'an. 

The  persons  so  appointed  shall  serve  without  compensation  in  any  form,  but  they 
shall  be  ])aid  their  actual  traveling  and  other  necessary  expenses,  not  exceeding  in 
all  ten  thousand  dollars,  for  which  purpose  the  said  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars,  or 
so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated.  The  President  nmy, 
in  his  discretion,  detail  as  one  uf  such  persona  au  otUcer  of  the  United  States  Navy 
or  of  the  Army. 

This  resohition  having  itassed  the  Senate  (S.  Res.  1.30)  was  favorably 
rejjorted  to  tho  ITouse  by  Mr.  Wise  from  the  Committee  on  Interstate 
and  Foreign  Commerce,  and  was  incorporated  in  the  sundry  civil  appro- 
))riation  bill  and  became  a  law  on  March  2,  1805  (H.  S.  Pub.  Doc.  122, 
J).  44).  On  November  4  the  President  announced  appointments,  under 
the  law,  of  Commissioners:  James  \^.  Angell,  of  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. ;  John 
E.  Uussell,  of  Leicester,  Mass.;  Lyman  K.  Cooley,  C.  E.,  of  Chicago,  111. 

Soon  after  the  Government  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  appointed 
Commmissioners:  Oliver  A.  Howlaud,  M.  P.  P.,  of  Toronto;  Thon-aa 
C.  Keefer,  C.  E.,  of  Ottawa;  Thomas  Monro,  C.  E.,  of  Coteau  )<;  nding. 

The  United  States  Commission  met  at  Detroit  January  13,  i.i'  J,  and 
organized  with  Mr.  Angell  as  chairman  and  Mr.  Russell  as  secretary. 
The  time  and  place  of  meeting  were  chosen  on  account  of  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  Lake  Carriers' Association.  A  week  was  spent  in  taking 
the  testimony  of  ship  owners,  masters,  and  merchants,  who  were  present 
at  this  meeting. 

On  the  18th  of  January  a  Joint  meeting  was  held  with  the  Commis- 
sioners of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  The  United  States  Commission 
made  a  plan  of  the  work  necessary  to  accomplish,  so  far  as  its  means 
would  allow,  the  purpose  of  the  law.    The  exhibits  of  detailed  reports, 

7 


•*-» 


8 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


dra\viii::is,  niui>s,  and  the  report  upon  the  technical  work  of  examina- 
tion will  show  what  has  been  done.  The  material  discovered  in  all 
quarters  wliere  search  has  been  niadci  has  proved  to  be  of  far  more 
importance  than  was  conjectured,  and  the  Commission  has  been  directly- 
led  to  make  recommendations  for  the  action  of  Congress. 

The  Canadian  Commission  has  furnished  all  the  matter,  much  ot  it 
of  great  importnice,  contained  in  the  public  offices  of  the  Dominion, 
cordially  responued  to  all  inquiries,  and  made  special  surveys  on  the 
route  from  Lake  St.  Francis  to  Lake  Champlain  by  the  Richelieu 
Itiver,  the  results  of  which  have  been  laid  before  our  Commission. 
Examination  of  the  statistics  of  lake  traflic,  increasing  with  a  rapidity 
but  little  understood,  except  by  those  occupied  in  it,  must  lead  the 
staiesnian  to  consider  what  assistance  Government  can  give  to  promote 
an  internal  commerce  of  such  direct  benetit  to  the  whole  country. 

The  most  profound  economic  changes  of  modern  times  have  been 
brought  abciut  by  the  improvements  in  transportation.  These  began 
with  small  c mals  and  later  with  railroad  construction,  in  the  first  half 
of  the  century,  and  have  proceeded  Avith  accelerating  speed  to  the 
present  time. 

The  railroad  of  to-day  bears  .about  the  same  relation  to  the  transporta- 
tion of  tiiirty  years  ago  as  that  did  to  the  stage  coach  and  freight  wagon 
of  the  first  quarter  of  the  century.  The  general  use  of  steel  has  given 
an  efficiency  and  security  to  railway  traffic  far  surpassing  even  the 
prophesies  of  enthusiasts.  This  has  been  accompanied  by  the  utiliza- 
tion of  steel  in  shipbuilding,  which  may  be  said  to  date  from  1878,  as  in 
that  year  less  than  2  per  cent  of  steel  was  used  in  construction  of  ships 
in  Great  Britain.  Minor  inventions  in  the  improvement  of  marine 
engines  and  locomotives  have  accompanied  the  greater  changes,  and 
resulted  in  aflfecting  the  living  and  exchanges  of  tlie  whole  world,  and 
greatly  broadening  the  line  of  separation  between  progressive  and 
unprogressive  peoples. 

In  the  first  half  of  the  century  each  nation  practically  depended  upon 
its  own  agriculture  for  the  subsistence  of  its  people.  States  or  com- 
munities isolated  by  distance  or  mountain  ranges  might  suft'er  from 
famine.  A  bushel  of  wheat  raised  far  west  of  the  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior and  now  consumed  by  cotton  spinners  in  Lancashire,  r),000  miles 
away  from  the  field  of  its  growth,  might  have  its  value  exhausted  by  a 
wagon  haul  of  a  hundred  miles. 

Now  the  combined  stock  of  the  world  is  the  daily  visible  supply;  its 
amount  is  known  in  every  city  and  its  accessibility  is  fully  understood. 

In  1869  occurred  the  opening  of  the  Suez  Canal,  which  brought  the 
East  into  competition  with  Western  civilization  by  reducing  a  voyage 
of  six  or  eight  months  to  thirty  days,  virtually  destroying  the  value  of 
the  fleet  of  sailing  vessels  previously  employed,  and  making  it  necessary 
toreadjust  ancient  systems  of  distribution  and  all  the  capital  and  labor 
incidental  to  them. 

A  part  of  the  eflect  of  this  rearrangement  of  the  world's  commerce 
upon  the  business  of  this  country  may  bo  seen  in  the  reductions  of  the 
freights  ui)on  grain  about  75  per  cent,  and  enabling  India  to  enter  the 
markets  of  lO'rope  with  wheat  to  the  amount  of  ;U,000,()0()  bushels 
annually  from  1881  to  1885.  The  magnitude  of  commercial  change  or 
disturbance  in  reduction  of  values  maybe  estimated  from  the  fact  that 
in  18(5!)  the  value  of  the  total  trade  of  India  with  foreign  countries  was 
$5L'7,()00,0()0.  Five  years  later  it  hud  fallen  off  $ro,(K)0,00()  in  value, 
but  had  so  increased  in  volume  as  to  employ  an  increase  of  250,000  tons 
of  steam  shipping,  an  e(iuivalent  of  500,000  tons  of  sail. 


rOt 


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of 


.' 


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vu 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


9 


The  future  of  this  commerce  between  the  western  world  iiiid  eastern 
nations,  increased  by  the  introduction  of  better  nietho<ls  of  ])ro(hiction 
and  stiniuhited  ambition,  must  be  left  to  conjecture. 

The  agiicultural  competition  wo  have  been  compelled  to  meet  from 
India  has  lately  been  intensilied  by  the  entrance  into  the  world's  market 
of  the  rising  States  of  the  south  of  our  continent.  Tliese  circumstancies, 
which  will  change  only  in  the  direction  in  which  they  are  moving, 
strongly  appeal  to  us  to  examine  in  what  manner  we  can  lighten  the 
burdens  of  our  agriculture  and  keep  i)ace  with  the  world's  ])rogress  by 
facilitating  and  cheai)ening  our  internal  transportation. 

The  limit  of  reduction  in  railroad  freights  seems  to  have  been  reached ; 
it  remains  to  be  determined  if  it  is  not  possible  to  extend  lake  navigation 
to  the  ocean  by  a  practicable  ship  channel,  for  although  the  develop- 
ment of  our  natural  waterways  is  but  little  advanced  beyond  the  bounty 
of  nature,  and  is  capable  of  immediate  and  vast  extension,  the  etfect  of 
the  little  we  have  done  has  been  enormously  prolitable. 

The  chain  of  great  lakes,  with  a  water  surface  of  l)5,t)()5  square  miles, 
a  basin  area  of  312,305  square  miles,  and  coast  lines  in  the  United 
States  limits  of  3,075  miles,  gives  us  a  deep,  freshwater  navigation,  the 
extent  of  which  can  not  be  accurately  stated,  so  rajudly  does  it  iicuease. 

If  it  is  overestimated  in  enthusiastic  estimate,  the  calm  statistics 
soon  overtake  the  exaggeration. 

The  coast  lines  of  tlie  lakes  border  upon  nine  States,  containuio 
more  than  one-third  of  our  i)opulation,  and  upon  their  harbors  are  six 
cities,  with  an  aggregate  population  of  3,()0(),()0(),  and  hundreds  of 
rapidly  growing  towns.  Tlio  increased  power  of  navigation  etfected 
by  the  Welland  canal,  through  which  vessels  of  a  cargo  capacity  of 
1,700  tous  are  passed  into  Lake  Ontario  and  thence  to  Ogdensburg,  a 
distance  from  I)uluth  of  1,235  miles,  the  enlarging  and  deepening  of 
hnrbors  and  the  connecting  channels  of  the  lakes,  :iv.d  the  building  of 
powerful  rapidly  working  locks  at  the  Falls  of  St.  JNIary,  have  given 
such  commercial  results  that  any  suggestion  of  improvement  upon  a 
wider  scale  unist  at  once  secure  favorable  notice. 

The  amount  ex])ended  by  the  United  States  upon  lake  navigation, 
in  widening  and  deepening  channel",  is  about  $12,000,000,  and  nuirine 
history  contains  no  parallel  to  the  rapid  development  which  has  been 
made  possible  by  this  assistance.  The  largest  item  in  the  lake  trathc, 
the  transportation  of  iron  ore  from  the  Superior  shores,  has  been  nuide 
possible  by  the  locks  at  St.  ]\Iarys  Falls  and  the  dcei)ening  of  the  con- 
necting channels.  The  im])ortance  of  this  industry,  but  yet  in  its 
infancy,  can  not  be  estimated. 

The  richest  iron  ores  are  now  delivered  along  a  line  of  coast  of  1,000 
miles,  dotted  with  manufacturing  towns.  Tiiis  has  cheapened  iron  and 
steel  below  the  cost  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  The  develo|)mcMit 
of  this  industry  has  worked  a  revolution  scarcely  less  important  than 
the  enlargement  of  harbors,  channels,  and  locks,  in  the  shipbuihling 
of  the  lakes. 

As  steam  took  the  place  of  sail,  so  iron  and  steel  have  succeeded 
wood,  and  there  is  no  part  of  the  seaboard  wiiere  vessels  (mu  be  so 
cheaidy  built  as  in  the  shipyards  of  the  lakes.  These  rnteri)rising 
buihlers  are  confined  to  their  own  shores.  NN'cre  they  not  landlocked  in 
their  fresh-water  seas,  they  might  conqjete  with  the  shi[il)nilders  of  the 
world. 


. -^  **  ^  ^"«  timing  teu 


l8K,-> 

1H8!». 
W9U. 


No.  «if 


,  .'180 
7,  41'4 
0,  355 
7,  8o:i 
9,  57!» 
10,557 


3-  035.  9;i7 
•«.  219,  ,197 
■*.  897,  698 
S.  lao,  659 
7,221,935 
8,  454,  435 


•■'  250,  fi28 
■1  "'27,  759 
5,  494,  04!» 
6.411,423 
7,  516.  022 
».  Oil,  213 


1891...       '   .„ 
1892   10.191 


1892 
1893 
1894 
J  895 


12,  58(» 
42,  008 
14,491 
17,9.56 


^«««---":::::<  Ik^ 


'J^unuiif^v 


8.  (00,  685 
10,647,2113 
,8,949,754 
ly,  i:  0,306 
Ifi,  3(16,781 
17,249,418  , 


Not  toi.8 


8,888,7.59 
11,214.333 
10,  796,  572 
'•'.  196,860 
'5.  062,  580 
16, 239, 061 


,.^i; J^^O  t,.e  ';;:;i  t.^;:  ::;^^;f -/-  ti;</ j;^;>;  -^^'^  earned  by 

^^^^-^^r.^e^^:^;^l!^rt''^'^^^  po7t  ;,f  Kow" V^'",  '■'  ^^"'^'^  times 

)^'«<3  trad;,  o?       uio  r.  nd' r'""^'  ^^'"«  "'^e  "  <  u,  tL  t-  """'^"^  ^^^ates 
"'^/'t-  n.e  Lala.  S  ,W  ^'verpool  <omI.i„e       ^^iV/r'-"  ««"^I  coast- 

J>«trc,it  was  t^fS  •^d  ;i^"^  f«!'^>tl,e  t,  ,  inde^^^.^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^  the 

:^a8  0.«^ora  ud^^^?J;',irf'^-^'-^«-    T  e't^^,'('\;'*^«f '«  Dashing 

l'".-iillo»s  tl,,.,- .   I„V; ,    '"^  "'"'■«  "oiili  L  .,,  "      '  ".1"'"'  Sll,00((  i„  ,,„ ,' 


?^7,  2.^5,  ICO 
i'''>.  !»fl8,  0f»5 
iW,  088,  84J 


t?» 


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REPORT    OF    U.  S    DEEP    WATEKWAYts    COMiilSSION. 


11 


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, 


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\. 


At  lUifliilo  bulk  has  t  >  bo  brokcMi,  tlio  {jraiii  clovatoil  aiul  traiisCened 
to  cars  or  canal  l)oat.s,  an«l  tlio  saiiio  tiling',  with  o(jual  expenses,  is 
repeated  at  New  York. 

The  hike  (reiyht  from  the  I'arthest  shore  of  Lake  Snjterior  and  of  Lake 
Miehiji'an  to  liunalo  is  from  1  to  1.]  <'ents  a  bnsliel.  Tlie  ocean  iVei<ilit 
averajjes  about  3  cents,  makinji4  tol.]  cents  Ibr  thedcc^p-water  carriaj^c 
of  4,()(»(>  miles.  The  whole  cost  from  ("hicap»  orDnluthto  I'^uroju' is 
fi'oiM  U  to  10  cents  for  a  bushel  of  wheat.  Therefore  nior<>  tliaii  half  the 
cost  is  in  ehnator  char<«es,  commissions,  and  canal  lVcif>hts.  to  which 
must  l)ca<lded  the  item  of  waste. 

It  costs  twice  as  much  to  carry  a  barrel  of  Hour  from  huluth  to  New 
York  as  it  <loes  from  New  York  to  Murop*',  thou.yh  the  latter  distance  is 
more  than  twice  as  ^Tcat  as  the  (brmer. 

If  an  ocean  steamer  could  ch-ar  from  an  ui)pei-  lake  jxtrt  to  l-uroiK", 
it  would  save  the  time  and  expense  iccpiired  to  break  bulk  at  two 
intermediate  points,  and  the  cost  of  caniafic  would  be  about  <»nc  halt 
of  what  it  is  now.  Such  a  vessel  could  carry  her  carjio  from  the  east 
end  of  Lake  lOrie  to  the  ocean  ibr  not  exceedinjj'  1  cent  a  bushel  Ibr  the 
additioiud  water  distance. 

In  1.SS.5  the  United  States  was  the  principal  source  of  wheat  f>U])ply 
to  make  up  the  deticiency  in  the  world's  markets,  notwithstandinji'  that 
the  opening  of  the  Suez  Canal  in  1S<»1>  had  brought  India  into  conijteti- 
tion  with  us,  and  the  IJritish  East  Indian  (lovernment  had  l»y  railways, 
canals,  and  irrigation  greatly  stimulated  the  growth  of  wheat.  I'rom 
LSSl  tolS85  the  aversige  exi)ort  from  the  rnited  States  in  grain  and 
Hour  was  122,157,01.')  bushels.  In  the  same  tiuu'  the  average^  •''"ipply 
from  our  competitors  was — 

Canada 2,  !tOfi,  L'ls 

Arj-eiitiiia L',  (115,  118 

Urnjjii,ay 77,  L'lK! 

RiiSHia 7(>,  lS!t,  "W 

ludia :M.  5X0,707 

Five  years  later  changes  of  a  most  ominous  character  had  taken 
phwe.  The  world's  supply  had  greatly  increased,  prices  were  on  a  much 
lower  level,  and  the  comjietition  was  from  an  unexpected  (piartei . 

From  1891  to  189.">  the  exporting  (!oun tries  j)oured  into  the  maikcts 
as  follows : 

United  States  (wheat  and  ilonr  in  Itnsliela) 171,  THI,  ISO 

Canada 10,  llKi.  COl 

Argentina ;U,  (117.  ;>S1 

IJrngnay 1 ,  (lilt,  lS!t 

Russia 105,  581 .  (1 1 7 

India li!>,  li5l,  SlilJ 

This  shows  a  yearly  average  increase  from  IS'M  to  lS!)."»()f  11  l,0()0,(l()(» 
bushels  over  the  years  from  1881  to  \f^>^i).  The  ]>erccntage  of  increase, 
is  nearly  divided  l»etween  the  United  States  an<l  Kussia.  India  falls 
oft'.  Cana<la  trebles  her  suiplus  production,  and  tVoin  the  southern 
part  of  the  continent  new  and  threatening  conijH'tition  rapidly  enters 
the  market. 

This  new  feature  appears  all  tho  more  dangerous  if  we  examine  the 
production  of  these  later  years.  1891  was  an  unusual  and  unevc 
wheat  year.  There  was  a  jjaitial  I'ailurc^  of  crop  in  l''uroi)e.  The  l{us- 
sian  crop  was  exceedingly  light  with  agricuUnral  distress;  the  croj)  of 
the  United  States  was  the  best  ever  known  with  a«'tive  dcnnmd  and 
linn  prices.    In  this  year  the  Argentinian  crop  w  as  3(;,U00,(MJ0  bushels 


t 


12 


REPORT   OP    U.  S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


Hlr' 


and  tlie  Uruguay  crop  3,000,000;  but  in  1895  the  Argentinian  crop  rose 
to  75,000,000  and  the  Uruguay  crop  to  10,000,000  bushels,  of  which 
6,000,000  of  bushels  in  grain  and  Hour  were  available  for  export. 

While  the  crop  reports  of  the  present  year  indicate  that  our  southern 
competitors  are  subjected,  like  ourselves,  to  variable  and  even  disastrous 
seasons,  their  standing  in  the  market  is  ostablished  and  their  produc- 
tion of  wheat  and  corn  will  undoubtedly  greatly  increase.  When  they 
have  bountiful  harvests,  we  must  meet  very  low  prices.  The  Empire  of 
liussia  is  making  prodigious  advances  in  connecting  her  distant  grain 
fields  with  the  coast  and  her  competition  will  undoubtedly  increase 
rather  than  diminish. 

A  few  years  ago  agricultural  products  and  lumber  made  the  cargoes 
of  lake  shipping,  but  a  new  industry  has  arisen  from  the  recent  discov- 
eries of  iron  ore  in  the  Lake  Superior  region,  w^hich,  under  favorable 
conditions  of  transportation,  bids  fair  to  bring  about  far-reaching, 
economic  changes. 

Three-quarters  of  the  iron  ore  brought  into  use  from  these  discoveries 
has  been  produced  during  the  last  ten  years,  and  the  amount  of  capital 
interested  in  mining  and  transi)ortation  is  now  estimated  at  $234,000,000. 
The  proportion  of  this  recent  business  to  the  iron  industry  of  the  coun- 
try may  be  seen  in  the  statistics  of  1802.  In  that  year  there  was  put 
out  10,030,043  tons  of  ore,  of  which  the  Superior  region  gave  9,504,388 
tons.  But  when  it  is  taken  into  account  that  these  ores  surpass  in  rich- 
ness the  ores  of  any  other  part  of  the  country,  the  proportion  of  value 
is  much  greater  than  appears  by  weight.  New  discoveries  are  con- 
stantly reported,  aiul  the  ease  of  access  to  the  deposits  makes  it  possible 
to  supply  any  possible  demand.  The  rapidity  of  the  development  of 
this  industry  in  its  infancy  seems  to  establish  that,  with  access  to  the 
ocean  by  a  practicable  waterway,  we  can  not  only  control  our  own  iron 
and  steel  tr.ade,  but  can  enter  into  competition  in  any  market.  Some 
of  our  large  iron  and  steel  plants  are  upon  the  seacoast  and  are  importers 
of  foreign  ores,  as  the  low  value  of  iron  ore  in  proportion  to  its  weight 
will  not  permit  them  to  pay  railway  freights  on  the  ores  of  the  Supe- 
rior region.  The  position  of  these  coast  iron  works  is  sinular  to  that 
of  the  same  industry  in  Great  Britain  and  Germany.  The  ores  of  those 
countries  are  not  suitable  for  Bessemer  steel,  and  for  some  years  past 
their  furnaces  have  been  supplied  from  the  mines  in  the  north  of  Spain, 
which  are  the  only  accessible  ores  in  Europe,  so  far  known,  that  compare 
in  purity  and  richness  with  those  of  our  lake  region. 

Now  tlie  iron  masters  of  Europe  are  confronted  with  the  discovery 
that  the  Spanish  deposits  are  rapidly  being  exhausted;  they  will  this 
year  supply  0,000,000  tons,  four-fifths  of  which  goes  to  England.  At 
this  rate,  and  with  the  prices  of  ore  rising  as  the  quantity  diminishes, 
ten  years  will  exhaust  the  mines  of  the  liiscay  region.  The  other 
mines  of  Spain  are  on  the  Mediterranean  and  are  small  deposits,  about 
10(»  miles  from  the  coast. 

Another  possible  resource  is  in  the  mines  of  central  and  northern 
Sweden.  These  are  ores  of  great  purity,  but  low  in  iron  and  with  a 
long  haul  by  rail,  so  that  they  can  not  be  cheaply  attbrded. 

This  condition  of  European  manufacturing  indicates  that  soon  our 
iron  masters  can  sell  their  iron  and  steel  in  all  forms  in  any  part  of  the 
world.  With  deep-water  access  to  the  ocean,  the  ores  retiuired  on  the 
Atlantic  could  be  sup])lied  to  the  exclusion  of  foreign  ores,  the  iron 
and  steel  business  of  the  country  equalized  and  our  countiy  supplied 
at  a  minimum  of  cost,  enlarging  the  lield  for  capital  and  industry  and 


!»•> 


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at 


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REPORT    OF    TI.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


13 


Liose 
past 
ain, 
)are 


our 
the 
the 
ron 
iod 
md 


I     ' 


u»^ 


1»-W 


increasing  the  jnobperity  of  the  whole.  At  the  same  time,  furnaces 
and  rolling  mills  on  the  lakes  could  inoduce  iron  and  steel  that,  water 
borne,  would  irresistibly  invade  the  nnirkets  of  the  workl. 

The  foregoing  remarks  upon  the  present  (commerce  of  tlie  lakes  are 
capable  of  wide  extension. 

We  append  hereto  as  a  part  of  this  report  tlu^  leport  of  Mr.  Cooley 
upon  the  technical  work  which  has  been  carried  on  under  his  immediate 
supervision,  accompanied  by  certain  detailed  reports  and  drawings, 
which  are  set  forth  in  three  exhibits. 

Exhibit  A  consists  of  profiles  and  maps  of  water  routes  with  explan- 
atory texts,  comprising  profiles  Nos.  1  to  14  inclusive,  two  maps,  a  gen- 
eral report,  and  two  special  ropoi'ts.  Tliis  exhibit  coni])rehends  the 
several  routes  which  have  been  considered  and  advo(!ated  by  diverse 
interests,  and  iiractically  covers  the  available  information.  In  com- 
piling them  recourse  has  been  had  to  all  sources  of  information,  as  sur- 
veys and  examinations  made  by  the  two  Governments,  by  State  and 
provincial  authority,  by  corporations,  and  by  individuals.  It  was  found 
necessary  to  make  special  examinations  in  the  field  of  the  Mohawk  route 
and  of  that  portion  of  the  St.  Lawrence-Champlain  route  between  Lake 
Ontario  and  Lake  Chaniplain,  and  these  are  covered  by  special  rei)oits. 
No  attempt  has  been  made  to  define  projects,  the  presentation  being 
limited  to  the  characteristic  physical  features  upon  a  uniform  scale  for 
purposes  of  comparison. 

Exhibit  B  consists  of  five  special  topics,  illustrated  by  one  map  and 
seven  diagrams,  designed  to  develop  the  considerations  ati'ecting  ripa- 
rian interests  of  unprecedented  magnitude,  and  tlie  conditions  limiting 
the  capacity  and  character  of  works.  The  first  topic  reviews  the  data 
pertaining  to  elevations  and  data  planes,  to  which  all  records  and  plans 
are  referred.  The  second  sets  forth  the  fluctuations  of  the  several  lakes 
and  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver  from  1800  to  October,  189(!,  inclusive,  and 
is  a(;companied  by  complete  tables  and  by  diagrams  showing  graphic- 
ally the  record  and  the  important  deductions.  A  discussion  of  these 
data  determines  a  certain  common  plane,  or  standard  low  water,  through- 
out the  bodies  of  water  under  consideration,  to  which  all  profiles  and 
Avater  levels  have  been  re<luced.  The  necessity  of  some  standard  of 
common  reference  is  obvious  in  the  undertaking  of  any  comprehensive 
and  far-reaching  system  of  works. 

The  third  topic  is  illustrated  by  a  general  basin  map,  and  has  been 
carefully  compiled  from  original  sources  with  a  view  to  better  determi- 
nations of  the  water  areas  and  the  actual  watershed  drains  therein, 
and  this  work  has  had  the  cooi»eration  ol"  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Cauada  in  the  definition  of  the  little  known  watershed  line  through  the 
highlands  of  Canada. 

The  fourth  topic  deals  with  the  eftect  of  gales  on  Lake  Erie,  and  has 
a  most  important  bearing  on  any  inoposition  for  the  control  of  the  level 
of  this  lake  and  the  project  for  a  canal  therefrom  to  Lake  Ontario. 
The  available  means  did  not  permit  the  extending  of  this  investigation 
to  the  other  lakes,  in  which,  however,  the  i)henoinena  are  less  charac- 
teristic and  less  significant  in  their  rractical  bearing. 

The  fifth  topic  has  taken  great  research,  and  although  the  subject 
has  not  been  exhausted,  the  results  are  valuable  as  an  index  of  wafer 
conditions  in  the  several  lakes  prior  to  any  material  disturbance  of  the 
watersheds  due  to  inhabitation.  It  is  to  be  inferred  that  extreme  vari- 
ations in  water  level  were  more  ])ron()unced  than  duiing  recent  times. 

The  important  topics  of  rainfall  and  the  outttow  of  the  lakes  and 


¥'^\ 


14 


UEPOKT    OF    U.  S.  DEKP    WATEliWAYS    COMMISSION. 


I 


tlicir  luliition  to  «'ii(^h  otlier  ainl  to  hike  levels  liave  been  (luite  beyoinl 
the  resources  oi'  the  Commission,  aad  the  data  regarding;'  oiittlow  are 
very  meager. 

lOxhibit  (J  was  designed  to  covei  the  p-actical  topics  governing  most 
directly  the  ciiara<;ter  and  utility  of  works,  'nit  as  their  consideration 
has  naturally  followed  the  development  of  the  preceding  schedules, 
little  progress  has  been  made  excei>t  in  relation  to  tlie  ice  season. 
This  comprises  a  large  number  of  tabular  records  for  varying  periods 
upon  the  streams  and  lakes  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  the 
more  signilicant  features  in  their  bearing  on  water  routes  are  partially 
l»resented  in  live  diagrams.  This  topic  is  compiled  from  material,  the 
larger  part  of  whi(,'h  has  been  collected  for  the  <lrst  time  from  original 
sources,  and  is  found  to  give  systematic  and  consistent  indications 
(|uit'3  beyond  any  anticipations,  considering  the  diverse  character  of 
llie  original  observations  and  the  various  individual  incentives  for 
keeping  these  re(.'ords.  A  very  voluminous  correspondence  has  led  to 
the  conclusion  that  it  will  bo  feasible  to  obtain  a  substantially  coini)leto 
record  for  a  sufficient  number  of  points  to  i)rqject  general  charts  of  the 
ice  season  and  its  variation  with  latitude,  altitude,  and  water  condi- 
tions, and  the  economic  and  scientific  importance  of  such  work  can  not 
be  overestimated. 

It  is  considered  that  these  general  exhibits  are  inportant,  and  that 
they  should  be  ]>ubHshe<l  in  full  as  the  i)rimary  information  for  th(5 
many  who  have  under  advisement,  or  wish  to  cousider,  the  <|uestious 
herein  treated. 

SUMMARY  OF  DEDUCTIONS. 

Tile  leading  dedm  tions  which  are  to  be  inferred  from  the,  work  of  the 
Commission  are  presented  in  the  following  summary: 

They  are  tentative  in  part  and  ignore  the  boundary  line  and  are 
intended  lo  present  in  logical  sequence  the  leading  considerath)ns 
which  determine  a  choice  of  routes  and  the  character  of  an  enterprise 
as  well  as  the  collateral  bearing  of  the  same. 

1.    THE   TRUNK   ROUTE. 

I.  All  routes  are  assumed  to  originate  at  the  iiead  of  LakolNlichigan 
at  Cliicago,  and  at  the  head  of  Lake  Su[)eiior  at  Diiluth-Superior, 
tlience  by  Lake  jMicliigan  and  the  ►^jtraits  of  Mackinac  and  by  Lake 
k^uperior  and  tlie  St.  Marys  lliver,  respectively,  a  junction  is  reached 
in  Lake  Huron.  All  deep  water  routes  to  the  eastern  seaboard  are 
restricted  to  two  outlets,  the  St.  Lawrence  lvi\  er  from  ^Montreal  to  the 
(iulf  of  St.  liawrenco  on  the  north,  and  the  Hudson  Kiver  from  Troy 
to  tiie  Atlantic  Ocean  at  New  York. 

L*.  From  the  Junction  in  Lake  Huron  to  ^Montreal  and  to  Troy  various 
routes  and  combinations  of  routes  have  been  advocated  by  diverse 
interests: 

{(()  The;  natural  route  via  Lake  ICrie,  Lake  Ontario,  and  the  St.  Law- 
rence Iviver  to  .Montreal,  and  via  Lake  Ciiamplain  to  Troy,  witli  an 
alternative  line  from  Jjake  Ontario  to  Troy  via  the  Oswego-Oneida 
jNIohawk  \alley.     An  alternative  to  the  Lake  lOrie  route  is  the  direct 
line  via  Ceorgian  15ay  to  Lake  Ontario  at  Toronto. 

(/>)  The  Ottawa  route  via  the  Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrence  rivers  to 
Montreal  and  via  Lake  Champlain  to  Troy.  This  line  omits  Lake  I'aie 
and  Lake  Ontario. 

3.  The  (ieoigian  ]iay  line  is  not  considered  an  available  alternative 
for  the  Lake  l'>rie  route: 

(fl)  The  work  of  construction  is  miicli  more  serious,  and  the  same 


t>- 


I 


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tioiis 


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iiue 


REl'OllT   OF   U.  S.  DEEI'   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


If) 


l^a 


nJa. 


money  will  develop  the  liake  Eric  route  for  a  capacity  wliicli  will  more 
than  offset  the  sa^iiij?  in  distance. 

(h)  The  water  snpjily  is  limited  lor  a  navi{>ation  of  the  lirst  class,  the 
summit  level  being  drawn  ui)on  in  both  dirtuttions,  which  exacts  hr^-ks 
of  moderate  lifts.  The  excess  of  lockage,  the  nnnd)eiof  locks,  and  tlic 
amount  of  restricted  <'hannel  increase  the  commercial  Icngtii  or  time 
on  tlu;  loute,  the  saving  in  distance!  being  apparent  rather  tlian  real. 

(c)  The  ice  season  is  sensibly  longer  on  Lake  Simcoe,  the  proixtscd 
sunnnit  level,  and  at  (ieorgian  Bay  ]»oints. 

((I)  Tjake  Erie  is  the  greatest  Irallic  lake,  and  its  i)Osition  will  always 
make  it  an  imijortant  factor.  The  construction  of  an  alternative  liiu^ 
would  not  obviate  tlie  necessity  <»f  develojting  tiie  Lake  Ihie  route. 

4.  The  Ottawa  route  is  a  short,  inde))endent  line  which  may  have 
great  value  for  future  development,  but  its  consideration  is  not  now 
Justified : 

{a)  It  is  the  shortest  through  route  between  terminals  ami  is  unques 
tionably  adapted  to  a  navigation  of  considerable  cai)a<ity.    (Jomiire 
hensive  surveys  will  be  recjuired  to  determine  its  availability  foi-  a 
navigation  of  the  first  class,  and  until  a  i)roject  has  been  matured  it 
will  be  impossible  to  say  how  far  lockage  and  restricte<l  channels  will 
offset  th(^  apparent  saving  in  distance. 

(/>)  For  a  large  i)ortion  of  its  length  it  runs  through  a  region  nieage: 
in  resources  and  the  ice  season  is  considerably  longer  than  on  the  Lake 
Erie  route. 

{<■)  The  function  of  the  Ottawa  route  is  as  a  future  loop  line  for  through 
business  when  traffic  conditions  shall  have  been  sulhciently  (levelo])e<l 
by  the  ErieOiitario  route;  ])rovided,  it  shall  be  found  ca]iable  of  a 
ladical  solution. 

5.  The  routes  for  .shortening  distance  between  Lake  Michigan  and 
Ijake  Huron  and  between  Lake  Mi(!higan  and  Lake  lOrie  are  available 
for  a  moderate  capacity  suited  to  the  local  and  coasting  trade.  A  first - 
(tlass  navigation,  if  practicable,  would  be  very  costly  and  its  utility 
would  be  problematical.  A  large  vessel  would  probably  make  the  longi-r 
(!ourse  ihrougli  the  open  water  as  (juickly  and  the  land  routes  would  be 
closed  earlier  by  ice.  They  would  open  earlier  in  the  spring,  and  this 
would  be  a  positive  {idvantage,  unless  means  are  devised  for  breaking 
the  ice  blockade  at  Mackinac. 

0.  A  ship  route  through  western  New  York  along  the  general  course 
of  the  Erie  Caual  is  not  regarded  as  a  desirable  project : 

(rt)  It  would  involve  120  to  110  miles  more  of  artificial  channel  than 
the  route  via  the  Niagara  vShip  Canai,  Lake  Ontario,  and  the  Oswego 
Oneida-^Fohawk  Valley;  it  would  be  crossed  by  a  greater  number  of 
bridges  and  might  have  as  nuiny  loiiks,  owing  to  the  c(mformation 
of  the  ground,  and  it  would  have  a  side  hill  location  across  lines  of 
drainage  for  much  of  its  course;  all  of  which  would  make  the  route 
longer  fo^  navigation,  more  expensive  to  constrnct,  and  involve  greater 
risk  in  maintenance. 

(h)  All  the  imjiortant  points  to  be  reached  by  such  a  ])rqiect  as 
Rochester,  Cayuga  Lake,  and  Syracuse,  can  be  better  and  more  cheaply 
served  directly  from  Lake  Ontario  or  by  local  canals. 

(c)  The  country  to  be  reached  from  both  shores  of  Lake  Ontario 
between  Ilamilton  and  Ogdensburg  is  an  important  consideration. 
Lake  Ontario  is  comparatively  is(dated,  and  to  join  it  with  the  upi)er 
lakes  is  conceived  to  be  as  fruitful  in  developing  commerce  as  has  been 
the  union  of  Lake  Sui)erior,  and  a  lu'oject  for  this  ])urpose  would  be 
Justified  were  there  no  possibilities  of  going  farther  in  the  direction  of 
the  seaboard. 


16 


KEPOKT    OF    U.  S.  UEKP    WATKUWAYS    COMMlSSlOiV, 


I 


(rf)  A  moderate  developmeut  of  tlie  canal  through  western  New  York 
with  a  liigh  level  through  tiie  central  hike«  basin  may  be  of  value  as  a 
means  of  water  supply  for  a  ship  route  through  the  Oswego-Oneida- 
Mohawk  Valley. 

7.  The  question  of  a  trunk  route  is  thus  reduced  to  the  natural  course 
through  the  several  Great  Ijakes.  From  Lake  (Jiitario  the  St.  Lawrence 
Kiver  leads  to  tide  water  at  Montreal,  and  the  Lake  ('hamplaiu  and 
Mowhawk  routes  lead  to  tide  water  of  the  Hudson  Kiver  at  Troy. 

II.   TERMINAL   llOUTES. 

8.  The  making  of  Lake  Chamidaiu  a  part  of  the  (Ireat  Lake  system 
is  justified  independeutly  of  any  project  lor  resi^hiug  the  seaboard: 

(rt)  The  same  considerations  apply  as  in  the  jase  of  Lake  Superior 
and  Lake  Ontario,  but  in  iiiglier  degree,  on  account  of  the  very  favor- 
able position  of  Lake  Champlain  with  respect  to  a  distributive  trallic 
through  New  l-^ngland  and  the  luiguitude  of  the  movement  to  and 
from  tills  !i>'3ction. 

(b)  Except  as  opening  up  an  increased  territory,  extension  of  naviga- 
tion eastward  gives  very  little  advantage  over  J^ake  Erie  for  the  trans- 
8hipi)ing  and  forwarding  business  until  Lake  Champlain  is  reached, 
which  is  more  favorably  situated  for  a  part  of  the  through  service. 

(f)  An  extension  of  lake  commerce  to  Lake  Champlain  would  add  40 
to  oO  per  cent  to  the  length  of  ])resent  lake  routes,  and  a  nearly  pro- 
portional amount  of  territory  in  direct  service,  and  would  largely  increase 
the  total  water  movement.  Lake  Champlain  is  a  uo.'mal  part  of  the 
Great  Lake  system. 

\).  The  St.  Lawrence  route  is  justified  as  a  seaboard  route  on  its  mer- 
its and  independent  of  all  other  considersitions: 

(a)  Lake  navigation  at  the  head  of  the  St.  Lawrence  rapids  below 
Ogdensburg  is  ill  miles  from  ocean  navigation  at  M(^utreal,  with  a 
present  length  of  40  miles  of  intermediate  canals  and  220  feet  dilier- 
ence  in  level.  The  artificial  channel  reijuired  for  a  navigation  of  the 
first  class  is  mu(;h  less  than  that  of  either  the  Suez  Canal  or  the  North 
Sea-Baltic  (^'aiial.  This  route  is  capable  of  develojiment  to  any  useful 
capacity  tor  nmch  less  money  than  any  other. 

{b)  It  is  the  shortest  li  e  lor  direct  trade  with  the  north  of  Europe 
to  the  maritime  Provinces  <  f  Canada.  It  is  recognized  that  the  foreign 
movement  is  largely  incidental  to  the  lines  of  domestic  commerce,  and 
that  by  comparison  the  ratio  of  domestic  movement  in  this  direction  is 
destined  to  be  small ;  so  tlie  St.  Lawrence  route  is  not  to  be  taken  as  a 
solution  of  the  sealioard  pioblcin. 

(c)  Half  of  the  work  rc»iuired  to  open  tlie  St.  Lawrence  route  is  also 
half  of  that  required  to  reach  Lake  Champlain.  Considering  Lake 
Champlain  as  a  part  of  the  lake  system  justifying  development,  the 
cost  of  making  the  St.  Lawrence  outlet  is  very  small  in  proportion  to 
its  piobable  utility.  The  works  to  reach  Lake  Champlain  and  to  reach 
Montreal  should  be  regarded  as  i)arts  of  one  project. 

10.  The  development  of  the  St.  Lawrence  seaboard  outlet  and  the 
making  of  Lake  Champlain  a  part  of  the  lake  system  in  nowise  lessen 
the  importance  of  an  outlet  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard  through  the  Hud- 
son River: 

(a)  The  predominant  seaboard  movement  on  this  continent  is  to  and 
from  the  Atlantic  Coast  between  Portland  and  Norfolk.  This  's  likely 
to  continue  the  major  factor  in  domestic  commerce  and  the  controlling 
element  in  foreign  movement. 


«»f 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


17 


ew  York 

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4 


(h)  Frou!  Lake  Erie  northeasterly,  the  Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence 
exteud  parallel  to  the  trend  of  the  Atlantic  coast  and  at  a  distance  of 
2r)(>  to  400  miles.  The  detour  via  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  reach 
this  coast  is  an  average  trip  of  1,830  and  2,001)  miles,  as  against  feasi- 
ble cross  routes  of  370  and  330  miles.  If  Lake  Ontario  were  an  arm  of 
the  sea,  the  situation  wonhl  not  be  materially  changed,  in  other 
words,  lor  the  movement  in  (luestion,  the  St.  Lawrence  route  would  be 
of  very  doubtful  utility. 

(<•)  The  situation  is  not  unlike  and  more  emphatic  than  that  of  France 
between  the  Mediterrauean  and  the  Atlantic,  with  physical  conditions, 
such  as  France  does  not  possess,  inviting  a  water  route  of  the  first 
magnitude.  The  economic  conditions  warrant  an  expenditure  several 
times  that  re<piired  for  the  St.  Lawrence  route. 

11.  With  Lake  Champlain  in  the  lake  system,  engineering  consider- 
ations favor  the  Cliam])lain  Hudson  route  from  the  head  of  Lake  ('hani- 
plaiii  at  Whitehall  to  tidewater  at  Troy: 

(«)  By  a  cut  through  the  (Jliamplain-lludson  divide  tlie  level  of  Lake 
Champlain  may  be  carried  into  the  Hudson  Kiver  N'aHey  and  locked 
down  to  tide  level  above  Troy  in  a  total  distance  of  04  niiU's.  Tlie 
entire  route  from  Lake  Ontario  will  be  downhill  and  the  lockage  may 
be  concentrated  at  three  localities  in  maximum  litis. 

(h)  The  tidal  Hudson  is  favorable  to  deeji-water  improvement,  the 
amount  of  material  to  be  moved  being  no  greater  than  has  already  been 
handled  in  the  deepening  of  the  St.  Lawrence  below  Montreal,  and  the 
mileage  of  shallow  water  to  be  improved  is  considerably  less.  In  fact, 
from  the  cominon  point  in  Lako  St.  Francis  to  the  open  sea,  the  mileage 
of  restricted  channel  by  the  (jliamplain- Hudson  route  is  not  excessive 
in  comparison  with  that  of  the  St.  Lawrence  route.  The  statements 
regarding  the  tidal  Hudson  are  equally  applicable  to  the  Oswego-Oneida- 
Mohawk  route. 

(c)  The  Champlain-Hudson  route  is  advantageous  to  eastern  Canada 
as  a  short  cut  to  the  southern  coasts  and  to  the  West  Indies.  It  is  the 
logical  extension  of  a  future  Ottawa  route  should  conditions  favor  a 
radical  development  on  that  line,  and  it  skirts  New  England. 

12.  Economic  considerations  favor  the  Oswego-Oneida-Mohawk  route 
from  Lake  Ontario  at  Oswego  to  tide  water  of  the  Hudson  Kiver  at 
Troy,  provided  the  physical  conditions  permit  of  a  radical  solution: 

{a)  The  route  from  ( )swego  to  Troy  is  177  miles  as  against  379.5  miles 
by  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver  and  Lake  Champlain,  or  202.5  miles  less  in 
absolute  distance.  Were  the  Mohawk  Valley  in  virgin  condition  it 
would  be  feasible  to  dam  it  near  Amsterdam  to  the  level  of  Oneida 
Lake  and  make  a  through  cut  of  theltome  summit.  Such  a  treatment 
would  make  the  route  as  a  wholeequal  to  if  not  better  than  the  slowest 
or  more  restricted  177  miles  of  channel  on  the  St.  Lawrence-Champlain 
route  and  save  in  time  the  equivalent  of  tlie  remaining  202.5  miles. 
This  saving  on  so  large  a  projiortion  of  the  commerce  as  is  destined  to 
the  Hudson  Kiver  outlet  will  be  a  matter  of  great  moment. 

(b)  To  the  extent  that  vested  interests  prevent  a  radical  solution 
will  the  advantage  of  distance  diminish  by  increase  in  the  number  of 
locks  and  through  a  more  restricted  channel.  An  endeavor  to  mold 
the  works  closely  to  existing  conditions  may  actually  destroy  the  advan- 
tage in  distance  without  greatly  reducing  the  cost  for  a  navigation  of 
the  first  class. 

(<-')  The  data  show  that  the  route  is  capable  of  development  for  a 
second-class  navigation  without  radical  disturbance  of  vested  interests. 
The  relative  value  of  the  route  and  the  capacity  to  which  it  may  be 
H.  Doc.  192 2* 


n 


18 


KEPoirr  or  i'.  s.  dkei'  waterways  commission. 


I 


I  I 


(lovcloped  inusl;  awiiif  liiial  surveys  and  actuiil  projecfs,  coiisich'rod  on 
tlu^  basis  of  cost  and  of  tntonoinir  value.  Tlie  lU'olileand  map,  (he  lirst 
cA'cr  made  <d'  lliis  route  as  a  wludr,  suirfjest  ])(>ssil»ilities  not  lu'reloloro 
anfi(!ipated,  and  warrant  an  exhaustive  consideration  I'roni  linal  data. 
l.'J.  Macli  of  tlie  three  routes  from  Lake  Ontario  seems  to  have  inde 
jiendeiit  m<'rits  justilyinj;  its  «'onstru<'tion,  and  no  one  of  tlicni  can  ho 
elimi'ia^"  '  without  saciidcinj'- material  advantajjes.  it  is  easy  to  believe 
thai.  ontmd   growth  of  <-ommerce  will  furnish   business  for  all. 

Mcaii.ii...-,  I  he  determination  of  tlu^  I'ontb  for  initial  <le\cl(»pmcnt  shoidd 
rest  on  a  considci-ation  of  all  the  factors  in  llu^  lu'obh'm. 

III.    T<IMITrN<;    CONDITIONS. 

1  I.  The  water  sui>ply  is  ad('(|uat«^  to  a  project  of  any  <'hara<'1er  on 
all  available  routes,  except  the  Mohawk,  which  may  r4'<pnre  special 
])ro\  ision : 

('0  Th(^  mean  outtlow  of  tiie  lakes  at  Niajiiira  is  ade«pnite  to  a  ehau- 
inl  fhree-fourlhs  of  a  mile  vide  an<l  10  feet  tleep,  with  a  velocity  <»f  1 
mile  per  liour.  Any  proportion  (tf  this  is  availabh^  for  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  < 'hamplain-lludson  routes. 

(/')  A  throii<ih  cut  of  the  lionn*.  summit  to  the  level  of  the  lak«'S  of 
central  New  York,  or  a  hi^h-lcvel  feeder  I'rom  Lake;  I'^rie,  will  ])rovidea 
sullifient  water  supply  for  the  .Mohawk  route;  otherwise,  a  limited  water 
supj»ly  will  dwarf  the  ])roJect  lor  a  navipition  of  the  lirst  <'lass,  as  the 
channel  must  l>e  fed  both  ways  from  a  summit,  while  on  tlu^  other  rcmtes 
the  feed  is  continnously  in  one  direction. 

!.■».  Assuming'  .'»0  feet  at  standard  low  water  as  the  limit  of  depth  for 
Ji  navif^ation  o'"  the  ]ar;;est  nseful  capacity,  the  ])roi)ortion  of  channel 
to  be  actiuilly  constructed  or  deepened  on  any  of  these  rontes  is  rela- 
ti\('ly  small: 

(d)  In  this  consideration",  it  is  assumed  to  be  feasible  to  control  the 
level  of  ]Mke  Ihie  so  as  to  i)roduce  J(»  feet  on  tlui  miter  sill  of  the  \V  el- 
land  ('anal  at  Tort  Colborne,  or  raise  standard  low  water  L'.28  feet,  by 
works  ])la('ed  in  the  Niaj-ara  l{i\  er  at  Tonawanda  and  in  the  Caiuuliaii 
(channel  opi)osite,  and  that  the  Lake  J^irie  level,  less  the  slope  reipnred 
in  the  Miagara  River,  will  extend  to  Tonawanda;  and  further,  that 
the  Niagara  Ship  Canal  is  to  be  constructed  from  Tonawanda  to  Lake 
Ontario  at  Olcott  harbor,  via  Lockport. 

(/>)  It  is  jissumed  that  the  St.  Lawrence  River  below  IMontreal  has 
been  deepened  to  .30  feet.  The  pres(Mit  improvement  is  for  a  depth  of 
27. L*  feet  and  covers  a  length  of  4.'}  miles  of  dredged  channel.  A  depth 
of  .'^0  feet  involves  oO  miles  of  Avork,  and  this  has  already  been  nntler- 
taken. 

{<■)  It  is  assumed  that  the  HudvSon  River  below  the  State  dam  at  Troy 
has  been  deepened  to  •'>(>  feet.  The  i)roject  now  under  way  is  for  12  feet 
and  covers  12  miles.  A  dejjth  of  30  feet  involves  31  uiiles  of  improve- 
ment. 

(((')  Between  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  ITnron,  through  the  Straits  of 
JMackinac,  the  dei)th  is  ample;  but  a  change  in  the  sailing  c(mrse  will 
be  recpiired  over  a  somewhat  longer  route.  Between  Lake  Sui)erior 
and  Lake  Huron,  through  the  St.  Marys  River,  a  dei)th  of  30  feet 
involves  27  miles  of  channel  and  1  unle  of  the  St.  Marys  Falls  (5anal. 

(e)  From  Lake  Huron  to  Lake  Erie  are  43.5  miles  of  channel  of  less 
than  .)()  feet;  and  between  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario,  .^.5  miles  of 
channel  and  25. 3  miles  of  canal. 

y')  From  Lake  Ontario  to  M<mtreal  and  to  Troy  the  cor  structed  and 


h'lod  oil 
(lie  lirst 
Tcloloro 
liil  (liitii. 
,vo  indo 

II  (till!  1)0 

>l>('lit»vo 

ior  iill. 

t  should 


jM'ltM'  on 
'  special 

>  ii  cliaii- 
city  of  1 
liiAvrt'iice 

1  likes  oi 
•roviile  a 
cd  water 
s,  as  tin's 
or  routes 

leptli  for 

channel 

J  is  rela- 

itrol  the 
he  Wel- 
I'cet,  by 
anadian 
•etjuired 
er,  that 
to  Lake 

'cal  has 
llepth  of 
1\  depth 
under- 

I  at  Troy 
12  feet 
inprove- 

jraits  ot 
Irse  will 
luperior 
|3(>  feet 
anal. 
I  of  less 
liiles  of 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEKP    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION, 


19 


deepened  channel  will  be  approximately  as  Ibllows  (the  const ruded 
channel  may  be  classilied  as  actual  canal  and  us  artilicial  channel 
formed  by  impoundiiif;  water): 


K<lllt<'!4. 


Arllllll         Arliliriiil        Orrliilii'tl  ',    ...    ,1 

canal.    ,    iliaiim-l.       .  Iiiiiin.l.    |    """'• 


St.  I.awronoo  Hivcr  to  Mnnlroiil . 
SI.  i<iiwrciiic Cliiimplaiii  (u  Troy 
(tBwiKo Oiniila  .Mohawk  lo  'I'roy 


3Hh'». 

•12.  .1 

•17 

S.'i 


MUiK. 


•JO 
70 


.l/i7.«.         .WiV.K 

Iti  7.-.  ■■ 

Vi      !       107 


On  the  St.  Lawroncc-Chaniplnin  route,  L'O  miles  of  cunal,  -0  miles  of 
artilicial  channel,  ami  D.S  miles  of  deepened  channel  are  «{tmmon  lo 
the  St.  Lawrence  route;  and  L'.J  miles  of  canal,  liO  miles  of  artilicial 
channel,  and  S  miles  of  deeiiened  channel  are  between  the  St.  Lawienco 
lliver  and  Lake  Champlain. 

The  artilicial  channels  are  assumed  (Mpial  in  capacity  to  thedet'pened 
channels.  How  far  this  may  be-  true  and  the  relative  extent  of  actual 
canal  and  of  artificial  channel  depend  on  the  tri-atment. 

(//)  From  Chicago  to  Montreal  and  to  Troy  the  ]>roportion  of  work 
is  as  follows: 


ClmnictLTofwurk.  I    ^ll"'"-     <'lMin,,lai.,    M„l,:,«k 

ri'iiri'  iiiiilr.         imiti  .  idnlr. 

I 

Acfiiiil  cnnnl 

Art ilii'ial  chaiiin'l 

lJei'i)L'iR'(l  cliaiiiiel 

Total  work  I'equirt'd 

Total  iliHtanrt' 

IVrcontage 




Milfs. 

Mile.-<. 

Mil>.i. 

07.  K 

02.  ;i 

11II..T 

•JO 

80 

70 

65 

i(ii.;t 

Gl 

\'>2.S 

•J7:i.  f.  ' 

•jii.:t 

1,'JHl.,-. 

l,4<in.  fi 

1,'jr.K 

11.9 

IH.7  ' 

10.  1 

To  the  moutU  of  tlie  Saguenay  Kiver  and  to  New  York  City  the  pro- 
portion of  work  is  as  follows: 


I    St.  Law-    I  Champlain    Mohawk 
rcncc  louto.        route.  route. 


Total  work  roquireil "JO'J.  A 

'I'otal  (ILstanee 1,5."iK.  .'i 

Percentage j  lii 


mtes.  Miln: 

1104.  f.  'J7J.3 

1.011..')         1,41'J 

18.0  I  10.  3 


The  distance  from  Uulutli  is  G7.5  miles  greater  than  from  < 'hicago, 
and  the  proportion  of  work  may  be  com[)uted  as  above  from  data 
under  {(I). 

10,  A  channel  of  certain  dimensions  may  be  taken  as  practically 
cqiiivalent  to  deep  and  open  water.  Without  assuming  it  to  have  this 
actual  value,  a  channel  one-fourth  mile  wide  and  40  feet  dee])  is  arbi- 
trarily taken  as  free  water  for  the  ])uri)ose  of  comparing  the  length  of 
free  and  restricted  (duiuuels.  The  distances  are  taken  from  Chicago 
to  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  at  roinie  l)e  Monts  and  to  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  at  Sandy  Hook  light  vessel.  DuluthSupeiior  will 
have  (57.5  miles  more  of  distance  and  48  miles  more  of  restricted  channel 
than  Chicago. 


led  and 


m^.mtmm. 


20 


KEruKT    OF    U.  8.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


IteNtiiiatlDii. 


Moil  troal 

(iiilf  t>l'  St.  I^HwrnncK 

Troy— Cliniiipli..  Ji  roiilt' 

Allaiitlr  Oi'i'iin     <Miarii|ilain  roii<n 

Troy  -MoliHwk  roiitii 

Atluiitiu  Ucrun— Moliiiwk  route.. 


lieHtrirli-d  ' 

rliillllK'l. 

J/.7.*. 

a2;t.  H 

:i:i:i.  m 

:mi,:i  I 

407. » 

:m.  a 

306.3 

Total  ilJH- 
lam  I'. 


Mil,). 

i,'-'Hi.r. 

1 ,  aw 

i,4tio.r> 

i.tu'j.  :■  i 

i,w« 

1,44U 

rro]ior 
tioii. 


Pfr  eetif. 

17.  r> 
i».a 
2;t.  4 

24.8 

2:1. 0 

25,4 


In  the  above tublcM  canal  tlistiiiHiessiroiiKjliult'tl  in  restricted  fluinnel. 

17.  Tlie  capacity  of  canals  rc<iuirc(l  between  Lake  Krie  and  tide 
water  of  tlie  Ilndson  at  Troy  may  be  increased  two  and  a  half  times  at 
an  additional  cost  of  ;{()  to  10  i>er  cent: 

(a)  This  statement  applit^s  to  tlie  canal  work  jiroper  and  assumes  that 
channels  in  open  water  will  be  <leepened  ])rof(ressively  as  demanded  by 
commerce.  The  oasis  of  (umiparison  is  a  canal  adaptetl  to  a  vessel  of 
a  draft  of  120  feet.  A  vessel  of  the  same  model  and  a  draft  of  ii7  feet 
will  have  approximately  two  and  a  half  times  the  carrying'  capacity. 

(h)  It  may  be  assumed  that  about  .'iO  per  cent  of  the  cost  of  the 
smallerchannel  is  rein-esented  by  fixed  charjjes  that  will  not  vary  mate- 
rially with  the  capacity.  Half  of  the  remainder  is  represented  by  deep 
cuttings,  in  which  the  increased  cost  will  be  about  40  ])er  cent.  The 
other  half  will  represent  shallow  cuttings,  embankments,  structures, 
etc.,  at  various  ratios  and  averaging  about  GO  per  cent  increase  of  cost. 
The  lesults  are  as  follows : 


Class  i>r  )>\ii)'ii(iitiireH. 


For  draft  of— 
20  feet.       27  frt  t. 


Fixed  charges 

I)eej>  outtiiigs 

Ordiuary  work,  structures,  etc 

Total 


I'er  cent.    I'cr  cent. 
•M  30 


35 
35 


100 


40 
66 


135 


(c)  This  ratio  is  taken  for  the  Champlain  route,  including  that  por- 
tion of  the  St.  Lawrence  necessary  to  it.  It  will  be  greater  for  the  St. 
Lawrence  route  as  a  whole.  The  i)ro.ject  for  the  Mohawk  route  is  not 
sufficiently  obvious  for  comparison,  but  if  a  radical  solution  is  adopted 
the  ratio  will  be  about  the  same.  The  results  will  vary  on  diU'ereut 
sections  and  with  difference  in  treatment. 

18.  The  deepening  of  channels  in  open  water,  when  necessary,  will 
be  relatively  a  minor  factor.  Thedeeiieniug  of  the  St.  Lawrence  below 
Montreal,  and  of  the  St.  Marys  River  and  the  passage  between  Lakes 
Huron  and  Erie,  furnish  sufficient  precedent.  The  material  for  the 
most  part  yields  to  ordinary  dredging  operations,  and  alternative  chan- 
nels offer  special  facilities  at  the  most  serious  rock  cuts. 

19.  The  question  of  dei)th  and  width  of  channels  between  the  several 
lakes  and  to  the  seaboard  is  solely  one  of  cost.  Up  to  channels  sutti 
cieut  for  a  draft  of  27  or  28  feet,  every  condition  seems  to  lend  itself. 
Beyond  this  limit  the  difficulties  rapidly  increase,  and  the  proportion 
of  restricted  channel  will  be  so  large  as  to  make  tlie  result  of  doubtful 
efficiency.  Happily,  there  does  not  appear  to  be  any  economic  reason 
In  sight  that  seems  to  require  provision  for  a  larger  draft. 

20.  The  season  of  navigation  is  limited  by  ice,  and  this  varies  greatly 
in  different  years.  The  body  of  tlie  several  lakes  is  capable  of  winter 
navigation,  and  through  navigation  would  be  feasible  if  intermediate 


I'ropnr 
tiiiii. 


Per  cent. 
17.5 
19.  fl 
2;i.4 

24.  H 
Zi.  i» 
2!).  4 


Icliannel* 
iiiul  tide 
['  times  ut 

lines  tliiit 
aiulcd  by 
vessel  of 
of  L'7  feet 
irpacity. 
►st  of  the 
ary  inate- 
[l  by  deep 
?nt.  The 
tiucturea, 
e  of  cost. 


draft  of— 

t.    I    27  fct. 


I'lr  ee7it. 
3(1 
49 
56 


135 


lat  por- 
the  St. 
;e  is  not 
adopted 
ili'ereut 

aiy,  will 
[!e  below 
u  Lakes 
for  the 
/e  cliaii- 

several 

Is  Sllffi 
1  itself, 
portion 
oubtful 
reason 

greatly 
winter 
ediate 


HEPOKT   OF    V.  8.  DEEr   WATERWAYS    (COMMISSION. 


21 


lid   be   iicpt  opiMi.     The   ict^   interruption  dilVcrs   tor  the 


Moiitiral  and  the 
is  from  hceomber 
!M'  to  tlu^  iVee/.in}; 


channels  coiiii 
several  ronti's 

((0  Tim  ice  season   for  tlir  St.  Iiii\vr«'n('r   ln'twecn 
sea  is  given  by  the  rvcoi'd  at  Montiral.     TIh'  averagi' 
10  to  April  1!>,  a  perio«l  of  1.50  days.     1  In-  clo.-iing  is  ( 
of  dritt  and  anch<.r  ice  accninnlation.s  and  holds  out  little  luipc  that  the 
season  can  be  shortened. 

(h)  The  average  ici^  .season  for  the  llndsoi:  Kiver  at  Albany  is  from 
December  I'li  to  March  IMI,  or  IH  (lays.  Tlu^  St.  liawrence  riiamplain 
route  is  governed  by  tlie  St.  Lawrence  at  <  )gdensl>nig  and  I  .  ke  St. 
J"'rancis,  which  may  l)e  taken  from  December  l.")to  Apiil  11, or  l".:)days. 
The  data  Ibv  Lake  Champlain  indicate  tlu'  possibility  of  shortening 
this  period  by  ten  t.ays  to  two  weeks. 

(v)  The  iMohawic  i-onte  is  governed  l»y  ()nei«la  Lake  with  an  average 
ice  period  frtun  Decendiei-  1«»  to  April  7,  or  1 IL*  days.  Tin'  rivers  are 
usually  free  betbre  tlu^  lake  is  open,  and  tiie  ice  sea.son  can  probably  bo 
shortened. 

((I)  Whenever  Lake  Ontario  «an  be  reached  it  will  be  possible  to 
rea(!li  Lake  ICrie.  Lake  St.  < 'lair  is  the  ''ontfolling  point  between  Lake 
Erie  and  Lake  Huron,  tlu^  ice  season  averaging  from  December  17  to 
April  r>,  or  10!>  days.  The.  closing  is  about  tlie  sivme,  and  the  opening 
about  two  weeks  later  than  the  Detroit  Uiver  and  west  Lake  Erie 
points,  which  are  nearly  the  same  as  Albany.  Whether  this  period 
can  be  abridged  or  not  depends  on  how  far  Lake  St.  Clair  is  comidi- 
cated  by  drift  accumulations  from  Lak<i  Huron.  Lake  St.  Clair  corre- 
sponds iiractically  to  Oneida  Lake  and  the  southern  end  of  Lake 
(.'hamplain,  so  it  is  possible  to  reach  Lake  Huron  whenever  it  is  jjossible 
to  reach  Lake  Ontario. 

(<■)  The  average  ice  season  in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac  is  from  .lanuary 
(J  to  April  15,  or  UOdays.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  through  navigation 
is  limited  by  the  closing  of  Laki'  St.  Clair  and  the  opening  of  Mackinac, 
or  from  December  17  to  Ajnil  !.'»,  a  i>eriod  of  111>  days.  The  i\Iackinac 
ice  is  umlerstood  to  be  largely  the  accumulated  drift,  dne  to  winds  on 
on  the  two  lakes. 

(./■)  The  ice  season  of  the  St.  ]Marys  River  is  from  December  8  to 
April  11,  or  124  days,  as  indicated  by  the  record  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river;  from  December  4  to  April  25,  or  142  days,  as  indicated  by  the 
opening  and  closing  of  the  canal,  and  from  December  'A  to  April  27,  or 
145  days,  as  indicated  by  the  record  at  Sanlt  Ste.  Marie,  Ontario.  The 
canal  record  may  be  taken  as  the  ])ractical  limit  of  ice  for  the  river  as 
a  whole.  This  is  over  a  month  earlier  a:ul  over  a  week  later  than  at  the 
Straits  of  Mackinac. 

((/)  A  throngh  route  from  Lake  Michigan  will  be  (closed  from  Decem- 
ber 10  to  April  15,  or  120  days,  by  the  Mohawk  route;  from  December 
15  to  April  15,  or  121  days,  by  the  St.  LawrenceChami>lain  route,  and 
from  Decend)er  10  to  Ai)ril  10,  or  l.'iO  days,  by  the  St.  Lawrence  route. 
From  Lake  Superior  the  ])eriod  is  142  days,  ch)sing  six  days  earlier  and 
oi)ening  six  days  later  than  at  INIontreal.  From  Lake  Huron  the  period 
is  governed  by  the  routes  east  from  Lake  Ontario. 

(//)  Ice  boats  are  now  in  operation  that  Mill  break  10  inches  ol  solid 
ice  at  5  miles  ])er  hour  and  claims  are  made  of  ability  to  handle  18 
inches.  The  great  car  ferries  operate  across  Lake  Michigan  and  even 
across  the  Straits  of  Mackinac  at  all  seasons  and  are  able  to  break  any 
held  ice  encountered  and  i)low  through  several  feet  of  drift  ice.  It 
would  seem  to  require  no  great  development  of  resour(!es  to  reduce  the 
ice  period  to  DO  or  100  days  from  Lake  Huron  by  either  the  Mohawk  or 


B 


,-fI" 


21 


KEPOIJT    Ol'    U. 


I)Ki:r   WATEHWAYS    COMMISSION. 


i 


Cliiiinpl;iiii  ionics,  aiul  il'  Miickiiiac  proves  Iraclahh'  this  jx'i-iod  will 
apply  to  Lake  .Michigan.  It  is  possible  St.  .Marys  Jiivcr  W(»ul(l  also 
yield  to  proper  ellorts,  but  no  inducouient  can  be  hohl  out  for  the  St. 
Jiawronce  lictwcen  ISIontreal  and  (Jne.bec  as  conditions  are  n<>w  under- 
stood, unless  it  be  feasible  to  i)revent  the  actual  closing  of  the  river  as 
has  been  suggested  by  a  coniinission  of  engineers.  II"  connuercial 
necessil  ies  shoidd  evei'  s(t  demand,  means  arc^  likely  to  be  found  I'oi'  still 
shortening  the  ])eiiod,  and  tiu',  experience  in  high  latitudes  in  the  north 
of  I'hirope  is  not  anuss  in  this  connection. 

IV.    ("APAdlTV. 

2\.  It  is  assunu'd  that  the  cliaiacter  of  wcuks  is  to  be  ade(puvte  to 
vessels  of  llii>  niosl  econondcal  type,,  not  only  for  the  coasting  or  domes- 
tie  trade,  ]»ut  also  for  the  foreign  niovenuMit.  so  that  commerce  may  be 
carried  on  directly  between  lake  jtorts  ami  other  domestic  and  foreign 
])orts  without  transshipment: 

(^0  \'essels  vary  in  si/e -with  the  trade  in  which  they  are  <'ngaged 
and  with  the  length  of  route.  The  ability  to  obtain  cargoes  an(l  to 
deliver  tliem  at  ])oints  capable  of  <listributing  or  forwai'ding  them 
promi)tly,  cond»ined  with  length  of  route,  Justilies  the  largest  type  of 
j'arrier, and  these  conditions  obtain  at  the  great  i)ortsonly.  There  are 
many  other  ])orts  at  which  the  trade  recpures  a  mor<»  moderate  ty)>e  of 
vessel.  In  this  consi«lerati(Ui  it  is  assunu'd  that  harbors  are  im])r()ved 
to  meet  trade  recpiirenu'uts,  ami  this  has  usually  followe«l  closely  on 
actual  needs. 

[b)  "^riie  o])ening  uj)  of  the  hike  system  to  foreign  commerce  will 
increase  the  length  of  many  important  trade  routes  ui)ward  of  10  i»er 
iv\\[^  and  will  reach  ilirectly  the  i)ro(lucing  and  consuming  interi(n'of 
the  continent,  in  which,  relatively,  tln^  largest  future  growth  is  to  be 
antici])ated.  These  conditions  will  make  advantageous  the  largest 
type  of  vessel  tbund  useful  in  any  trade  of  the  worhl. 

(c)  The  ])resent  type  of  lalce  vessel  is  of  Hat  bottom  and  broad  beam, 
and  is  an  outgrowth  of  the  demaml  tor  large  carriers  on  the  small  d«'pth 
of  water  through  the  in  termed  iat<'.  channels.  The  limit  of  economical 
carrying caii)acity  seems  m)t  to  have  been  reached  even  on  the  shoit 
lake  routes.  TIk^  typc^  of  vessel  is  not  the  most  economical  to  con- 
Htruct  and  oi)erate,  and  would  doubtless  be  modified  in  favor  of  larger 
draft  were  there  no  limit  to  the  dei)th  of  chantu^Iways. 

-U.  Tiie  reipiirenients  as  now  delined  demand  a  limiting  draft  of  2? 
orL'S  leet: 

{<()  Thirty  feet  is  now  recognized  as  the  standard  depth  for  tlrst -class 
harlxir  entrances.  This  is  intended  to  luovide  some  maigin  of  dej)th, 
depending  on  the  tide,  i'.gainst  jjounding  the  bottom  in  a  seaway. 

[b)  The  North  Sea- Halt  ic  Canal  is  built-  with,  a  depth  of  'JO.'):}  feet  (0 
meters).  The  North  Sea- Amsterdam  has  a  depth  of  U7.8.S  feet,  and  an 
evi'ntual  de])th  of  .'{."». r»  tcet  is  ])r(;i«'eted.  The  Sue/  was  originally  cou- 
strncted  for  li(i.L*4  feet  (S  meters),  an<l  is  undergoing  progressive  enlarge- 
ment and  deepening.  Tlies  Pananui  itroject  adopted  liT.SS  and  2().r>L*  leet 
in  dilfci'ent  sections,  and  the  Nicaragua  ])roJeet  2(S  and  .'50  feet,  ('or- 
inth  and  ManclM'ster  each  has  lit!  feet.  The  North  Sea  Maltic  ami  the 
North  Sea-Amsterdam  nia\'  be  taken  as  the  lati'st  type,  with  depths  of 
L'!>.r»2  and  liT.SS  feet,  resp(>('ii\<'ly.  'J'o  tloai  tln^  same  boat  in  fresh  water, 
these  canals  would  riMpdre  to  be  .'5()..'{  and  L'S.'J  f(>et  in  depth,  on  account 
of  less  density. 

{(•)  In   1S8<;  lil.T  per  cent  <d'  tiie  vessels  passing  through  the  Suez 


'.riod  will 
oiild  also 
)r  (lie  St. 
>w  niuler- 
»-  riv(M'  as 
•iiiiiKM'i-ial 
<1  ioi- still 
tln'  iiortL 


cqiiatoi  to 
or  (loiiios- 
•o  may  be 
d  Cureign 

ciijicajjcd 
's  and  to 
iiiji'  them 
st  tyne  of 
Tliere  are 
te  type  of 
im]»rove(l 
I'losi'ly  on 

ier(!e  will 

of  40  i)ei' 

Interior  of 

is  to  be 

lar.uest 

ad  beam, 
I  depth 
momical 
i".  short 
to  eon- 
r  larger 

lit  of  L»7 

rst-class 
(le])tli, 

>.V- 

L'  feet  ({) 

,  ami  an 
lly  eoii- 
'iilaiiLie- 
>.r>L'  leet 


Mnd 


he 


jjdhs  of 
li  water, 
lieeoiint 


lo  Suez 


KKPOHT    Ol'    U.S.   DEKP    ^VATKi{^V.\^S    COMMISSION. 


Canal  exceeded  a  draft  of  L'L'  feet.  1 1  inches  (fresh  water,  :'.'>St  leet),  the 
linnting  draft  beiii<«;  21  feet  7  inches.  In  1S!M),  L".i..'>  per  ,«'iit  exceeded 
the  above,  and  in  lS!>r>,  ,'i(!.  i  percent.  Tlie  liniitinj; draft  was  fixed  on 
April  15,  IStJO,  at  L'o  feet  7  inches  (fresh  water,  LMi..)  feet).  The  propor- 
tion of  larj^e  vessels  betwi'cn  a  dralt  (fresh  water)  of  -',\S>  ami  LMI.IJ  feet, 
has  rapidly  increased  until  in  IStr*  it  was  .it!.  1  per  <'eiit.  of  the  niiniber 
and  about  It  per  cent  of  tll(^  t(Miiia^':e,  as  inferred  from  tlu^  usual  pro- 
portion between  draft  and  toniiaj;e.  Half  of  this  tonna.ue  exceeded  a 
freshwater  draft  of  L'l..")  feet. 

((I)  Kreij^ht  vessels  ar(>  in  commission  witli  a  loaded  sea  draft  of 'J»l 
to  2S  feet  eqiiivah'iit  to  a  freshwater  draft  (tf  L'ti.tJ  to  2S.7  feet. 

l',"{.  Assumiu,n  a  fresh  water  draftof  L'7  feet.  e(|uivalent  to  a  sea drall 
of  2(!..'{  feet,  a  <;<)od  type  of  boat  will  have  a  brea<lth  o\(m  all  of  (iO  leet 
and  a  lenjith  over  allot  nine  times  th(^  breadth,  or  r»l(>t'eet,  with  a  car^o 
capacity  of  11, (UK)  to  l."'.,Ot>(>  net  tons. 

(<i)  l\ecent  hike  practice  for  freijjht.  carriers  yivcs  a  coellicient  of 
displacement  of  SO  jx-r  cent,  or  tiie  aliove  boat  would  displace  L'1,S7(> 
lu^t  tons.  The  same  jiractiee  {"ivt's  maximum  car,i;'o  capacity  at  <lSto  1~> 
per  cent  of  the  displacement.  I!"  taken  at  70  per  cent,  the  al»ov(>  boat 
would  carry  a  maxiinuiii  carji'o  of  ir>,;>09  tons.  This  type  may  betaken 
as  the  extreme  limit. 

(/>)  for  fi'eiuMal  service'  tlu^  coelVicieiit  inay  l>e  taken  at  70  per  cent 
and  the  <lis])lacement  at  10,110  tons.  NNith  more  niacliincry  and  fuel, 
the  carji'o  ratio  may  be  taken  at  (10  per  cent,  and  the  caryo  capacity  at 
II,  ISO  net  tons. 

(c)  Some  of  the  latest  .Vtlantie  liners  have  ('oellicients  ranjiiiiy  in  the 
vicinity  of  00  »»er  cent.  Of  twenty  three  of  these  ncsscIs  l)uili  sinvi^ 
ISSO,  eiji'ht  exceed  the  above  dimensions  either  in  'en.ii^th  or  l»cain. 
Tins  type  is  not  considered  of  utility  for  I'nture  lake  luisiiuvss. 

21.  The  locks  reipiired  for  the  above  tyjie  of  boat  are  assumed  to  have 
aib'plh  of  L'S  feet  «mi  tlu^sills.  a  breadtli  of  (it  feet,  and  a  net  lcn,<;tli  of 
r)(IO  feet,  with  lilts  n\)  to  10  feel  wlu-re  p(»rniissible: 

(a)  The  above  dimensions  jjive  a.  better  leeway  than  with  Hie  hoatsuf 
tlu^  Of^-densburg  line,  which  are  built  for  tlM>.  locks  of  the  Wellaiid  Canal, 
tlu'ir  extreme  widtli  bein;;'  .'»  feet  less  than  tliatoi'  the  lock,  while  their 
length  is  but  1  foot  less  than  its  net  length  and  their  draft  is  piac- 
tically  the  depth  on  miter  sills. 

(//)  Fiach  of  tli(^  several  canals  can  be  so  designed  as  to  bring  the 
locks  in  the  same  locality  so  as  to  save  (U'lay.  The  single  indi\  idiial 
lock  is  considered  better  than  tlu^  lleet  lock  and  can  be  operated  nioie 
<|ui<'kly  and  the  maximum  facilities  may  be  pr(»vided  by  duplicate  locks. 

((')  The  lilt  of  locks  should  be  made  as  great  as  possildt^  where  con 
ditions  permit,  as  time  is  consumed  by  the  inimber  of  locks  rather  than 
by  the  lilt.     It  is  believed  to  be  practicable  lo  coiistriicl  (iiiick-actinu' 
locks,  with  girder  gates  and  lifts  of  10  feet,  and  much  of  the  canal 
W(M'k  can  be  better  laid  out  for  large  lifts. 

((/)  With  the  least  possible  number  of  locks,  (piick  op«'iation.  and 
pi'ovision  for  the  speedy  bin  dling  of  boats  into  and  out  of  the  lock, 
inmdi  of  the  objection  on  accinint  of  delays  will  he  obviated. 

25.  TMie  »|Uestion  of  canal  prism  and  channel  depth  is  important,  and 
asidci  from  the  (piestion  of  lockage,  the  eliliciency  of  works  lor  \t'ss«ds 
of  the  largest  class  dei»ends  thereon : 

((0  The  subject  of  ship  resistance  in  restricted  chanin'ls  is  a  inalter 
reiiiiiring  comprehensive  investigation  in  view  of  tln^  proportion  of 
such  channels  on  lake-seaboard  routes.  In  addition  to  i  suilicieiit  ratio 
of  cross  section  of  canal  to  the  midship  secti(»n  of  the  boat  and  ample 


24 


Rp:P()ItT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


width  for  two  bo.ats  to  pass,  the  sha])o  of  the  section  is  important. 
Experience  sliows  that  within  certain  limits  and  with  sutlicient  width 
of  prism,  depth  beneath  the  boat  is  essential  b(>th  to  speed  and  (!arry- 
inj(  capacity. 

(b)  As  a  trial  section  a  minimum  ])rism  of  10,000  s(iuare  feet  is  sug- 
gested, or  a  ratio  5.0  times  that  of  tlie  lock  prism  and  0.2  times  that  of 
the  boat,  with  a  depth  of  about  20  ])er  cent  in  excess  of  lock  depth 
and  25  per  cent  in  excess  of  draft  of  boat,  say  a  dei)th  of  .53.^  feet  an<l 
a  mean  width  of  300  feet,  [n  some  situations  greater  depth  would  be 
justilied  at  the  expense  of  width,  and  again  other  situations  nii'^ht 
make  30  feet  expedient.  The  general  proposition  is  that  when  depth 
is  readily  obtainable  an  increase  will  be  advantageous, and  this  is  rela- 
tively a  small  item  of  cost  in  the  bottom  of  deep  cuttings. 

((')  In  open  water  where  tl  ^  depth  may  be  increased  at  any  time,  this 
is  a  matter  of  less  importa.^'e,  but  depth  here  will  greatly  facilitate 
speed  and  steering  qualities,  a  matter  of  importance  in  channels  as 
crowded  as  are  the  intermediate  channels  of  the  lakes.  On  this  account 
and  uncertain  drifting  due  to  currents  and  wind,  lake  interests  are  ask- 
ing for  widths  of  000  feet  and  more  according  to  locality  for  submerged 
channels,  and  future  conditions'will  doubtless  make  expedient  a  width 
of  one-fourth  mile  with  such  depth  in  excess  of  draft  as  may  be  found 
readily  practicable. 

{(I)  Experience  in  navigating  the  Welland  Canal  shows  that  the 
bridges  and  other  structures  are  a  source  of  vexation,  reipiiring  great 
care  in  navigation.  Every  obstruction  that  checks  si)eed  involves  loss 
of  steering  power  and  is  to  be  avoided  so  iar  as  may  be  ])ossible. 

V.    PROJECTS. 

26.  In  addition  to  a  i)roject  tor  a  n.avigation  of  the  lirst  class  as  devel- 
oped in  the  preceding  sections,  a  i)roject  for  navigation  of  the  second 
class  corresponds  to  i)resent  lake  development,  to  much  of  the  coasting 
trade,  and  to  a  vast  general  commerce  with  minor  ports  of  moderate 
harbor  depths.  It  is  assumed  that  such  a  navigation  is  satisfied  with 
dimensions  in  vessels,  locks,  and  canal  prisms  of  three-fourths  of  those 
heretofore  discussed : 

{n)  The  vessel  would  have  a  length  over  all  of  40;")  feet,  a  breadth  of 
4o  feet  outside,  and  a  draft  of  20|  feet,  with  a  displacement  of  8,0(K)  to 
0,200  net  tons,  aiul  a  cargo  capacity  of  4,.S(H)  to  0,400  tons.  The  lock 
dimensions  would  be  420  feet  by  48  feet,  with  a  depth  of  21  feet  on  sills. 
The  minimum  canal  section  would  be  5,025  sipnire  feet,  or  a,  depth  of 
25  feet  and  a  nu'an  width  of  225  feet.  The  character  of  work  is  set 
forth  in  the  i)receding  discussion. 

{!))  The  above  dimensions  cover  the  lake  lleet,  exce|)t  a  few  excej)- 
tional  boats  built  in  the  last  two  years  for  ore  carrying  and  cai)able  of 
loading  to  20  feet.  The  largest  of  these  have  lengths  of  420  to  43S  feet, 
breadths  of  45.5  to  48.27  feet,  and  will  oarry  0,300  to  ({,800  net  tons  on 
1!)  feet  and  5(K)  tons  more  on  20  feet.  The  boats  lor  general  service  are 
now  well  inside  the  dimensions  lixed,  but  no  limit  can  be  given  tor 
special  trades  or  even  the  general  service,  notwithstanding  all  routes 
are  inside  of  1,000  miles.  It  is  to  be  assumed,  however,  that  there  will 
always  be  a  trade  demanding  vessels  within  the  limits  set. 

{<■)  It  will  be  seen  by  consulting  the  several  i)roliles  that  the  lin»iting 
dei)th  at  standard  low  water  is,  tor  the  tSt.  Marys  Jiiver,  17.0  feet; 
Lake  St.  Clair,  18.8  feet;  Lim«'  Kiln  Crossing,  19.3  feet,  and  Niagara 
Kiver,   17  feet     By  raising  the  level  of   Lake   Erie  as  heretofore 


5N. 


REPORT   OF    IT.  S.  DEKP   WATERWAYS    COMJHSSION. 


25 


i  imi)ortant. 
icioiit  width 
I  aiid  cany- 
feet  is  siig- 
iines  tiiat  of 
lock  (Icptli 
iSk  feet  aiMl 
h  would  bo 
tioiis  llliyllt 
when  dei»rh 
this  is  relii- 

ly  time,  this 
ly  facilitate 
rhaiiiK'Is  jis 
this  account 
\sts  are  ask- 
sul)nieijje<l 
ent  ii  width 
ly  be  found 

'S  that  the 
iirinj»-  great 
ivolves loss 
sible. 


ssasdevel- 
the  secoinl 
I  e  coast  in};' 
nuxlerate 
isHed  with 
IS  of  those 

Ibreadtli  of 
)f  8,000  to 
The  lock 
eton  sills. 
I  depth  of 
lork  is  sot 

|ew  excep- 
'ai)able  of 
i)4;iSfect, 
bt  tons  on 
Vrvice  are 
Ijjiven  for 
lill  routes 
here  will 

linn'tin}; 
7.!)  feet; 
Niajjani 
?ret()fore 


described,  over  21  feet  would  be  jjiven  from  Tonawanda  to  Lake  St. 
Clair,  Lake  iSt.  ('lair  would  require  a!U)ther  foot  and  the  head  of  the 
river  at  Lake  Huron  nearly  -  feet.  The  St.  Marys  Hiver  will  require 
a  deei)ening  of  over  3  feet.  The  depth  on  the  H<)(>r  of  the  new  lock  is 
sutlicient  it  changes  can  be  made  so  as  to  utilize  the  limit,  as  in  the 
Canadian  lock  opposite. 

{(I)  The  present  limit  to  Lake  Sujjerior  is  17.9  feet  and  between  the 
other  lakes  1S.8  feet.  By  controllinj>tlie  levelof  Lake  ICrioand  by  con- 
tinuing the  policy  of  channel  deepening  at  the  other  points,  the  stand- 
ard of  21  feet  may  be  obtained,  and  all  in  line  with  the  policy  of  ultimate 
development.  The  extension  of  this  depth  over  any  route  i  the  sea- 
board involves  no  extraordinary  works  except  in  the  construction  of 
canals.  As  already  set  forth,  these  car.  be  made  in  essential  parts  on 
an  ultinuite  basis  without  extraordinary  increase  in  cost. 

27.  As  a  measure  of  early  utdity  and  i)endinjj:  the  execution  of  new 
projects,  it  might  be  feasible  to  so  amend  the  Canadian  canal  system, 
now  uearing  completion,  as  to  be  adecjuate  to  nearly  all  the  lake  lleet 
as  develoi)ed  uj)  to  the  recent  deepening  of  nniiu  channel: 

(a)  The  Lake  Superior  trade  has  develoi)ed  on  a  depth  of  1 1.2  feet  at 
standard  low  water  as  detined  on  the  lower  i)Iatform  of  the  lock  of 
1S81,  and  that  of  the  other  lakes  on  about  IL")  feet.  The  depths  on 
the  sills  of  the  terminal  h)cks  of  the  We"  >nd  Canal  are  i;i.7  feet  at 
Lake  Erie  and  14..'i  feet  at  Lake  Ontario,  and  the  canal  has  been  oi)eu 
since  the  spring  of  1887.  The  St.  Lawrence  canals  now  constructing 
between  Prescott  and  ^Montreal  vary  from  11.4  to  1G.2  feet  on  the  sills 
of  the  several  terminal  locks. 

{!))  No  sutlicient  reason  appears  for  the  failure  to  develop  a  greater 
trade  to  Lake  '  'utario  points  excei)t  the  length  of  the  locks,  as  the 
upper  lake  boats  had  outgrown  these  before  the  enlarged  canal  was 
opened.  The  number  of  locks  and  the  length  of  time  in  passage  and 
the  lack  of  an  adequate  (mtlet  from  Lake  Ontario  may  havecontribute<l 
to  the  result.  The  locks  are  270  feet  long  between  hollow  quoii  \  and 
45  feet  wide,  with  11  feet  on  the  sills. 

(c)  The  boats  of  the  Ogdensburg  line  are  built  to  conform  to  the  locks, 
and  are  255  feet  in  length,  or  within  1  foot  of  the  possil)lo  limit,  42  feet 
over  all,  and  carry  a  cargo  of  1,750  net  tons,  with  a  depth  of  14  feet  on 
miter  sills.  With  IG  feet  the  cargo  would  be  increased  to  2,200  tons. 
If  the  locks  ha<l  been  125  feet  longer  the  cargo  would  be  .'),(iOO  tons,  or 
more  than  double  the  present  limit,  and  this  is  about  the  limit  of  the 
general  service  boat  on  the  lakes  until  recently,  and  represents  a  very 
large  lleet  running  in  various  lines. 

(</)  To  raise  the  level  of  Lake  Kvio  as  already  suggested  provides  10 
feet  in  the  summit  level  of  the  Welland.  Some  of  the  terminal  locks 
require  no  change  and  others  may  be  iiu'reased,  while  a  few  will  need 
alteration  or  rebiulding.  To  raise  intermediate  levels  and  lock  walls 
and  to  lengthen  the  locks  to  IVXt  feet  nmy  not  be  ])racticable.  The  ea!>e 
and  cheapness  with  which  this  could  originally  have  been  done,  con- 
sidering its  value,  encourages  the  ho])e  tliat  it  nuiy  still  be  feasible  to 
anuMul  the  work  in  i)i'ogress  and  completed.  A  St.  Ijawrence-Chani])- 
lain  canal  could  thus  furnish  an  early  and  valuable  service  to  New  En- 
gland points. 

28.  The  project  outlined  contenq)lates  a  llrst-class  navigation  for  the 
largest  type  of  ocean  (carrier  now  in  use  and  also  a  navigation  of  the 
second  class  adapted  to  thepresent  interlake  trade,  to  coasting,  aiul  to  the 
secondary  foreign  movement.  The  several  considerations  advanced  are 
designed  to  determine  a  policy  in  accordance  with  which  all  schemes  of 


)  ■'! 


11 


26 


UEPORT   OF   U.  S.  DKEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


work  insiy  be  projected  lo  some  consistent  and  ultinmte  end  that  shall 
coniprehcud  the  jiieatest  possible  utility: 

(^0  I*:  is  coui^eived  that  with  the  ))rogressive  inipiovenient  of  inter- 
mediate channels  some  of  the  capital  works  will  be  undertaken  and  that 
the  development  will  be  in  the  direction  of  extejidiiig  the  area  of  lake 
navijiation  as  securing;'  the  largest  immediate  beuellt  from  the  invest- 
ment. It  is  believed  that  this  may  be  doiui  in  harmony  with  the  ulti- 
mate i)olicy  without  uudue  increase  in  cost.  In  other  words,  the 
Niagara  Ship  ( 'anal  could  be  built  on  the  ultimate  design,  but  deferring 
such  work  as  can  be  developed  i)rogressively  or  built  as  reijuired  with- 
out detriment  to  the  linal  ])lan.  How  far  this  may  be  feasible  in  respe(!t 
to  this  and  other  works  can  only  be  told  as  a  tinal  project  is  matured 
from  detailed  information. 

(/>)  These  remarks  ai)ply  to  other  capital  works  and  also  to  the  ques- 
tion of  expediency  involved  in  the  improventent  suggested  for  the  present 
Canadian  canal  system  an<l  in  that  connection  the  immediate  carrying 
out  of  the  section  of  work  between  Lake  St.  Francis  and  Lake  Cham- 
l)laiii. 

((')  The  scheme  of  work  is  based  on  hxdcs  in  two  sizes  and  adapted  to 
a  navigation  of  the  first  and  second  class.  At  an  early  day  after  the 
coinpletion  of  the  work  as  a  whole  each  of  these  types  will  require 
dui)lication,  and  before  the  mo\(!ment  has  reached  the  proportions  of 
that  now  existing  through  the  Detroit  Kiver.  It  is  not  assumed  that 
these  types  will  exhaust  the  requirements.  There  are  vessels  in  servicer 
in  the  merchaat  nuirineand  in  the  N^avy,  sidewheel  boats  on  rivers  and 
sounds  and  tows  for  which  a  Hect  lock  nn.y  eventually  bi^  expedient. 
It  is  assumed,  however,  that  the  towing  practice  i  n  (icitaiu  trades  on  the 
lakes  is  simply  the  natural  outgrowth  of  the  economy  of  large  carrying 
which  must  conform  to  limited  depths  and  is  in  itsell'  an  argument  for 
greater  dei)ths  and  tiie  higher  economy  of  the  single  hull.  With  the 
(leveloi)numt  of  these  greater  depths  the  fleet  teudemjy  is  likely  to 
diminish. 

L,M).  The  control  of  the  level  of  Lake  I<]rie  is  desirable  if  it  can  bo 
accomplished  by  works  in  the  vicinity  of  Toiuiwanda  and  on  the  oppo- 
site sid(^  of  (Land  Island,  not  only  as  an  improvement  of  the  rock  chan- 
nel near  the  uu)utli  of  the  Detroit  Kiver,  but  esi)ecially  as  a  measure 
of  radical  improvement  for  the  Niagara  lliver,  and  a  contribution  to 
the  Niagara  Ship  t!anal.  It  is  believed  to  bejnstilled  solely  in  connec- 
tion with  the  passage  from  Lake  Krie  to  Lake  Ontario: 

{(()  It  has  been  suggested  that  standard  low  water  on  Lake  Erie 
shouhl  be  raised  -.28  feet.  This  figure  is  taken  arbitrarily  as  corn'- 
si)(>nding  to  !(»  feet  in  the  Wellanu  (Janal,  and  is  w^ell  within  the  limits 
of  high  water,  so  no  extraordinary  «|uestion  of  damages  is  involved, 
but  otherwise  is  not  necessarily  a  measure  of  wduit  can  or  may  be 
wisely  done.  With  due  allowance  for  the  slope  in  the  Niagara  Itiver, 
the  water  at  Tonawauda  would  be  raised  7  to  8  feet  above  standard  low 
water. 

(/>)  To  ac(;omplish  the  above  result  would  recjuire  a  material  improve- 
nient  in  the  throat  at  Black  Kock  and  a  deepening  of  5  to  0  miles  of 
river  aiul  entrance  in  order  to  secure  30  to  83  feet  of  water.  The  sum- 
mit level  of  the  canal  between  Ton.vwanda  and  the  mountain  ridge 
near  Lockport  would  be  materially  reduced  in  (vvcavation. 

{<•)  The  general  route  for  the  canal  as  i)rop()sed  in  188!>  seems  i)refer- 
ablo  to  any  other,  with  a  possible  moditication  in  favor  of  a  location 
ahmg  the  general  course  of  Tonawauda  Creek  and  the  i'-rie  (.>anal 
between  the  Niagara  Jviver  aiul  the  "gorge"  at  Lockport.    No  other 


KEPOUT    OF   U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


27 


011(1  that  sliall 


route  that  luis  been  surveyed  I'roin  the  Niagara  River  to  a  lower  point 
has  equal  avaihibility  oil  account  of  the  continuous  rock  bed  and  limited 
depth  below  Tonawanda  and  the  inipraeticability  of  farther  down- 
stream extension  of  the  Lake  Erie  level. 

(</)  Most  careful  surveys  and  studies  will  be  required  to  determine 
the  actual  practicability  of  the  solution  herein  sugfjested.  it  is  (>l)vi- 
onsly  desirable,  and  it  is  believed  on  superticial  exaniiuation  tha(  it  will 
be  louiul  within  the  doniain  of  feasibility. 

.'}(►.  Is'o  experimental  work  is  involved'  in  the  development  of  any 
nsefid  deptli  through  the  intermediate  channels  of  the  upper  lakes: 

[(i)  In  a  route  of  over  \)0()  miles  between  Chicago  and  liull'alo  tlie 
obstructions  to  a  dei)th  of  'SO  to  .i.'J  feet  are  about  44  miles,  or  about  the 
same  as  the  improved  St.  Lawrence  below  Montreal  on  a  depth  of  L'T.'J 
feet.  Of  this,  18  miles  are  through  Lake  St.  Clair,  which  is  undeistood 
for  the  nu>st  part  to  be  of  the  easiest  class  of  dredging  and  not  more 
ditlicult  than  was  Lake  St.  Peters  on  the  St.  Lawrence.  Ten  lo  11 
mih's  are  near  the  mouth  of  the  Detroit  Iliver  and  in  i)art  is  known  to 
be  rock.  Methods  for  this  work  have  beeir  develoi)ed.  If  these  are 
too  tedious  and  expensive,  it  will  be  feasible  to  unwater  the  AnuMican 
channel  and  execute  the  work  more  cpiickly  and  satisfactorily  and  at  less 
probabU>  cost.  The  remaining  15  miles  m-  scattered  shoal  stretches 
which  are  not  known  to  involve  any  spei  i.J  ditticulties. 

(h)  The  route  into  Lake  Superior  thnmgh  the  St.  Marys  River 
involves  some  27  miles  of  deepening  aside  from  the  canal.  Portions  of 
this  are  known  to  be  a  friable  and  laminated  sandstone,  which  in  i)art 
yields  to  dredging,  and  it  is  probable  that  machines  would  be  devised 
to  handle  it  elliciently  if  a  radical  improvement  warranting  the  same 
were  to  be  undertaken. 

.'il.  Eastward  from  Lake  Ontario,  the  data  are  in  part  suggestive  only, 
yet  certain  features  are  obvious  an<l  no  extraordinary  conditions  are 
involved  excei)t  in  the  magnitude  of  the  works: 

(<()  The  same  dredging  fleet  that  has  through  a  series  of  years  ileej)- 
ened  the  St.  Lawrence  below  Montreal  to  27.2  feet  has  only  to  continue 
in  service  as  it  is  now  doing  to  ]>roduce  .'iO  and  ^3  feet.  The  intprove- 
ment  of  Lake  St.  Louis  and  Lake  St.  Francis  is  the  continuation  of 
work  of  a  ditferent  character,  but  of  much  less  extent.  The  imi)rove- 
ment  of  the  shallows  of  Lake  Champlain  is  believed  to  be  less  ditlicult, 
as  the  material  in  large  part  is  ])robably  alluvial.  No  reason  np])ears 
why  the  Hudson  River  below  the  State  dam  at  Troy  .should  be  more 
ditlicult  as  a  whole  than  that  of  the  St.  Lawrent^e,  and  the  extent  of 
work  is  nunh  less. 

(/>)  The  American  shore  along  the  rapids  of  the  St.  liawrence  between 
Ogdensburg  and  St.  Regis  seems  to  be  most  available  for  a  shij)  canal 
of  the  tirst  class,  and  it  is  anticii)ated  that  a.  full  survey  will  dcvel(»p 
sjjecial  adaptation.  IJetween  Lake  St.  Erancis  and  Lake  ('hami)lain, 
the  southern  route  explored  by  Mr.  Barstow  seems  to  have  advantages 
in  being  some  2G  miles  shorter  than  any  other  and  with  that  much  less 
of  shoal  water.  Detailed  surveys  will  be  recpiired  to  develop  its  nuuits. 
A  ship  canal  from  Lake  Champlain  to  tidewater  of  the  Hudson  involves 
a  formidable  cutting  and  the  damming  of  the  valley  above  Waterford. 
Aside  from  its  magnitude  there  does  not  a])i)ear  any  obstacles  of 
moment,  and  the  seriousness  of  these  great  "Uttings,  whii'h  has  grown 
less  formidable  in  the  last  few  years,  may  greatly  diminish  on  linal 
study  with  a  view  to  ])ractical  woik. 

{(■)  Little  further  can  be  mentioned  in  regard  to  the  Mohawk  route. 
The  divide  west  of  Little  l-'alls  is  a  lilled-in  valley,  ami  this  discovc'ry 


\ 


28 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


t  i 


pvomisea  a  bett<!i'  coiiditioii  than  heretofore  assumed.  The  knowledge 
brought  together  in  this  investigation  has  deveh)|>ed  a  more  lavorable 
opinion  respecting  tliis  line,  but  tiie  best  treatment  is  not  yet  obvious, 
and  conclusions  must  await  the  test  of  final  surveys  and  a  matured 
project. 

VI.   MISCELLANKOrS. 

3l'.  Tlie  ice  recjord  is  incomplete  and  general  <leductions  are  not  war- 
ranted. Tiiose  records  that  have  been  continued  for  lifty  to  eighty  yc^ars 
fail  to  disclose  any  systematic  change  such  as  would  follow  a  chaiige  of 
clinnite,  and  it  ajtpears  that  tlu;  average  ice  season  for  any  twenty  years 
may  be  talcen  substantially  as  the  average  for  any  other  twenty  years  or 
for  any  longer  i)eriod.  There  seems  to  be  (piite  a  systematic  and 
uniform  increase  in  duration  with  latitude  from  .'JT  degrees  north  to  the 
( 'anadian  highlands,  north  of  wliich  the  increase  is  slower.  The  course 
of  rivers  and  streams  and  the  char.acter  of  tlie  body  of  water  are  also 
influential.    The  normal  variations  have  not  been  worked  out. 

33.  The  record  of  lake  tluctuations  is  also  incomplete.  These  records 
fail  to  show  any  change  such  as  might  be  due  to  a  change  in  precipita- 
tion and  rainfall  and  ihe  inJiabitaliou  of  the  watershed.  It  appears  that 
the  first  half  of  the  century  had  greater  extremes  of  both  high  and 
low  water  than  the  last  half  in  the  region  of  the  three  upper  lakes, 
while  no  special  difi'erence  appears  in  the  region  of  the  lower  lakes  and 
the  St.  Lawrence.  From  18ir>  to  1830  there  appears  to  have  been  lower 
water  in  all  the  lakes  tlian  the  period  now  passing,  except  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  ■which  has  had  the  lowest  and  highest  water  of  seventy  years 
within  the  last  thirty.  Condntions  do  not  seem  to  be  normally  similar 
in  all  tlie  lakes,  and  it  is  rare  that  all  cooperate  in  a  low  or  high  water, 
which  fact  tends  to  equalize  conditions. 

34.  No  etiectson  levels  have  appeared  from  the  progressive  deepening 
of  channels  except  at  Montreal,  where  the  water  has  been  lowered 
h)cally  by  a  foot  or  more,  and  this  is  obviously  due  to  special  conditions 
in  thi'  Aicinity.  Special  study  has  not  been  given  this  matter,  however, 
but  it  is  anticipated  that  the  radical  improvement  of  the  passage 
between  Lake  Iluron  and  Lake  Erie  will  produce  a  sensible  eHect  on 
the  level  of  Lake  Huron-Michigan.  As  most  of  this  effect  will  occur  in 
the  delta  of  the  St.  Clair  and  in  the  lower  reach  of  the  Detroit  liiver,  it 
may  be  largely  masked  by  the  raising  of  the  level  of  Lake  Erie.  The 
improvement  of  the  St.  Mary's  liiver  may  have  lowered  the  water  at 
the  locks,  and  this  effect  may  be  anticipated  from  further  enlargement. 
The  radical  project  lierein  considered  will  bring  the  level  at  the  locks 
well  down  toward  the  level  of  Lake  Iluron. 

3a.  The  raising  of  Lake  Erie  by  2.2H  feet  will  raise  the  level  of  Lake 
St.  Clair  by  about  1  foot,  so  far  as  can  be  inferred  from  a  study  of  gcauge 
relations,  and  tlie  etfect  would  disappear  at  the  head  of  the  St.  Clair 
delta.  The  investigation  has,  however,  not  been  sutticient  for  a  final 
determination  so  as  to  conclude  the  matter.  No  antficient  reason  has 
ai)peared  for  the  control  of  the  level  of  the  lakes  other  than  Erie,  and 
thisis  justilled  in  large  iiart  in  connection  with  the  Niagara  Ship  Canal. 

30.  It  may  be  said  in  regard  to  iuture  works  of  navigation  that  expe- 
rience in  the  last  few  years  in  this  country  and  ICurope  has  been  revo- 
lutioimry  in  the  development  of  ai)pliances  and  in  the  methods  for 
handling  large  cuttings,  and  these  can  now  be  undertaken  with  confi- 
dence both  as  regards  cost  and  time  of  completion ;  and,  further,  that 
canals  in  rock  <'ut tings  can  be  so  planned  as  to  cost  but  little  more  ])er 
mile  than  in  the  kind  of  drift  so  common  to  canal  locations.     L'urtlicr 


ad] 

ati| 

is 

dr( 

kill 

adl 

is 

IIU 

nej 
no 


I 

knowledge 
i  favorjible 
•t  obvious, 
I  matured 


B  not  war- 

'My  ywirs 

change  of 
Mity  years 
y  years  or 
natic  and 
rtli  to  the 
ho  course 
r  are  also 

^e  records 
precipita- 
)ears  that 
ligh  and 
»er  hikes, 
akes  and 
Ben  lower 
keChain- 
ity  yeiirs 
y  similar 
•h  water, 

Bepening 
lowered 
►nditions 
jowever, 
l)assage 
ifli'ect  on 
occur  in 
liiver,  it 
ie.  The 
ivater  at 
genient. 
le  locks 

f)f  Lake 
f  gauge 
pt.  Clair 
'  a  iinal 
K)n  liiis 

ie,  iind 
>  Canal, 
it  expe- 
iii  revo- 
o(ls  for 
h  eonli- 
iv,  that 
or<^  ])er 

nrtiier 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


20 


advances  in  earth  removal  are  to  be  anticipated  in  some  fsivorable  situ- 
ations. In  underwater  work  the  advance  Inis  been  notable,  and  nuicli 
is  yet  to  be  anti  -iijated  from  the  further  development  of  liydraulic 
dredging.  Machines  are  also  in  operation  capable  of  handling  many 
kinds  of  friable  and  stratitied  rock.  In  (construction,  a  desirable 
advance  has  been  made  in  the  direction  of  monolithic;  masonry,  which 
is  cheaper  and  much  superior  for  much  of  the  \v()ik  in  (piestion,  and 
most  anything  may  be  attempted  in  the  way  of  metals.  While  recent 
developments  have  furnishecl  tried  resources  tor  every  problem,  the 
next  series  of  great  works  is  likely  to  ])ro('uce  further  a<lvances,  so  that 
no  doubt  need  exist  on  the  i)ractical  side  in  execution. 

The  mistakes,  if  any,  are  likely  to  occur  from  not  having  considered 
sulticiently  all  elements  of  the  problem,  and  in  works  of  such  extraordi- 
nary nuignitude  an  error  involves  a  cost  in  comparison  with  which  any 
mere  cost  of  proper  data  and  consideration  thereof  is  a  vanishing 
(quantity. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

Alter  considering  this  qnestion  in  its  varions  asj)ec.ts,  we  conclude — 

First.  That  it  is  entirely  feasible  to  construct  such  canals  and  develop 
such  channels  as  will  be  adeiinate  to  any  s(;ale  of  navigation  that  may 
be  desired  l)etween  the  several  (Ireat  Lakes  and  to  the  seaboard,  and 
to  conduct  through  the  same  domestic  and  foreign  commerce,  and  that, 
in  our  opinion,  it  will  be  wise  to  jn'ovide  for  securing  a  channel  of  a  nav- 
igable depth  of  not  less  than  28  feet. 

Second.  That  starting  from  the  heads  of  Lakes  Michigan  and  Supe- 
rior, the  most  eligible  route  is  through  the  several  Great  Lakes  and 
their  intermediate  channels  and  the  proposed  iS'iagaraship  canal  (Ton- 
a  wanda  to  Olcott)  to  Lake  Ontario ;  and  that  the  Canadian  seaboard  may 
be  reached  from  Lake  Ontario  by  the  way  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Itiver, 
and  the  American  seaboard  may  be  reached  from  Lake  Ontario  byway 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  liiver  and  Lake  Champlain  and  the  Hudson  Kiver, 
or  by  way  of  the  Oswego  Oneida  Mohawk  Valley  and  the  Hudson 
Kiver. 

Third.  That  the  alternative  routes  from  liake  Ontario  to  the  Iludson 
Jiiver  recpiire  complete  surveys  and  a  full  development  of  economic 
considerations  to  determine  their  relative  availability. 

Fourth.  That  a  moderate  control  of  the  level  of  Lake  Erie  and  of  the 
Niagara  River  above  Tonawanda  may  be  Justified  in  connection  with 
the  Niagara  ship  canal,  the  determination  in  this  matter  to  rest  on  a 
full  examinatio.i  of  the  jdiysical  conditions. 

Fifth.  That  the  policy  should  contemplate  the  ultimatv.  development 
of  the  largest  useful  capacity,  and  that  all  works  should  be  i)lannedon 
this  basis,  and  that  the  actual  execution  should  conform  thereto,  except 
in  so  far  as  the  works  nuiy,  without  prejudice,  be  progressively  developed 
with  the  actual  demands  of  commerce. 

Sixth.  That  it  is  i)racticable  todevelo])  the  work  in  separate  sections 
and  the  several  sections  in  part  by  degrees,  each  step  having  its  eco- 
nomic Justification,  so  that  benefits  shall  follow  closely  on  ex[»enditure, 
without  awaiting  the  completion  of  the  system  as  a  whole. 

Seventh.  That  the  completion  of  the  entire  system  as  cpiickly  as 
proper  projects  can  be  matured  and  economically  executed  is  fully 
Justified. 

F]ighth.  That  the  Niagara  ship  canal  should  be  first  undertaken,  and 
incidentally  the  broadening  and  further  deepening  of  the  intermediate 


m^^ 


30 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


cLiiuiiel.s  of  tlie  lakes,  tlic  siiiiie  being  in  the  logical  order  of  develop- 
nieut,  iiud  also  reciuiriug-  tire  least  time  for  consideration. 

As  collateral  to  tlie  main  (luestions,  and  in  view  of  the  magnitude  of 
the  interests  involved,  the  exhaustive  consideration  of  all  physical  con- 
ditions that  may  determine  the  ett'ects  of  proposed  works  or  intluenee 
the  character  or  features  of  a  design  should  be  concluded,  but  this 
need  not  delay  the  inception  of  plans  or  the  beginning  of  work,  but  is 
likely  to  bear  upon  the  manner  of  their  comjiletiou.  It  is  usually  prac- 
ticable to  supply  sutiicient  elasticity  in  design  to  meet  any  margin  of 
un:;ertainty  involved  in  these  considerations. 

In  view  of  the  international  character  and  relation  of  a  part  at  least 
of  the  works  that  will  be  recjuired  and  of  riparian  interests  involved, 
it  seems  expedient  to  make  the  examinations  and  projects  and  carry 
on  the  works  through  a  commission  that  may  be  possessed  with  certain 
limited  international  functions. 

Speciflcally,  the  matters  which  call  for  early  action  may  be  epit- 
omized as  follows : 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

I.  That  comi)lete  surveys  and  examinations  be  made  and  all  nee<Uul 
data  to  mature  luojects  be  procured  for — 

(a)  (JontroUing  the  level  of  Lake  Erie  and  projecting  the  ]^iagara 
ship  canal. 
(6)  Develojung  the  Oswego-Oneida-^lohawk  route. 
(c)  Developing  the  St.  Lawience-Champlain  route. 
{(()  Improving  the  tidal  Hudson  liiver. 
(e)  Improving  intermediate  channels  of  the  lakes. 

II.  That  the  collecting  and  reducing  of  existing  information,  supple- 
mented by  reconnoissancet  and  special  investigations,  be  continued 
until  the  general  questions  .\ave  been  fully  covered. 

III.  That  a  systematic  measurement  of  the  outflow  of  the  several 
lakes  and  a  linal  determination  of  their  levels  shall  be  undertaken. 

IV.  The  complete  surveys  and  investigations,  with  measurements  of 
the  outflow  of  the  several  lakes  and  full  investigation  of  collateral 
questions,  will  cost  not  less  than  $600,000  and  require  some  years  of 
time. 

It  is  possible  that  the  measurement  of  the  outflow  of  the  lakes  and 
the  final  levels  can  be  as  well  done  through  some  other  agency,  and 
this  item  may  be  taken  at  $250,000,  to  be  expended  through  a  series  of 
years,  and  this  should  be  at  once  undertaken  on  account  of  the  i)re- 
vailing  low  water  of  the  lake  system,  which  can  not  be  expected  to 
continue. 

The  specific  surveys  and  investigations  are  in  themselves  estimated 
at  $350,000  and  will  take  two  or  three  years,  and  of  this  not  less  than 
$150,000  should  be  a|)propriated  the  lirst  year,  along  with  such  addi 
tional  sum  as  nuiy  be  recpiired  for  measuring  the  outflow  of  the  lakes, 
of  which  $100,000  should  be  made  available  during  the  lirst  year. 

KespectfuUy  submitted. 

James  B.  Angell. 
John  E.  Kussell. 
Lyman  E.  Cooley. 


ler  of  develop- 
I. 

0  magnitude  of 
II  physical  (!(Hi- 
is  or  iiiHiU'iice 
liided,  but  this 
>f  woik,  but  is 
>s  usually  prac- 
iiny  margin  of 

a  part  at  least 
ests  involved, 
icts  and  carry 
d  with  certain 

may  be  ei)it- 


nd  all  needful 
the  i^iagara 


REPORT  ON  TECHNICAL  WORK. 


ition,  supple- 
l>e  continued 


UY 


UNITED  STATES    DKKl'    WATKKWA VS  COMMISSIOK. 


CTIIOACiO,  DKCHMHKK,  IHiM). 


31 


t  I 


REPORT  0\  TECHNICAL  WORK. 


INTUODIKrnON. 

At  the  January  meeting  of  the  Commission  it  was  recjognized  that 
the  means  phiced  at  its  disposal  were  inadequate  to  the  entire  subject- 
matter.  It  was  therefore  decided,  so  Jar  as  practicable,  to  make  a 
systematic  i)resentatiou  of  existing  data,  supplemented  by  special 
inquiry  and  recounoissance  where  the  same  was  known  to  be  «leticieut. 
It  was  assumed  that  thereby  certain  general  conclusions  would  be 
obvious,  the  possibilities  would  be  developed,  and  the  character  of  a 
project  so  far  determined  as  to  justify  recommendations  in  regard  to 
the  final  surveys  and  investigations  for  a  specific  project,  with  estimates 
of  cost. 

The  scope  of  the  work  was  considered  in  outline  and  the  duty  of 
carrying  out  the  s?/.ne  was  intrusted  to  the  writer.  The  scheme  of  topics 
has  been  elaborated  into  the  several  schedules  hereinafter  presented. 

Work  began  ou  February  1  with  a  small  force  of  assistants  skilled  in 
this  kind  of  research,  and  was  vigorously  pushed  in  the  expectation 
that  such  matter  could  be  prepared  as  would  warrant  the  Congress  then 
in  session  in  further  appropriation.  By  the  end  of  IVIay  a  rei)ort  was 
deemed  inexpedient,  and  the  investigation  has  been  followed  since  with 
a  reduced  force. 

A  great  mass  of  information  has  been  brought  together  and  digested. 
Nevertheless  the  ground  has  not  been  covered  as  fully  as  anticipated. 
For  many  years  the  writer  has  been  following  the  line  of  inquiry  and 
has  supervised  investigations  in  several  directions,  and  the  field  of  these 
former  explorations  was  rapidly  covered.  No  sufticient  credit  was  given 
for  the  time  and  labor  involved  in  these  earlier  researches,  and  con- 
sequently the  newer  toi)ics  have  been  quite  underestimated.  Had  the 
appropriation  been  adequate  to  a  larger  force  it  is  probable  that  the 
work  mapi^ed  out  would  have  been  completed,  as  topics  which  have  not 
been  reached  could  have  been  taken  under  advisement.  At  the  same 
time,  some  topics  recjuire  time  which  no  increase  of  fo've  couhl  reduce. 

It  was  recognized  at  the  outset  that  all  matters  germane  +0  the  inquiry 
could  not  be  considered  and  efforts  were  therefore  largely  restricti^d  to 
those  topics  about  which  the  least  is  generally  known  by  those  who  are 
called  upon  to  consider  the  subject  of  this  inquiry.  It  was  also  deemed 
Avise  at  this  stage  to  make  data  exhibits  only  and  to  defer  conclusions 
until  all  essential  or  obtainable  evidence  had  been  examined. 


I 


SCOPE   OF   THE    WORK. 

The  topics  requiring  consideration  have  been  arranged  in  four  char- 
acterisicic  schedules. 

The  first  of  these  was  designed  to  present,  by  means  of  profiles  and 
maps,  the  physical  conditions  on  all  routes  which  have  been  considered 

33 
H.  Doc.192 3* 


! 


3t 


liEPOUT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


\ 


SIS  available  for  waterways  Ih'Cwjumi  tlu'  HrvMMal  lakes  iind  fiam  tlio 
laki's  to  the  Atlantic  Heaboard. 

Tiie  seeond  sehediile  pertained  to  the  li.vdr()l(>{iy  of  IIhi  basin  of  the 
lakes  and  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Hudson  rivers. 

The  third  seliedule  relati'd  to  a  class  of  toi)ics  whi<'li  determine  the 
character  ol'  a  ]>roject  and  the  relative  utility  of  routes. 

The  fourth  schedule  was  to  endiriure  the  historical,  statistical,  and 
economic  topics  wlii«h  Justify  an  undertakinj;. 

No  spe(;ial  w(U'k  has  been  und«Mtaken  under  the  I'ourtli  sciiedule. 
Tlie  bearinj-'  of  these  topics  is  better  understoo<l  than  those  of  the 
other  schedules,  and  the  inf«'rences  therefrom  are  subordinal«>  to  tiie 
jdiysical  determinations.  This  schedule  was  therefore  deferred.  Some 
topi(!S  of  the  first  schedule  are  incomplete  f<n'  lack  of  data,  bui  these 
are  of  a  subordinate  character,  in  nowise  affecting  conclusions.  Two 
impiulant  topi(%s  of  the  second  schedule  have  not  been  undertaken, 
owing  to  the  annmnt  of  work  involved  and  to  insulliciient  data.  Oidy 
(me  topic  of  the  third  schedule  has  been  developed  beyond  the  i)r(^limi- 
nary  staye,  but  this  has  ])robably  taken  n)ore  time  and  labor  than 
would  be  rejjuired  for  the  other  to])ics. 

EXrrilJIT   A. — PROFILES    AND   MAPS   OF   WATER   ROT'TES. 

The  first  exhibit,  known  as  I'iXhibit  A,  is  represented  by  a  general 
report  and  two  specdal  reports  and  fifteen  sheets  of  drawings  showing 
ina])S  and  profiles,  designed  to  illustrate  the  physical  conditions 
existing  on  various  routes  and  sections  of  routes  between  (Jhicago  and 
])uluth-Sui)erior  and  the  Atlantic  seaboard  by  way  of  the  Hudson 
and  St.  Lawrence  rivers.  The  main  profiles  are  drawn  to  a  uniform 
scale,  while  subordinate  routes,  or  those  about  which  the  data  are 
meager,  are  shown  to  a  minor  scale,  all  being  referred  to  mean  sea 
level.  The  authority  for  the  several  ])rofiles  is  fully  set  forth  on  the 
drawings  and  in  the  notes  accompanying  the  same.  The  following  is 
the  exhibit: 

THK    LAKKS   AND   ATLANTIC    WATKUWAY. 

Chirajio  iin«l  Dnlntlx-Superior  to  the  seaboard. 

Through  the  Great  J^akt's  and  by  the  St.  LaAvronce  Rivor  and  by  the  ITiidsoii  P'  ,'er. 

Notes  of  e:'nl!ination  to  accompany  ])rofile8  and  niaj)H. 

Rejiort  on  <  . ..  ego-Oneida-Mohawk  ronte. 

Special  report  on  reeonnoissances — St.  Lawrence-Chaniplain  ronte. 

I'KOFILES   AN1>   MAI'S. 

1.  General  profile.    With  distance  diagram. 
la.General-ronte  map. 

2.  Lake  Superior  to  J^ake  Hnron. 

3.  Lake  Michigan  to  Lake  Huron. 

4.  Ijake  Huron  to  Lake  Erie.  With  sketch  and  profile — St.  Chiir  and  Erie  ship 
canal. 

5.  Lake  Erin  to  Lake  Ontario.     With  outline  map. 

6.  Lake  Ontario  to  Lake  St.  Francis,  through  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  With  out- 
line map. 

7.  lAiko  St.  Francis  to  Lake  Champlain  aiid  to  Montreal.    With  outline  map. 

8.  St.  Lawrence  River  from  Montreal  to  deep  water  below  Quebec, 

1).  The  Champlaiu-Hudson  Valley  from  St.  Johns,  Province  of  tjuehet^,  to  'I'roy 
Dam,  New  York. 

10.  Hudson  River  from  Troy  Dam  to  Atlantic  Ocean. 

11.  Lake  Ontario  to  Hudson  River  through  the  Oswego-Oneida-Mohawk  Valley. 
11a.  Map  (same),  with  profile  showing  also  Cham  plain-Hudson  Valley. 

12.  Georgian  Bay  to  Lake  Ontario  through  Lake  Simcoe.  (Half  scale.)  With  out- 
line map. 


REPORT   OF    IT.  W.  VKKV    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


35 


Toni  tlio 

in  of  tlie 

niiiir  tlio 

iciil,  iiiid 

>t',lHMlnle. 
U'  of  llu', 
to  to  tlio 
I.  Some 
mt  tlu'sti 
IS.  Two 
Icrtakeii, 
ji.  Only 
^  |)i'(>liini- 
bor  than 

IS. 

L  ftcneral 

aljowiii}*- 

)ii(litions 

caffo  and 

Hnds«)n 

nniforni 

data  arc 

loan  sea 

li  on  the 

lowinji'  is 


son  P'.er. 


lEi'io  slii]> 
kvith  out- 

to  Troy 

IV.illey. 
kvith  out- 


13.  TIk' Ottawa  route,  from  C!oorniaii  Hay  to  K'iilinljuii  Uivt-r.     ( llallHcalc. ) 

14.  Karly  canal  HyHtoiiiH,  (Ono-fonrth  Hcalt". )  ilrio  of  Now  York,  Uiiitfd  StalcM; 
Kiilcaii-Tn-iit  ot  Ontario,  Douiinion  of  ('aiui<la. 

1.').  Inlurlako  roiitcH.     (Not  <l(>lin(>atfl<l.)     >Sui)orior  and  (iit'cn  Kay  Caniil;  (irand 
Ha;;inaw  ronte;  .Mi('lii;;an  and  I'.iio  route. 
Western  New  York.     (No  prolile.) 
Now  York  and  rennsylvania.     (No  prolile.) 

It  was  discovered  at  an  early  day  that  the  data  for  a  preliminary  )>" 
file  by  the()8we}i;o-()nei(hi-IMoliawk  N'ailey  from  Lake  Ontario  at  Osw 
to  the  Hudson   River  at  Troy  was  entirely  iiisutlicient.    The  c«)oi»ei 
tion  of  i\Ir.  William  I'ierson  .Jiidson,  of  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  was  secured  in 
the  compilation  of  existing  data  and  in  securing  further  data  in  the< 
held,  which  has  enabled  a  map  and  i»rolilo  ot  high  degre*'  of  accuracy 
to  be  i)roduced.     iVlthough  the  utility  of  this  valley  for  ship  canal  pur- 
imses  has  been  disciussecl  for  a  long  time,  this  is  the  (list  attempt  to 
show  its  physical  features  by  a  map  and  protile.'     Mr.  Judson's  map 
also  shows  the  (Jluimi)lain- Hudson  Valley. 

The  data  for  a  route  from  the  St.  Lawren<'e  lliver  at  the  foot  of  Lake 
St.  Francis  to  Lake  Ohauiplain  was  also  very  unsatisfactory.  The  Deei) 
Waterways  (Jommissiou  of  Canada-  undertook  careful  surveys  via  St. 
Johns  and  the  Kichelieu  River,  but  the  results  were  received  too  late 
for  incorporation  in  the  exhibit  (profile  No.  7)  further  than  to  determiiui 
the  route  on  the  map.  Meantime  a  reconuoissance  was  made  for  the 
Commission  by  Mr.  F.  M.  Barstow,  of  Burlington,  Vt.,of  a  route  farther 
south  and  some2<i  miles  shorter.  This  route  follows  the  valley  of  l-iUglish 
River  and  Norton  Creek,  and,  crossing  the  intermediate  ridge,  enters 
the  vi.lley  of  the  (Jreat  Cha/y  River  west  of  Rouses  Point,  and  reaches 
Lake  Champlain  7  miles  south  of  the  international  boundary.  This 
reconnoissance  has  developed  a  very  promising  line,  which  justilies  a 
comiuehensive  survey. 

A  reconnoissance  was  also  made  for  the  Commission  by  Mr.  IJarstow 
of  the  south  shore,  along  the  rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  betw«'en 
OgdensburjY  and  St.  Regis,  and  it  is  apparent  that  the  availability  of 
this  territory  for  ship-canal  location  should  be  tested  by  proper  surveys. 

A  preliminary  reconnoissance  was  made  of  what  is  known  as  the 
''South  Bay  route,"  at  the  head  of  Lake  Champlain  and  between  South 
Bay  and  Fort  Ann,  but  without  significant  results. 

Special  reports  are  submitted  upon  the  Oswego-Oneida-Mohawk 
route  ami  upon  reconuoissance  pertaining  to  the  St.  LawrcnceCham- 
plain  route. 

The  exhibit  omits  certain  subordinate  profiles  for  which  the  data  were 
unobtainable  with  the  means  at  command. 

It  was  iiroposed  to  delineate  three  "  Interlake  routes  "which  had 
been  suggested  for  shorteidng  distance,  all  leading  from  Lake  Michigan 
and  terminating  respectively  in  Lake  Sui)erior,  Lake  Huron,  and  Lake 
Erie;  also  a  route  through  western  New  York  for  a  ship  canal  or  for  a 
feeder  for  the  summit  level  of  the  proposed  Oswego-Oneida-Mohawk 
Canal.  A  route  from  Lake  Ontario  south  to  Chesapeake  Bay  via  the 
valley  of  the  Sus(iuehanna  was  considered  worthy  of  delineation. 

The  complete  exhibit  as  outlined  would  have  covered  all  practicable 
suggestions  in  regard  to  routes  capable  of  varying  degrees  of  develop- 

'  The  Commission  Avas  furnished  with  an  approximate  profilo  by  Hon.  Campbell  W. 
Adams,  Stat«s  engineer  and  surveyor  of  New  York,  through  Mr.  William  .1.  Hinies, 
division  euj;inecr  Erie  Canal.     Mr.  llimes's  profile  was  utilized  by  Mr.  .!nds(ui. 

-  A  profile  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Kivor  proi)er  was  also  furnislied  tlirongli  Mr, 
Thomas  Monro,  member. 


36 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


*, 


i 


meiit.  While  such  a  presentation  would  make  obvious  the  truly  sig- 
niflcant  routes  for  deep  water,  accentuate  their  merits,  and  show  by 
contrast  the  narrow  limits  governing  a  choice,  the  routes  of  s]iecial 
uiarit  for  tirst-class  development  are  fully  covered. 

EXHIBIT   B. — HYDROLOGY. 

This  schedule  is  represented  by  live  tojucal  reports,  illustrated  by 
nine  sheets  of  maps  and  diagrams.    The  exhibit  is  as  follows: 

1.  Elevations  for  the  Great  Lakes  and  for  the  St.  I^awrence  and  Hudson  rivers. 
(Manuscript,  in  four  parts.) 

2.  Water  levels  i'or  the  Great  Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  Kiver,  1860-1895.  (Manu- 
script; tables,  If)  in  number,  with  supplemental  table  for  1896;  diagrams,  Now.  1, 1", 
2,  3,  and  4,  1  in  number.) 

3.  Basin  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Hudson  rivers.  (Manu- 
script and  map.) 

4.  EtVects  of  gales  on  Lake  Erie.     (Manuscript;  diagrams,  three  in  number.) 

5.  Water  levels  for  the  Great  J^akes  and  St.  Lawrence  Kiver  prior  to  1860.  (Manu- 
script, includiufj  tables.) 

6  and  7.  Raintall  and  discharge.     (Not  taken  up.) 

One  of  the  first  things  to  be  investigated  was  the  subject  of  eleva- 
tions with  a  view  to  a  common  plane  of  reference  for  profiles  and  water 
levels  throughout  the  water  system  under  consideration.  The  text 
shows  that  this  has  been  done  with  such  accuracy,  that  material  changes 
in  elevation  are  not  to  be  expected  from  future  leveling.  There  has 
been  added  to  this  discussion,  for  purposes  of  reference,  special  eleva- 
tions and  planes  and  a  list  of  harbors  with  their  depths  and  that  of 
improved  channels  and  canals. 

The  compilation  of  the  tables  of  water  levels  since  18G()  has  required 
much  care,  and  these  have  been  verified  by  comparisons  with  the  origi- 
nal records  in  the  several  engineer  offices.  A  standard  low  water  has 
been  determined,  which  was  designed  to  represent  the  same  navigation 
value  throughout  the  entire  water  system,  and  to  this  all  profiles  have 
been  reduced.  As  will  be  seen  by  consulting  the  harbor,  channel,  and 
canal  list  in  the  first  topic,  a  great  variety  of  planes  have  been  in  use  in 
the  several  districts  and  in  works  undertaken  at  different  times,  and  for 
any  scheme  of  general  development  on  through  routes  it  was  necessary 
to  determine  a  plane  having  a  uniform  value  throughout. 

The  third  topic  gives  the  result  of  measurement  of  the  very  best 
available  maps  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  watersheds 
have  been  defined  through  the  Canadian  highlands  by  the  office  of  the 
Canadian  Geological  Survey,  and  although  there  is  some  uncertainty  in 
portions  of  this  territory,  the  results  given  are  likely  to  be  as  good  as  can 
be  obtained  until  actual  surveys  are  made  of  those  little-known  regions. 

The  fourth  topic  is  a  most  interesting  discussion  by  ]\lr.  William  T. 
Blunt  of  wind  etiects  on  the  level  of  Lake  Erie,  and  is  a  kind  of 
research  which  should  be  extended  to  the  other  lakes.  This,  the  money 
available  did  not  permit.  The  effects  on  Lake  Erie  are  more  charac- 
teristic than  elsewhere,  and  the  subject  has  added  importance  in  view 
of  the  proposition  to  regulate  the  level  of  this  lake. 

The  filth  topic  relates  to  the  water  record  ])rior  to  18(50.  This  is  fhe 
first  attempt  at  a  complete  compilation  of  the  available  data.  ( >rigiiial 
records  have  been  referred  to  wherever  possible.  It  is  believed  that 
further  information  will  reward  an  exhaustive  research,  and  that  when 
all  possible  data  have  been  collected  and  digested,  important  conclusions 
may  be  drawn  in  regard  to  the  conditions  existing  prior  to  the  iuhabita 
tion  of  the  watershed  in  compariscm  with  the  present.  As  the  final 
completion  of  this  topic  may  involve  several  months,  the  results  are 
presented  in  hopes  that  thereby  new  sources  of  data  may  be  discovered. 


REPORT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


37 


(Man  Il- 


ly best 
ersbeds 
of  the 
linty  in 

I  as  can 
egions. 
iam  T. 
ind  of 
money 
haiac- 
n  view 

is  tlie 
tiginal 

II  tbat 
wben 

insions 

labita 

iiual 

ts  are 

^ercd. 


Tbe  distribution  of  rainfall  and  its  relation  to  lake  Huctuation  is  a 
subject  of  much  interest,  but  in  view  of  the  very  great  labor  and  time 
required  to  handle  this  topic  it  has  not  been  undertaken. 

The  outflow  of  the  lakes  is  a  matter  of  primary  importance  in  regard 
to  which  the  data  are  very  meager.  A  study  of  the  available  material 
has  been  made  on  former  occasions,  and  the  discussions  are  accessible.' 
Some  new  material  has  since  been  obtained,  but  it  has  not  been  jiossible 
to  undertake  a  new  digest  of  existing  information,  which  is  admitted 
to  be  very  unsatisfactory. 

The  whole  question  of  ;  iie  outflow  of  the  lakes  and  its  variation  with 
stages  of  water — and  its  relation  to  rainfall  as  weU — is  conceded  to  be 
of  the  very  first  importance.  Many  conclusions  are  thus  left  to  infer- 
ence which  demand  the  most  complete  demonstration — a  condition  that 
is  intolerable,  considering  the  magnitude  of  the  (juestions  involved. 

A  knowledge  of  the  above  series  of  topics  is  essential  in  order  to  value 
the  effect  of  any  projected  work  ui)on  these  bodies  of  water  and  on 
riparian  interests  of  very  great  magnitude. 

EXHIBIT   C. — PRACTICAL    PROBLEMS. 

The  topics  under  this  schedule  are  as  follows: 

1.  The  ice  season,  basin  of  the  (Jreat  Lak'.s  au»l  Hiirroanding  territorv.  Notes; 
tables,  176  in  nnuilier  ami  general  (lata;  diiij^rains,  5  in  number. 

2.  Winter  commerce.     Notes.     (Not  (■ompl;^'te(l.) 

3.  Steam-carrying  Ueet.     Dimensions  and  draft.     (Not  comi)letod.) 

4.  Resistance  of  ships  in  restricted  channels.     (Not  completed.) 
r-i.  Canal  prisms,  locks,  methods  of  construction.     (Not  taken  up.) 

The  first  topic  only  has  been  sufficiently  completed  to  warrant  pres- 
entation. It  comprises  17(5  tables  and  5  diagrams.  This  has  in- 
volved very  great  research  and  extensive  correspondence.  The  topic 
has  developed  with  the  progress  of  the  inquiry  and  is  regarded  as  emi- 
nently worthy  of  further  and  exhaustive  research.  The  subject  has 
given  rise  to  many  new  ideas  and  its  practical  and  scientific  importance 
cannot  be  overestimated.  It  is  found  that  heretofore  very  little  sy»tr;m- 
atic  data  have  been  collected  in  this  field.  It  has  not  been  thought 
wise  to  attemi)t  general  conclusions  until  the  data  could  be  more  fully 
digested  and  reenforced  by  further  records  from  inland  jwints, 

Preliminary  consideration  has  been  given  to  the  other  topics  in  prep- 
aration for  a  systematic  investigation  and  some  general  ideas  formed, 
which,  however,  are  entirely  tentative. 

The  subject  of  winter  commerce  is  likely  to  develop  possibilities 
quite  unanticipated,  except  by  the  very  few  who  have  had  some  prac- 
tical experieiue  in  this  direction,  and  the  season  of  ordinary  navigation 
may  be  materially  proh)nged. 

No  general  compilation  has  been  made  of  the  steam-carrying  fleet 
giving  outside  dimensions  and  i)rop('r  draft,  and  no  sufficient  study  has 
been  given  the  nuitter  in  its  relation  to  the  future  development  of  the 
lake,  seaboard,  and  foreign  trafiic. 

Tlie  resistance  of  shii)s  in  n-stricted  channels  is  in  itself  a  nuitter  of 
l)rinie  imj)ortance,  not  only  in  determining  the  relative  value  of  routes, 
but  in  fixing  the  dimensions  and  character  of  channels  that  should  be 
jnovided.  The  existing  knowledge  on  this  subject  is  at  best  in  very 
unsjitisfactoiy  shajjc,  and  special  data  may  be  required  for  a  ])roper 
solution.  Thematter  has  been  i)ursued  farenongli  toin(li<'ate  the  neces- 
sity for  a  radical  revision  of  the  old  formnhe.     In  view  of  the  amount 


'  .Tournal  of  the  Assoi^iation  of  Kngineoriug  Societies,  March,  188'J. 
Chief  of  Euginocrs,  U.  S.  A.,  18l>o,  itagel301. 


Report  ot  the 


i 


38 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS  COMMISSION. 


It 


of  canal  prism  and  shallow  water  incident  to  any  route  for  lirst-class 
navigation,  the  matter  requires  exhaustive  treatment  if  results  are  to 
be  obtained  which  may  not  prove  disappointing. 

The  subject  of  canal  prisms  and  locks  and  methods  of  construction 
is  undergoing  a  revolution,  the  outcoine  of  which  is  likely  to  render 
l)rqjects  jjracticable  whi<;h  heretofore  have  been  regard(^d  as  a  little 
more  than  visionary.  A  discussion  has  not  seemed  warranted  until  the 
investigation  of  ante(!edent  topics  has  determined  the  reciuiroments. 

It  will  be  i)ercoived  that  Exhibit  0  is  the  key  to  pra<?tical  conclu- 
sions, though  conformingin  their  application  to  the  conditions  developed 
under  the  topics  of  Exhibits  A  and  J>. 

GENERAL   REMARKS. 

A  careful  consideration  of  the  nmtter  presented  under  the  foregoing 
heads  makes  clear  the  real  magnitude  oithe  inquiry  and  the  need  of  a 
comprehensive  i)resentjition  of  the  physical  conditions  to  be  dealt  with 
in  any  proposition  for  the  radical  development  of  navigation.  In  view 
of  the  very  great  proportions  of  the  problem  and  the  large  cost  of  any 
radical  develoi>ment  and  the  relation  of  such  a  develo[»ment  to  the 
future  ol"  the  country,  it  has  seemed  frivolous  to  venture  mere  opinions, 
and  it  has  been  preferred  to  develop  the  data  topics  as  fully  as  the 
means  would  permit,  in  the  expectation  that  thereby  the  main  questions 
would  be  obvious  to  the  discerning. 

In  undertaking  this  investigation,  it  was  not  anticipated  that  it  would 
be  feasible  to  more  than  collate  existing  material  and  clear  up  the  gen- 
eral subject,  so  that  the  direction  of  final  surveys  and  inquiries  could 
be  pointed  out.    This  may  be  done  at  least  tentatively  and  in  part. 

In  closing  this  report  I  must  commend  the  uniform  interest  siiown  in 
the  work  by  persons  in  ofticial  and  private  station.  Every  request  Cor 
data  has  met  with  'prompt  and  full  response,  often  at  the  cost  of  much 
labor^and  time.  Had  it  not  been  for  this,  the  inquiry  would  have  been 
fruitless  in  many  airections.  What  this  means  may  be  inferred  tiom 
the  fact  that  some  of  the  material  furnished  runs  back  thirty  to  forty 
yeai's,  and  has  required  much  care  in  reduction.  Pains  have  been  taken 
in  the  drawings  and  manuscripts  to  credit  this  data  to  the  })roper 
authority. 

I  must  also  commend  the  devotion  and  ability  of  my  assistants, 
Edgar  Williams,  A.  E.  Kastl,  J.  E.  Maloney,  and  Charles  Poore,  and 
the  skill  and  care  of  my  draftsmen,  G.  A.  Lichtenburg  and  Hermann 
Heinze.  Although  I  have  given  all  the  work  my  close  personal  super- 
vision, this  does  not  detract  from  their  credit  for  whatever  merit  may 
attach  to  the  matter  submitted. 

The  ('ommission  is  under  special  obligations  to  Maj.  W.  S.  Stanton, 
Lieut.  Col.  .hired  A.  Smith,  and  Ca])t.  Smith  S.  Leach,  in  permitting 
the  cooperation  of  their  assistants,  Mr.  William  Picrson  .ludson,  Mr. 
William  T.  Blunt,  and  Mr.  I'\  M.  liarstow,  whe.i  not  oc('U])ied  with  olli- 
cial  duties,  and  these  gentlemen  have  reiulered  service  of  high  character 
at  very  little  cost. 

I  take  iileasure  in  acknowledging  the  uniform  courtesy  of  the  several 
de])artments  ol  the  Canad'an  Government  in  responding  fully  to  every 
request  for  information. 

Very  respectfully  submitted, 

Lyman  E.  Cdoley. 

Dr.  .Tames  P>.  Angell, 

Chairman  Ike})  Waterways  Comvilssion. 


1 


t  < 


KXIIIBIT  A. 


THE  LAKES  AND  ATLANTIC  WATERWAY. 

CHICAGO  AM)  DULUTH-SUPERIOR  TO  THE  SEABOARD,  THROUGH  THE  GREAT  LAKES 
AND  BY  THE  ST.  LAWRENCE  RIVER  AND  BY  THE  HUDSON  RIVER. 


iintoii, 
littin  Ji- 
ll, IMr. 
li  olli- 
I'iM'fcr 


K\ 


NOTKS    TO   ACCOMPANY    I'UOFILES   AND   MAI'S.  ' 

I'lolilo  No.  1.  General  jirofile.    With  distiuue  tliagrtim. 

MiipNo.  111.  (ienenil-iouto  map. 

I'loHle  No.  2.  Lake  Superior  to  Lake  Htirou. 

i'rofile  No.  3.  Lake  Michigan  to  Lake  Huron. 

I'rofilo  No.  4.  Lake  Hurou  to  Lake  Erie.  With  sketch  and  prolile— St.  Clair  ami 
Erie  Ship  Canal. 

I'rofile  No.  5.  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Ontario.  With  outline  map  and  sketches  of  alter- 
nativo  rout«'8. 

rrotiloNo.  H.  Lake  Ontario  to  I.<ake  St.  Eraucis,  through  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 
With  outline  map. 

Profile  No.  7.  Lake  St.  Erancis  to  Lake  Cham)dain  and  Montreal.    With  outline  map. 

Prolile  No  8.  St.  Lawrence  River  to  deep  water  below  C^uebec. 

I'rotile  No.!).  The  ('liamj)]ain-Hudsou  Valley,  from  St.  Johns,  Province  of  (Quebec, 
to  Troy  Dam,  New  York. 

Prolile  No.  10.  Hudson  KMver  fiom  Troy  Dam  to  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Prolile  No.  11.  Lake  Ou*;ario  to  lludsoii  Kiver,  through  the  <  )8wego-(  lueida-Moha  wk 
^•alley. 

Map  No.  Hi).  Map  of  the  Oswogo-Oneida-Mohawk  Valley,  showing  also  the  Chani- 
plain-Hudson  ^'alley. 

Prolile  No.  12.  (ieorgian  Bay  to  Lake  Oularltt,  tUrtmgh  Lake  Sinieoe,  With  outline 
ma]>. 

i'rolile  No.  III.  The  Ottawa  nuito,  from  (Ieorgian  Hay  to  Hichelieii  Uiver. 

Prolile  No.  11.  Early  canal  systeiiis.  Erie  of  New  York,  United  States;  Ridean- 
Trent  of  Ontario,  Dominion  of  Canada. 

I'rolile  No.  1.').  Interlako  routes.  (Omitted.)  Superior  aud  (jlroen  Bay,  (Jraud- 
Saginaw,  Michigan  and  Erie. 


INTRODUCTION. 

A  Hcrie8  of  profiles  and  niap.s  Iuih  been  compiled  for  the  purpose  of 
exhibitiiij;'  the  possibilities  of  deep-water  routes  through  and  between 
the  several  lakes  and  by  the  Bt.  Lawrence  and  Hudson  rivers  to  the 
Atliinti(;  seaboard.  This  series  comprehends  the  lines  of  past  develop- 
ment, of  works  now  in  i)rogress  and  jiroimsed,  and  the  lines  feasible  for 
future  development,  including  alternative  routes  and  looi)s  for  sUorten- 

'  Com]uled  in  the  ollice  of  the  Commission  from  memoranda  mall(^  iu  working  up 
the  several  ]tri)tileH  and  maps  for  the  United  States  Deep  Waterways  Coniniission, 
Cliicago,  August,  18'J6. 


40 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


I 

I 


ing  (listanco.  Tlie  object  is  to  present  once  for  all,  regardless  of  relative 
merit,  an  exhibit  of  all  routes  having  any  elements  of  feasibility,  for 
uniting  the  several  lakes  and  reaching  the  eastern  seaboard.  All  routes 
for  merely  tributary  projects,  or  for  connecting  the  lakes  with  other 
water  systems,  have  been  excluded. 

This  woik  has  involved  some  new  examinations  in  the  field  and  a 
jiainstaking  research  for  the  data  of  early  surveys,  and  has  required 
great  labor  and  i)atience  in  digesting  the  material  and  reducing  the 
same  to  a  uniform  standard  for  presentation.  But  for  the  cordial  cooper- 
ation of  all  in  custody  of  original  information,  the  work  would  not  have 
been  practicable. 

These  notes  are  intended  to  catalogue  the  several  profiles  and  maps 
of  the  series  and  to  authenticate  and  explain  such  matter  as  may  not 
otherwise  be  sufliciently  exhibited. 

In  entering  upon  the  work,  the  necessity  of  deducing  standard  water 
levels  that  would  have  an  equivalent  value  throughout  the  bodies  of 
water  traversed  by  the  i^rofiles  was  apparent.  For  the  seaboard,  the 
level  long  since  adopted  is  mean  low  tide.  For  the  several  lakes  and 
the  St.  j.awrence,  the  standard  low  Avater  is  deduced  from  the  record 
of  the  thirty  six  years  from  1800  to  1895. 

The  plane  of  standard  low  water  is  the  plane  at  or  below  which 
monthly  mean  water  has  stood  not  more  than  an  aggregate  of  ten  months 
during  the  season  of  navigation,  which  excludes  the  months  of  January, 
February,  and  March  out  of  the  aggregate  of  eighteen  lowest  monthly 
mean  waters  occurring  during  the  period  of  thirty-six  years,  1800  to 
IS!)").  To  this  plane  all  the  profiles  of  water  surface  have  been  reduced. 
The  deduction  of  standard  low  water  is  fully  elucidated  in  the  "Notes 
on  water  levels  for  the  Great  Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  Kiver." 

Actual  standard  low  water  is  a  plane  at  or  below  which  the  water  has 
ranged  for  six  to  ten  months,  out  of  a  total  of  three  hundred  and  twenty- 
four  months,  or  for  2  to  t3  per  cent  of  the  navigable  period  of  thirty-six 
years.  Lonjjer  records  do  not  indicate  that  the  ratio  will  be  materially 
changed. 

The  standard  high  water  as  adopted  on  the  several  profiles  is  the 
highest  water  of  record  for  the  several  lakes  and  rivers,  as  set  forth  in 
the  "Notes  on  water  levels,"  etc. 

The  elevations  used  on  the  several  profiles  are  also  set  forth  in  "Notes 
on  water  levels,"  etc.,  and  the  nianner  in  which  these  are  derived  is 
specially  treated  in  "  Elevations  for  the  Great  Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence 
and  Hudson  rivers." 

The  main  profiles  have  all  been  platted  to  a  uniform  scale;  approxi- 
mately, 2i  miles  to  1  inch  horizontal  and  2.")  feet  to  1  inch  vertical. 
Subordinate  profiles  and  those  lacking  ('ata  to  justify  the  standard  scale, 
are  platted  to  one-half  or  one  fourth  scale. 

The  explanations  necessary  to  the  understanding  of  each  i)rofile  and 
ma])  of  the  series  are  entered  thereon.  These  notes  add  such  further 
memoranda  as  will  enable  those  who  may  be  interested  to  verify  any 
data  used  and  the  ai)plication  of  the  same. 

In  making  up  the  i)rofiles  all  i)roject8  and  treatment  have  been 
omitted,  the  purpose  being  to  submit  conditions  as  they  now  exist  in 
nature  or  as  they  may  have  been  modified  by  works  actually  executed. 
In  the  improved  channels  the  original  bottom  is  shown  in  outline. 
The  entire  exhibit  is  the  data  for  consideration,  rather  tium  the  con- 
sideration itself,  which  requires  several  other  lines  of  infornnition. 

These  notes  have  been  compiled  from  the  memoranda  of  the  assist- 
ants who  worked  up  the  several  profiles  and  nnips. 


!' 


)roxi- 
ticiil. 
scale, 


beon 
ist  in 
nited. 
itlinc. 

cou- 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


41 


GENERAL   TROFILE. 


(Protile  No.  1,  accompanied  l»y  route  map  ami  distaiiro  <liaf;rum.) 

Tlio  general  protile  is  inatlo  to  one-fifth  the  stanchird  scale. 

The  profile  extends  from  the  head  of  Lake  Michijjan  at  Chicago 
through  the  lakes,  Michigan,  Huron,  Krie,  and  Ontario,  the  St.  Law- 
rence Kiver,  Lake  Champlain,  and  the  Hudson  Hiver,  and  through  the 
several  intermediate  channels  and  canal  routes  by  which  the  same  are 
or  may  bo  joined  in  one  continuous  route  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean  at  Xew 
York.  The  profile  of  the  route  from  the  head  of  Lake  Superior  at 
Duluth-Superior  to  a  point  of  junction  in  Lake  Huron  and  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  River  from  the  point  of  junction  in  Lake  St.  Francis  to  the 
mouth  are  also  shown,  thus  exhibiting  .1  continuous  profile  from  the 
head  of  Lake  Superior  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  The  profile  of 
the  Oswego  Oneida- Mohawk  route  from  Lake  Ontario  to  the  Hudson 
liiver  is  shown  as  an  alternative  line  for  the  Atlantic  terminus,  and  is 
platted  westward  from  the  point  of  junction  at  Troy  Dam.  In  the 
margins  are  shown  the  distances  from  Chicago  and  from  Xew  York. 

The  profiles  were  reduced  from  the  standard  profiles  which  have 
been  compiled  to  illustrate  special  divisions  of  the  several  routes  which 
may  require  treatment.  The  intermediate  sections  were  filled  in  from 
the  general  charts  of  the  lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  as  issued  by  the  Lake 
Survey,  United  States  Army,  and  Hydrographic  OflBce,  United  States 
Navy.  In  compiling  these  intermediate  sections  the  termini  of  the 
special  profiles  were  first  laid  down  and  the  sailing  route  drawn  in. 
The  distances  and  depths  were  then  taken  off  in  the  usual  manner. 

The  general  route  map  (map  No.  la)  is  a  sketch  or  outline  to  illus- 
trate the  several  routes  over  which  profiles  have  been  made.  The 
routes  of  the  general  ])rofile  are  shown  by  a  ])road  band  which  is 
changed  into  two  paraMel  lines  at  the  last  descent  or  point  requiring 
locks  in  the  approach  to  the  sea. 

The  alternative  routes  available  for  a  portion  of  the  through  lines, 
and  for  which  subordinate  special  i)rofiles  have  been  made,  are  shown 
by  broken  bands. 

Narrower  bands  —  lines  show  the  location  of  the  several  minor  routes 
and  profiles,  thosr  ni  use  by  full  lines  and  those  proposed  by  broken 
lines. 

There  has  been  added  to  this  map,  so  far  as  its  limits  would  admit, 
tributary  water  routes;  those  in  operation  and  those  abandoned,  an(l 
projects  now  under  way,  and  those  actually  adopted  for  construction. 
Projects  not  yet  beyond  the  promotion  stage  have  been  omitted. 

Tlie  distance  diagram  is  platted  on  the  same  sheet  as  tlic  general  pro- 
file. It  shows  by  three  diagrams  the  main  combinations  to  be  made 
by  three  alternative  routes,  viz,  Lake  Erie  route,  Ceorgian  l>ay  route, 
and  Ottawa  route. 

The  main  diagram  is  that  of  the  Lake  P]rie  route,  and  it  makes 
apparent  at  a  glance  the  relative  distances  between  various  important 
points  from  Chicago  and  Duluth-Superior  out  by  the  St.  Lawrence 
River,  ami  by  both  the  Champlain  and  Mohawk  lines  out  by  the  Hud- 
sou  liiver.  The  diagram  by  the  (Jeorgian  Uay  route  shows  the  same 
combination  of  termiiml  lines.  The  diagram  by  the  Ottawa  route  omits 
the  Mohawk  line  in  the  <.ombination. 

'Thd  general  profile,  j^oneral  route  map,  and  distance  diagram  were  compiled  and 
drawn  by  Mr.  C.  E.  IsboU. 


f 

II 


42 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


Those  (liagiams  rc'inesent  tlio,  jictual  distances  as  developed  in  ])ro 
tilinj;' the  several  lilies,  and  the  jn-incipal  items  are  entered  in  llj;ures 
on  the  diaj^rams.  A  table  is  appended  to  these  notes  giving  a  fuller 
schedule  of  the  distances  developed. 

LAKE  Sr  I'KRIOI?    TO   LAKE   Ul'UON    TIIRoriflL   TJIE   ST.  MARYS   RIVER. 

(I'nililo  No.  1.'.) 

This  ])rohle,  compiled  by  JMr.  lOdgar  Williams  and  drawn  by  Mr.  G. 
A.  Jiichtenberg,  shows  the  available  depth  of  water  through  the  St. 
Marys  Itiver  froiu  deep  water  of  J^ake  Sajjcrior  to  deep  water  of  Lake 
Huron.  The  route  begins  near  the  southeast  corner  of  Lake  Superior, 
Ij  miles  northeast  of  VVhiteiish  Point,  and  runs  in  a  direct  line  to  a 
point  I'^s,  miles  northeast  of  Point  Iroquois,  and  theiu-e  follows  the  line 
of  deei)est  water  through  the  river,  canal,  and  improved  channels  to 
Point  i)etour  Light,  at  the  northern  entrance  to  Lake  Huron. 

The  water  level  elevations  of  Lake  Superior,  St.  Marys  Kiver,  above 
and  beh)w  the  locks,  and  Lake  Huron,  were  determined  by  Mr.  A.  K. 
Kastl.  (See  "  Water  levels,  etc.")  The  low-water  line  from  the  locks  to 
Lake  Huron  was  drawn  ])arallel  to  the  nu^an  water  line,  as  the  total 
lalls  at  the  two  stages  are  j)ra<tically  the  same.  The  slope  from  below 
the  locks  to  Hay  Lake  was  deduced  from  data  in  the  report  of  the  Chief 
of  ICngineers,  United  States  Army  (1887,  p.  13242),  which  gi\  es  the  sU>pe 
of  the  water  surface  from  the  northeast  })ier  to  Station  G,  near  the 
hea  of  Hay  Lake,  and  the  slo[)e  of  the  channel  from  the  locks  to  the 
angio  below  Frechett  Point,  as  nearly  0.8  foot.  Py  comparison  with 
the  water  level  at  the  locks,  an  el('\ation  of  580.00  feet  was  deduced  for 
low  water  of  llay  Lake  and  5813.50  for  mean  water.  ^Vs  no  reliable  data 
could  be  found  for  the  sloi)e  between  Hay  Lake  and  Lake  Huron,  the 
total  fall  of  1.30  feet  was  distributed,  0.70  loot  to  the  channel  at  the 
Middle  Neebish  l{a])i<ls  and  0.00  foo(  at  Sailors  iuicampment. 

The  high-water  line  was  obtained  by  «listribnting  the  increased  fall 
at  that  stage,  to  the  channel  above  llay  Lake  and  below  Little  Mud 
Lake. 

The  dimensions  of  the  locks  at  the  two  St.  Marys  Falls  caiuils  were 
obtained  from  the  repoi  is  of  the  Chief  of  Fngiiu'ors,  Lnited  States 
Army,  and  the  departnu'ut  of  railways  and  canals  of  Canada.  The 
elevations  of  miter  sills,  platforms,  and  tloors  of  the  American  locks 
were  furnished  by  the  Corps  of  lOngineers,  United  States  Army  (let- 
ters of  February  3  and  Marcli  23,  180(;,  from  Lieut.  .1.  15.  Cavanaugh, 
Detroit,  Mich.),  and  those  of  the  Canaxlian  lock  by  the  departnuuit  of 
railways  and  canals  of  Canada  (letter  of  February  10,  1800,  from 
Thomas  Monroe,  engineer  Soulanges  (anal,  C!oteau  Landing,  Province 
of  Quebec). 

The  elevation!-"  of  the  water  stages  above  ami  below  the  locks,  St. 
Marys  Falls  Caiml,  corresponding  to  20  aiul  21  feet  in  the  improved 
channels,  were  furnished  by  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States 
Army  (letter  of  February  3,  189(»,  from  tiieut.  J.  P.  Cavanaugh, 
Detroit,  Mich.),  an«l  from  these  datai  the  available  depths  at  mean 
stage  and  low  water  were  deduced. 

All  elevations  furnished  by  the  Corps  of  Fiiigineers,  United  States 
Army,  and  the  department  of  railways  and  canals  of  Canada,  at  or  near 
St.  Marys  P'alls,  have  been  reduced  by  0.58  foot,  for  reasons  set  forth  by 
Mv.  A.  E.  Kastl  (see  ''  Water  levels,"  etc.). 


1 


I 
I 
1 
] 
i 
1 
( 
1 


REPOKT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


43 


The  profile,  was  ]>latte(l  (Voiu  the  somulings  on  tlie  lollowing-  eharts  of 
the  United  States  hike  survey: 

Scaloof  — 

La1<n  Superior , 1 :  noi).  000 

iiiver  Stc.  Mario,  No.  1 I :    lo.  (lOO 

liivi-r  Stc.  Marie.  NO.  '2 1  :    K).  000 

Straits  of  Macli  iliac  and  tlm  tntraiKc  liy  Hie  Detour  I'assayo  to  tin-  St. 

Marys  h'ivor ' 1 :  li'O.  000 

LAKE    MICHIGAN    TO    LAKE    IIUKON    'rilKOlUiU    THE    STUAITS  OF 

MA(!KINAO.' 

(I'rolilf  No. :!. » 

rronU\s  on  two  routes  are  shown.  The  full  line  shows  the  <lepth  of 
water  on  the  usual  line  of  navigation  between  (he  two  hilvcs.  An  alter- 
native route  with  ileei)er  water,  and  sotnewliat  lonj^er,  is  shown  by  a 
dotted  line,  on  a  course  north  of  the  IJeaver  Island  frroup  and  south 
of  l)ois  Jilaiu;  Island. 

The  ju'ofdes  were  platted  from  the  following  eharts  <»1"  the  I'nited 
States  Lake  Snrvey: 

Scale  (il  — 

North  end  of  Lalvo  Micliigan l 1  :  100,000 

Straits  of  Maclciiiac 1:120.000 


the 
the 


LAKE   inmON    To    LAKE   ERIE   THBOUOII  THE  ST.  CLAIU  KIVER,  LAKE 
ST.   CLAIR,  AND    DETROIT    RIVER.' 

(Profile  No.  1.) 

This  profile  shows  the  available  (lei)th  of  water  throujuh  the  passa<i'e 
between  liake  Huron  and  Tjake  Ihie.  The  route  begins  at  the  foot  of 
Lake  Huron,  the  zero  for  distance  being  taken  in  the  channel  opposite 
Fort  Gratiot  light,  and  runs  in  tlie  deep  waters  through  the  St.  Olair 
liiver  west  of  Stag  aiul  Woodtick  islands  and  througli  South  Channel 
to  the  United  States  Ship  C'anal  into  Lake  St.  Clair,  thence  across  the 
lalu'i  and  down  Detroit  IMver,  passing  west  of  Fighting  Island  and  east 
of  Jiois  IManc  Island  to  near  the  Detroit  Iiiver  light  at  the  entrance 
to  Lake  Kri«'.  The  ])rolile  is  continned  thiough  the  shallow  portion  of 
Lake  lOrie  to  deej*  water  beyond  Toint  I'elee. 

The  water  level  elevations  of  Lake  Huron,  Lake  St.  Clair,  Detroit 
Jliver  at  the  foot  of  iNlonnt  I'jlliott  avenue,  l)(^troit,  and  Lake  ICrie, 
were  determined  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Kastl  (see  '' VVater  levels,''  etc.). 

The  fall  from  Lnke  Hnron  to  Port  llnron  has  been  taken  as  1(1  inches. 
No  exact  data  respecting  this  sloi)e  have  been  obtained.  Mr,  (1.  \. 
W'isner  estimated  the  fall  Jir  1  .!•  feet  in  1 .5  miles.''  Gen.  C.  H.  Comstock, 
Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  st sites  that  the  fall  from  the 
light-house  to  lilack  Iiiver,  in  a  distance  of  2  miles,  is  about  HJ  inches.' 
One  half  of  the  sloi)e  between  Port  llnron  and  Lake  St.  Clair  was 
assumed  to  be  below  the  head  of  the  passes  in  the  delta  of  the  St. 
Clair   liver. 

The  low-water  sloi)e  of  the  Detroit  River  was  determined  from  gauge 
readings  for  the  montha  of  June  and  'luly,  189.5,  as  furnished  by  Lieut. 


'Compiled  l>y  Mr.  Edgar  Williams  and  drawn  by  Mr.  (1.  A.  Lielitonltorfi. 

■■"'riie  Levels  of  the  Ijakes." — .lournal  of  the  Association  of  En<jinoeriug  Socie- 
ties, March,  188it. 

•'liutter  of  Ooueral  Comstock,  diitod  March  2S,  18S1,  Detroit,  Mich.  I'roceodiiins 
of  Internatioual  Deep  Waterways  Association,  Cleveland,  Sejitember,  lS!r>,  pay;c  \~u\. 


li 


44 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


J.  Ji.  Cavanaugh,  Corps  of  Engineers,  Uuited  States  Army,'  in  com- 
parison with  Ijake  ]''rie  for  the  same  period.  The  mean  elevation  of 
Lake  Erie  for  June  and  July,  1895,  was  571  .(Jl  feet  above  mean  tide  at 
New  York  City,  or  0.26  foot  above  standard  low  water.  The  standard 
low-wat<'r  slope  for  the  J)etroit  Kiver  was  fcmnd  by  subtracting  ().20 
foot  IVoni  the  gauge  readings.  The  mean  gauge  leadings  and  the 
standard  low  water  aie  given  in  the  following  table: 


Locality. 


Mean 
gaiigo  read- 
ill);,  Juiii) 
iiud  Julv, 

1895. 


Grosae  Point,  Lake  St.  Clair 574.52 

Detroit 574. 10 

TrMitoii 572.80 

Gibraltcr .571.80 

Lake  Erie,  CleveLiiul '  571.61 


Stiindanl 
low  water. 


574. 26 
573. 84 
572.00 
571.  54 
571. 35 


The  grades  of  the  bottoms  of  the  improved  channels  Avere  obtained 
as  follows: 

For  each  channel,  the  elevation  of  the  stage  of  water  corresponding 
to  a  given  depth  was  furnished  by  the  Corps  of  r^ngineers,  United 
States  Ariny.2  For  all  the  channels  except  the  Lime  Kiln  Crossing,  the 
stage  was  given  at  the  channel,  and  the  bottom  grade  was  found  by 
deducting  from  the  stage  its  corresponding  depth.  For  the  Lime  Kiln 
Crossing,  the  stage  of  Lake  Erie  was  given,  and  the  elevation  was 
found  by  adding  to  the  Lake  Erie  stage  the  slope  between  Lake  Erie 
and  the  Lime  Kiln  Crossing,  as  shown  by  the  standard  low- water  eleva- 
tions. The  grade  at  the  Lime  Kiln  Crossing  was  then  deduced,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  channels  at  other  localities. 

The  elevation  at  Ballards  Eeef  and  at  foot  of  Bois  Blanc  Island  were 
assumed  to  be  the  same  as  deduced  from  the  observations  at  Trenton 
and  Gibralter  on  the  American  side,  and  the  standard  low-water  eleva- 
tion at  the  Lime  Kiln  Crossing  was  estimated  in  proportion  to  the 
distance  from  these  points. 

The  ])rotile  was  compiled  from  the  charts  of  the  United  States  lake 
survey,  as  follows : 

Scale  of^ 

South  end  of  Lake  Huroii  iiud  head  of  St.  Clair  River 1  :  120, 000 

St.  Clair  River 1  :    40,000 

Lake  St.  Clair 1  :    50,000 

Detroit  Ri\er 1  :    40, 000 

Lake  Erie,  Coast  Charts  Nos.  6  and  7 1:    80,000 

The  maps  and  profiles  on  a  reduced  scale  of  the  St.  Clair  and  Erie 
Ship  Canal  illustrate  the  ])roposed  channel  for  shortening  the  distance 
on  the  through  route  and  avoiding  the  difficulties  in  the  navigation  of 
the  Detroit  liiver  and  the  west  end  ol  Lake  Erie.  They  were  compiled 
from  the  following  material : 

Sketch  (with  profile)  of  the  Detroit  River  Passage  aud  the  St.  Clair  and  Erie  Ship 
Canal,  liy  D.  Farrand  Henry,  chief  engineer. 

Chart  of  J.,ake  St.  Cl.air,  by  United  States  Lake  Survey. 

Chart  of  lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  by  llydrograpbic  Otlice,  United  States  Navy. 

'  Letter  of  February  11,  18!)6,  Detroit,  Mieh. 

-Letter  of  Lieut.  J.  li,  Cavanaugh,  February  '3,  1891},  Detroit,  Mich. 


T 


«*«« 


l 


f 

s 


T 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


45 


LAKE  ERIE   TO  LAKE  ONTARIO  THROUGH   THE  NIAGARA  RIVER   AND 
PROPOSED  SHIP   CANAL   AND  WELLAND  CANAL.' 


574. 26 
573.  84 
572. 60 
571.  54 
571. 35 


?llip 


mtaS: 


(Profile  No.  .">.) 

Three  main  profiles  are  delineated,  all  bejjfiiining  at  a  coninion  point 
of  origin  in  Lake  Erie  and  terminating  at  a  coniiuon  point  in  Lake 
Ontario,  a.s  shown  on  the  accompanying  sketch  of  "Niagara  Ship  Canal 
Territory,"  viz :  The  Wellaud  Canal  route  as  now  operated ;  the  natural 
course  of  the  Niagara  River,  and  the  Niagara  Kivcr  in  conjunction  with 
the  Tonawanda-Lockport-Olcott  route  for  the  proposed  Niagara  ship 
canal,  as  favorably  recommended  in  1889  by  Capt.  Carl  F.  Palfrey, 
Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army.^  In  addition,  subordinate 
profiles  show  the  alternative  routes  surveyed  in  1867  by  Lieut.  Col. 
0.  E.  Blunt,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army. 

The  water-level  elevations  of  Lake  Eric  and  Lake  Ontario  were  deter- 
mined by  Mr.  A.  E.  Kastl.  (See  "Water  levels,"  etc.)  The  approximate 
elevations  of  mean  water  at  Black  Eock  ship  lock,  head  of  Grand  Island 
and  Tonawanda,  were  furnished  by  Capt.  Thomas  W.  Symons,  Corps  of 
Engineers,  United  States  Army. '  The  elevation  given  for  Lake  Erie 
was  0.07  foot  higher  than  the  level  adopted  for  mean  water  of  Lake 
Erie.  The  dift'erence,  0.07  foot,  was  therefore  deducted  from  the  eleva- 
tions given  in  determining  mean  water. 

The  elevation  of  mean  water  at  Schlosser  was  based  on  the  two  pro- 
files of  Lieut.  Col.  C.  E.  Blunt,  terminating  at  Tonawanda  and  Schlos- 
ser, the  difference  in  level  being  deducted  from  the  elevation  adopted 
at  Tonawanda.  Estimates  were  also  made  of  the  slope  from  Black 
Rock  and  from  Tonawanda  to  the  falls,  based  on  the  measured  slope  and 
discharge  of  the  Niagara  River  at  Black  Eock,  and  com])arisons  were 
made  with  the  contour  elevations  shown  on  the  charts  of  the  United 
States  Lake  Survey  and  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  The 
elevation  of  mean  water  at  Lewiston  on  the  chart  of  Niagara  Falls  by 
the  United  States  Lake  Survey  is  given  as  about  2  feet  above  Lake 
Ontario. 

The  high  and  low  water  lines  from  Black  Rock  ship  lock  to  Niagara 
Falls  and  from  Lewiston  to  Lake  Ontario  were  assumed  to  have  the 
same  slope  as  the  mean  water  line.  The  range  of  variation  between 
mean,  low,  and  high  water  in  the  river  above  the  falls,  in  comparison 
with  Lake  Erie,  was  deduced  from  the  relation  between  the  gauges  at 
BuflFalo  and  Black  Rock,  established  by  the  discharge  observations  at 
Black  Rock.*  The  range  at  Lewiston  has  been  assumed  as  eqial  to  the 
range  on  Lake  Ontario. 

The  elevations  of  the  miter  sills  of  the  locks  of  the  Welland  Canal  at 
Port  Colborne  and  Port  Dalhousie  were  furnished  by  Thomas  Monro, 
department  of  railways  and  canals  of  Ca.iada  and  engineer  of  the  Sou- 
langes  Canal.^ 

The  elevation  of  the  upper  miter  sill  of  the  guard  lock  of  the  Erie 
Canal  at  Black  Rock,  with  respect  to  canal  datum,  was  furnished  by 
Mr.  J.  L.  Little,  division  engineer,  western  division  of  Erie  Canal;"  and 
canal  datum,  with  respect  to  the  mean  water  of  Lake  Erie,  as  used  by 


'  Compiled  by  Mr.  Edgar  Williams  and  drawn  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Liclitenberff. 

-See  Report  Chief  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army. 

^Letter  of  February  5,  1H96,  IJntfalo,  N.  Y. 

*See  Report  of  Chief  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  1893,  pat^e  UU)8. 

«  Letter  of  February  10,  1896,  Coteau  Landinjj;,  Province  of  Quebec. 

^Letter  of  February  15,  1896,  Rochester,  N.  i. 


I 


46 


REPORT   OV    U.  S.  I)EEl>   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


the  lJiiite<l  States  lake  .survey,  was  detonnined  for  the  (!()iniiii.ssioii 
by  Mr.  George  W.  Itattcr,  special  eiij^iiieer,  Erie  Canal.'  From  these 
(lata,  the  elevation  of  the  miter  sill  was  dednccd.  The  approximate 
elevations  of  the  water  surface  of  the  lOrie  (!anal  at  lUack  ifock,  Tona- 
wanda,  and  Lockport  wei'e  dcdnct'd  from  the  above  data  and  tiie  tables 
of  elevaticnis  as  {>iven  in  the  repoi'ts  of  I  lie  State  engineer  and  sur- 
veyor of  New  Vork.- 

The  proliles  and  map  were  compiled  from  the  Ibllowing  charts  and 
documents: 

Uiiitod  States  lake  survey :  Sialo  of  — 

Lake  Erie,  coast  chart  No.  1 1:80, 0(tO 

Lake  Ontario,  coast  cliart  No.  5 1 :  SO,  000 

Niaj^ara  Falls 1 :  L'O,  0(M) 

Niagara  Falls 1 : ;".,  000 

Hul!alo  Harbor  aud  head  of  Niagara  Kivcr 1 : 1'0, 000 

ITnitcd  States  Geological  Survey: 

Hiitfalo 1 :  (52,  500 

Niagara  Falls  and  vicin  ity 1 :  02, 500 

Department  of  mil  ways  ami  canals  of  C.uiada: 

MapofpartofthcNiiigara  peninsula,  showing  line  of  the  Welland  Canal 

(including  protile)  lietwoen  l^akes  Ihio  and  Ontario,  ISHO 1:36,000 

Niagara  Ship  Canal,  witli  ni.ip  and  profiles;  rtqxnt  on  surveys  for  a  shij)  canal  to 
coniu!Ct  liiikes  Erie  and  Ontario,  Lieut,  t^ol.  Charles  E.  l$lunt.  Corps  of  Engineers, 
I'nited  States  Army,  ISdS. 

Profile  of  ship  canal  to  connect  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  Eighteen  Mile  Crook 
route,  revised  project,  !>>  Capt.  (!arl  F.  Palfrey,  Cor))s  of  Engineers,  I'nited  States 
Army,  ISSO.  Scale:  Horizontal,  liucho([ualsonc  fouitli  mile;  A-ertical,  1  inch (([uals 
50  le'ct. 

Itepcut  of  State  engineer  and  surveyor  of  Now  York,  1«75,  maj)  aud  prolilo  of  the 
western  division  of  the  Erie  C'aiuil.     Scale,  1  inch  eiiuals  13  nnles. 

LAKE   ONTARIO   TO   LAKE   ST.   FRANCIS  TIIHOUGII  THK  ST.  LAWRENCK 

RIVER.' 

(Profile  No.  (5.) 

The  protile  begins  at  a  i>oint  in  Lake  Ontario  opposite  Oswego  and 
the  same  distance  from  the  terminus  of  profiles  No.  5  and  Olcott  Har- 
bor as  the  Oswego  light-house,  which  is  tlie  origin  of  protile  No.  11.  It 
extends  through  the  nuiin  channel  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  through 
the  AYilliamsburg  and  Cornwall  canals  to  the  lower  end  of  Lake  St. 
Francis  below  JMcKies  Point,  and  to  a  point  at  which  the  protile  to  Lake 
Champlain  diverges  from  the  St.  Lawrence  route. 

The  protile  shows  the  river  channel  (►pposite  the  several  canals,  and 
the  Canadian  channel  from  Kingston  to  the  foot  of  (Jrenadier  Island  is 
shown  by  a  broken  line.  An  outline  map  shows  the  canal  territory 
between  Ogdensburg  and  St.  llegis,  (iovering  some  45  miles  of  difficult 
river,  and  over  half  the  length  in  canal. 

The  elevations  of  the  standard  water  lines  at  the  ])riiicipal  points 
were  deterndned  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Kastl  (see  "  Water  levels," etc.).  Below 
Ogdensburg  the  protile  as  furnished  by  Thomas  Monro,  member  of  the 
Canadian  Deep  Waterways  Comnussiou  and  engineer  of  the  Soulanges 
Canal,  was  substantially  adopted,  the  water  lines  being  moditied  to 
conform  to  the  standard  elevations  as  deduced  in  the  water-level 
investigation. 

On  the  outline  map  are  shown  certain  lines  that  indicate  possible 
routes  for  ship  canals.    The  characteristics  of  the  territory  in  regard 


1  Letters  of  March  10  and  April  16,  1896,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

-' Annual  Re])ort  for  18SS,  pages  2()7,  208, 

^Com]»ilcd  by  Mr.  Edgar  Williams  and  drawn  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Lichtenborg. 


'Okl 


)int8 
slow 
the 
ngcs 
Ll  to 
level 

lible 
lard 


REPORT   OF    V.  S.  DEKP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


47 


T 


» ll  I 


to  its  availability  for  canal  location  are  set  forth  in  a  special  report  of 

a  reconnoissance  made  lor  tlie  ( 'oiiiniission  l»y  Mr.  I'\  M.  liarstow,  C  I']. 

The  profile  and  map  wia'e  compiled  Irom  charts  and  maps  as  follows: 

United  States  lako  siirvov :  Sculo  oC— 

Liiko  Oiitiirio,  c.mst  chart  No.  1 1:80,000 

St.  JiUwrouco  Ix'ivcr,  Nos.  1  lo  ti 1 :  ;{0,  000 

St.  J^awroiice  Rivi  r  Olrtail  sheet s),  Nos.  1  lo  S 1 :  10,  00(» 

Ilydrographic,  oilicf,  ITnitcd  States  Navy:  St.  Lawrence  l»iv»T,  Cornwall  to 
McKics  I'oiiit,  si'ale  of  2  inriu's  equals  1  naiitiral  inilc. 

Canad'/in  Dooj)  Watfi  ways  Commission ;  rrolile  of  the  .St.  i.awrenco  Rivor  and 
canals,  18!(U(lHdowl'rescott).  Si-ale:  lloii/.ontal,  I  incli  itpials  Ki.UOO  li-i-t;  vertical, 
1  ineli  eqnals  50  feet. 

Sketch  of  rcM-onnoiHsani-e,  hy  1".  M.  liarstow.     Map.  )»ost  route,  United  States. 

LAKE    ST,   FRANCIS   T(»    LAKE   OHAMPLAIN   AND   TO   MONTREAL.' 

(Protlhi  No.  7.) 

Bejjinniiij;  at  a  <'ommoii  ])oint  below  JNIcKies  Point,  near  the  lower 
end  of  Lake  St.  Francis,  the  same  l)ein};  the  terminn.s  of  ])rolile  No.  (», 
two  main  profiles  are  shown.  The  sontherly  profile  leads  ont  by  nnn}»ry 
Bay  at  the  southeast  angle  of  the  la  lie  and  across  the  Chateiiugay  Val- . 
ley  into  and  np  the  valley  of  English  Ifivcr  and  Norton  Creek ;  thence 
leads  Simtheasterlyover  a  summit,  (!rossing  the  international  l)oun<lary 
some  (5  miles  west  of  Kouses  l*oint  to  the  valley  of  the  (Jretit  Cha/y 
Kiver  at  Perrys  Mills  and  Champlain  village,  and  follows  thence  the 
(Ireat  Cha/y  lliver  to  its  mouth  in  Kings  Uay,  and  to  a  junction  with 
profile  No.  1)  in  Lake  Chani])lain.  The  northerly  jJioHle  is  ii  continua- 
tion of  the  St.  Lawrence  profile  (No.  (J),  via  tin?  Soulanges  Canal,  Lake 
St.  Louis,  and  the  Lachine  Canal  to  IMontreal  and  to  a  junction  with 
profile  No.  8.  An  outline  map  shows  the  territory  contiguous  to  and 
north  of  the  boundary  and  lying  within  the  limits,  Ltike  St.  Francis, 
liake  Champhiin,  llichelieu  Jliver,  Montreal,  and  Liike  of  the  Two 
Mountains  of  the  Ottawa  liiver,  and  to  which  the  general  name 
Caughnawaga  Triangle  may  be  ap])lied. 

The  elevations  of  the  water  surfaces  as  shown  on  the  profiles  and 
map  were  determined  by  JMr.  A.  E.  Kastl  (.see  "Water  levels,"  etc.), 
except  as  herein  noted.  The  distribution  of  the  slope  between  Lachiue 
and  Meh)cheville  was  based  on  hydraulic  considerations,  as  no  levels 
for  the  intermediate  elevations  were  available.  The  elevation  at  the 
foot  of  the  lock  at  St.  Anne  was  approximated  in  the  same  way,  and 
the  elevation  of  high  water  at  this  point  and  in  the  Lake  of  the  Two 
Mountains  above  was  deduced  by  a  comparison  of  the  gtiuge  record  tit 
St.  Anne  for  1870  with  low- water  stages. 

The  profile  as  furnished  by  Thomas  Monro,  member  of  the  Canadian 
Deeii  Waterways  Commission  and  engineer  of  the  Soulanges  Canal,  was 
substantially  adopted  doAvn  to  Lake  St.  Louis,  the  water  lines  being 
modified  to  conform  to  the  standard  elevations  as  deduced  in  the  water- 
level  investigations.  Below  Lake  St.  Louis,  the  profile  of  li.  Steckel, 
engineer,  published  by  the  department  of  public  works  of  Canada  in 
report  for  1890-01,'-  being  based  on  levels  of  precision,  was  adopted, 
after  correction,  for  elevation  of  mean  tide  at  New  York. 

The  profile  from  Lake  St.  Francis  to  Lake  Champlain  is  apiuoxhnate, 
and  represents  a  probable  profile  to  be  found  within  the  band  shown  on 

'Com]dled  hy  Mr.  Ed.nar  Williams  .and  Mr.  F.  M.  Barstow,  and  drawn  by  Mr.  Her- 
mann Heinzo. 
*  Water  levels,  River  St.  Lawrence,  etc. 


48 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


the  iuii]>  ratht'r  tliaii  oh'Viitious  on  a  precise  loeation.  The  portion  east 
of  the  ( 'hateaugay  Kiver  is,  for  the  most  part,  based  on  well  ascertaiued 
elevations,  while  that  wrst  of  the  river  is  probably  within  conditions 
known  to  exist  iu  this  vicinity. 

The  map  shows  the  routes  of  the  two  i)rotiles,  and  also  the  location  of 
the  Caujihnawaga  line,  exhibited  as  part  of  i)rorile  No.  13,  and  the  loca- 
tion of  the  north  end  of  profile  No.  \).  The  locality  of  depressions  dis- 
closed by  the  reconnoissance  of  J\Ir.  Barstow  are  also  shown.  The 
available  data  regarding  elevations  arc  entered  on  this  ma]).  Those 
determined  by  ^Ir.  Barstow  in  the  territory  between  English  Iviver  and 
Ivouses  Point  and  those  along  the  Canada  Atlantic  liailway  are  well 
ascertained,  while  those  along  the  other  railway  lines  are  from  general 
profiles,  and  are  to  be  regarded  as  approximate.' 

The  characteristics  of  the  territory  between  Lakes  St.  Francis  and 
Chaniplain,  in  regard  to  its  availability  for  canal  location,  are  set  forth 
in  a  special  report  of  a  reconnoissance  made  for  the  Commission  by  Mr. 
F.  M.  Barstow,  C.  E. 

The  profiles  and  maps  were  compiled  from  data  as  follows: 

Ciinadian  Deep  Waterways  Coiimiission:  Profile  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver  and 
.Canals,  189t!.  8fale,  horizontal,  1  inch  eciuals  13,200  feet;  vertical,  1  jnch  eciuala  50 
feet. 

Hytlrograpliic  Office,  United  States  Navy:  St.  Lawrence  River,  McKies  Point  to 
eastern  entrance  Beaiiharnois  Canal,  and  eastern  entrance  lieanharuois  Canal  to 
Montreal.     Scale,  2  inches  e<inal  I  nantical  mile. 

Report  with  maps  and  profilers,  department  of  public  works  of  Canada.  Water 
levels,  River  St.  Lawrence  between  (Quebec  and  Montreal,  by  R.  Steckel,  engineer, 
18i)0-i>l. 

Sketch  map  of  the  country  between  Lake  St.  Francis  and  Lake  Champlain,  south 
of  the  Canada  Atlantic  Railway,  made  for  the  Commission  by  F.  M.  Barstow,  C.  E., 
accompanied  by  a  preliminary  i)rol\le. 

Map  ol'  the  (Jreat  Cliazy  River  from  Champlain  to  the  lake,  from  surveys  under 
the  direction  of  Maj.  M.  13.  Adams,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  1889; 
the  same  showing  profile  of  bottom. 

Maps  of  the  geological  survey  of  Canada,  and  by  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey. 

Map,  international  boundary.  Report  State  engineer  of  New  York,  1891.  Maps, 
Ijost  route.  United  States. 

Profiles:  Detail,  of  Canada  Atlantic  Railway;  general,  of  lines  of  Grand  Trunk, 
Canadian  Pacific,  Ogdeusburg  and  Lake  Champlain,  and  St.  Lawrence  and  Adiron- 
dack. 


ST.  LAWRENCE    RIVER    FROM    MONTREAL    TO    DEEP    WATER    BELOW 

gUEBEC.'^ 

(Profile  No.  8.) 

This  profile  shows  the  available  depth  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver  from 
the  foot  of  the  Lachine  Canal  to  deep  water,  some  60  miles  below  Quebec. 
Between  Montreal  and  Quebec  it  is  based  on  the  profile  prepared  by 
It.  Steckel,  engineer,  department  of  public  works  of  Canada. 

The  standard  high  and  low  water  lines  were  obtained  by  reducing 
the  elevations  as  given  by  Mr.  Steckel,  by  his  elevation  of  mean  tide  at 
New  York  City,  which  is  4.441  feet.  The  two  intermediate  flow  lines 
of  '<  High  tide  during  low  water,"  and  "  Low  tide  (springs)  during 
freshets,"  shown  on  the  profile  below  Pointe  du  Lac,  are  approximate. 
They  were  obtained  from  elevations  given  in  Mr.  Steckel's  "  Tables  of 

'The  location  of  the  lino  surveyed  under  the  direction  of  Thomas  Monro,  Commis- 
sioner, for  the  Canadian  Deep  Waterways  Commission,  has  been  entered  on  the  map 
from  data  received  iu  November,  1896.  The  profiles  were  received  too  late  for  com- 
pilation, but  have  been  ]»ublished  under  the  auspices  of  the  Canadian  Commission. 

*  Compiled  by  Mr.  Edgar  Williams  and  drawn  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Lichteuberg. 


f 


KJft 


t^ 


I 


REPOUT   OF    U.  S.  DEEl'   WATEUWAYS    COMMISSION. 


49 


tidal  fluctUiitioiKs  Ibr  low  water  season  of  18S7,  and  hi{.,'li-watt'r  season 
of  188.S." 

The  protile  was  <'oiiipiled  from  the  following  charts  and  docuiiieiits: 

Kojiort,  with  n\n\)n  aiid  prodh'H,  (lepiutiiicut  nl'  imlilii'  works  of  Caiiinla.  Water 
LovoIh,  Kiver  St.  Lawrence  between  l^uobee  aiul  Moutreal,  bv  li.  Steckel,  ciiginrtM', 
18(10-91. 

II.V(lroj,'rai)bi('  Ollice,  United  States  Navy,  Cbarts  of  tlie  River  St.  Lawrence  IVoni 
Qni'bec  to  tiie  K'ivcr  S.igutMiiiy. 

Re]>()rt,  witb  prolilo,  of  tbe  harbor  coiuniiMHioniTs  of  Montreal,  Canada,  .lobn 
Kennedy,  rbief  engineer,  1882. 

THE    ClIAMl'LAIN-m  USCJN    VALLEY,    FROM    ST.   .TOHNS,    I'ROVINOE    OF 
QUEBEC,    TO   TKOV    DAM,    NEW    YORK.' 

(ProiileNo.  !>.) 

This  i)rotile  shows  the  lino  of  deepest  water  and  lowest  elevation  from 
the  entran(;e  of  the  Chainbly  Canal,  at  St.  Johns,  I'rovniee  ol"  Quebec, 
through  the  liiver  Kichelieu,  Lake  (Jhauiplain,  the  Chaniplain  Hudson 
Divide,  and  tlie  upper  Hudson  Kiver,  to  tidewater,  at  Troy  Dam,  New 
York.  The  location  of  the  route  at  the  northern  end  is  sliown  on  the 
outline  map  of  profile  No.  7,  and  from  Lake  Charnplain,  at  Whitehall, 
to  Troy,  on  map  No.  lla.  The  Mohawk  Kiver  below  iScheuectady,  which 
belongs  to  i)rotile  No.  II,  is  also  shown. 

The  water-level  elevations  for  Lake  Chaniplain  and  the  River  Kiche- 
lieu were  determined  by  Mr.  Kastl  (see  ''Vv^ater  levels,"  et(;.).  The 
deduction  of  the  data  for  the  profile  of  the  upper  Hudson  Kiver  involved 
some  jierplexities,  but  it  is  believed  that  material  errors,  if  any,  are 
limited  to  the  portion  of  steep  slope  above  the  pool  of  the  Troy  Dam, 
where  the  effect  upon  a  project  would  be  a  minimum. 

A  route  has  been  suggested  from  South  Bay  to  Fort  Ann  in  lieu  of 
the  one  delineated  by  way  of  Whitehall.  Levels  have  been  run  over 
this  line  in  order  to  cheek  up  the  elevations  shown  on  a  sketch  furnished 
by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey.  The  results  indicate  greater 
elevations  than  shown  on  map  No.  Ila,  but  the  data  were  not  sufficient 
to  warrant  a  profile  for  an  alternative  route.  The  results  of  this  recou- 
noissauce  are  presented  in  a  special  rei)ort. 

The  profile  was  compiled  from  the  foUowing  charts  and  documents: 

Charts  of  Lake  Chaiui)lain  by  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

Map  and  profile  of  the  Richelieu  River,  report  of  K.  Steckel,  engineer,  department 
of  public  works  of  Canada,  1884-85,  1890-91. 

Profile  of  i)ropo8ed  ship  canal  from  Whitehall  to  FortEdwardandof  Hudson  River 
from  Fort  Edward  to  Troy  Dam.  Report  of  State  engineer  and  surveyor  of  New 
York,  1875. 

Report  and  map  of  survey  by  Samuel  McElroy  to  State  engineer  in  1867 — Hudson 
River  from  Troy  to  Fort  Edward — Senate  Doc.  No.  37. 

Report  of  Chief  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  1875. 

Reports,  State  engineer  and  surveyor  of  New  York. 


icing 
ideat 
1  lines 
iring 
late. 
(es  of 

imis- 
map 
com- 
■siou. 


1 


«::« 


HUDSON  RIVER  FROM  TROY  DAM  TO  ATLANTIC  OCEAN 

(Profile  No.  10.) 

This  profile  shows  the  available  depth  of  the  tidal  portion  of  the 
Hudson  Kiver,  and  is  extended  through  New  York  Bay  and  across  the 
bar  as  now  improved  to  deep  water  of  the  ocean. 

The  low  and  high  water  lines  shown  are  those  of  mean  low  tide  and 
mean  high  tide  as  adopted  by  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States 


>  Compiled  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Kastl  and  drawn  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Lichtenberg. 
H.  Doc.  192 4» 


50 


REPORT    OP   TJ.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


Army,  and  the  1  hiitcd  States  Coast  and  (leodetic  Survey.  Freshet  high 
water  as  determined  at  .Vlbany,  is  also  shown  ou  the  profile,  ^^o  infor- 
mation could  be  obtained  in  regard  to  the  elevation  of  tide  lines  between 
Coxsackie  and  Dobb's  l-'erry,  and  the  lines  shown  are  approximate  and 
probably  not  materially  in  error.  The  authority  for  the  elevations  used 
is  <lis('ussed  in  another  compilation  ( Elevations  for  tlie  ( J  reat  Lakes,  etc.). 
The  ])rolile  was  comjuled  from  the  following  charts  and  documents: 

Charts  of  tbo  Hudson  River  iiiul  New  York  Hay  .-iiul  Harbor  liy  the  riiited  States 
Coast  aiitl  (ii'odotic  Survey. 

Ivcixirt  of  a.  I'lOiii'd  of  l',iijj;iiiccis  <iii  [inproveuieut  of  lliidson  Hiver,  above  Hudson 
City,  with  nia]i  and  prolilf,  1  louse  Vj\  Doc.  No.  li;$,  I'ifty-seeontl  Congress,  tirst 
session,  ]W]. 

Reports  ol' Chief  ()(  lMij;ineers,  United  Stales  Army;  Inited  States  Coast  and  Oeo- 
dctic  Survev,  State  en,u,iueer  and  Hnrvoyor  of  New  York. 


•% 


LAKE    oNTAlflO   TO   HUDSON    RIVER   THROlKiH    THE    OSWEGOONEIDA- 
MOHAAVIv    VALLEY   l'R(»M    OSWECU)    To    TUOV    DAM.' 

( i'rolih!  Ni).  11  and  map  No.  ILi.) 

That  portion  of  th(>  i)roHlt!  below  Schenectady  is  delineated  on  the 
sheet  showing  profile  No.  1),  and  is  to  be  considered  as  j)art  of  sheet  ^'o. 
11,  The  mnp  shows  also  the  Oliamplain  Hudson  Valley  an<l  the  route 
of  iH'ofilci  No.  i»,  between  Troy  Dam  and  Lake  Champlain,  at  Whitehall. 

No  piolile  of  the  direct  route  between  Oswego  and  Troy  has  hereto- 
fore been  ma<le  that  was  a<lefpiate  for  the  consideration  of  a  shi})  canal, 
all  the  earlier  profiles  being  of  high-level  lines  through  the  Mohawk 
Valley.  A  fuiul  was  ])laced  in  the  hands  of  Mr,  William  IMerson  .ludson, 
who  was  familiar  witli  all  existing  data  in  regard  to  this  route,  for  the 
]>urposeoi  utilizing  this  information  ami  obtaining  other  material  from 
j)rivate  sources  and  new  data  in  the  lield,  sullicient  to  sV;ow  the  i)lij^sical 
eomlitions  as  they  actually  exist.  The  result  was  Ix^yond  anticipation, 
and  ji  i>rolile  of  a  high  «l('grce  of  accuracy  has  l)een  ]U'oduced. 

Incidentally  a  map  was  ])iepaicd  showing  the  valley  by  contours,  a 
iiost  iui])ortant  addition  to  the  i)iofile,  and  a  duplicate  of  this  map  has 
been  mi.ilein  the  oHice  of  the  Commission  (No.  lla),  ^Mr.. ludson  retaining 
the  or;;;inal. 

Tiie,  s|>ecial  report  by  Mr.  . ludson  states  the  source  of  the  data  and 
the  manner  of  <u)mpilation  so  fully  that  further  mention  is  unnecessary. 


Bl 


(}E0U(HAN    IIAV    TO    LAKE    ONTARIO   THROIKHI    LAKE    SJAICOE.- 

(Prolilo  No.  12.) 

This  lu'ofile  is  drawn  for  one-half  the  standard  scale  and  is  the  first 
of  th(^  scries  of  subordinate  profiles  designed  to  illustrate  alternative 
or  subordinate  routi's  and  (existing  systems  of  minor  navigation. 

The  route  i'xtends  from  Nottawasaga  Hay  to  I  lumber  l>ay  via  Lake 
Simcoe,  which  has  been  considered  the  summit  level  in  all  projects,  and 
is  ])o])ulaily  known  as  the  (leorgian  Bay  or  Unrontai'io  route.  The 
original  survey  embrax'cd  alternative  lines  for  i)art  of  the  route,  one  of 
whi<h  crossed  the  divide  to  the  west  of  Lake  Simcoe,  but  as  none  of 
these  have  been  regarded  as  i)resenting  more  favorable  conditions  and 
have  not  been  used  iu  the  projects  advocated,  they  are  not  included  iu 
the  exhibit. 


'The  profde  was  conipiled  Ity  Mr.  William  Pierson  .Indson  and  drawn  by  Mi.  i!.  \. 
{.uditenlierg.  'I'he  map  was  rompilod  by  Mr.  .ludson  and  drawn  by  Air.  Joel  ilarri, 
iimI  a  <H)py  made  for  liie  use  of  tiio  Commission  by  Mr.  Hermann  Hfun/.e. 

'*Conij)iied  by  Mr,  Kdfjjar  Williams  and  drawn  by  Mr.  William  Kramer. 


,.oi:.i:.j>iJ*JSi.S:, 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


51 


Lake 

S  iiiid 

Tho 

1)110  of 

MIO  of 

iuid 

led  in 


I  (J.  A. 
iMarri, 


The  elevatioLs  for  tlie  water  levels  ou  Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Ontario 
were  determined  by  I\lr.  A.  E.  Kastl  (see  "Water  levels,"  vtc).  The 
elevation  of  Lake  Siincoe  aliove  Lake  Iluron  is  stated  to  be  131.07  leet 
in  the  General  lieport  of  the  Public  Works  of  Canada  (ISO?  to  18S2, 
p.  822).  r>y  ad«lin^'  this  rise  of  131.07  feet  to  the  standard  low  water 
for  Lake  Huron  an  elevation  of  7 13.<>7  leet  was  obtained  lor  Lake  Simeoe. 

The  jiroflle  was  reduced  Iroiii  a  profile  by  Kivas  Tally,  (J.  K.,  dated 
1858,  and  made  from  orij;iiial  surveys  by  i\Ir.  Tully,  after  distributinj;' 
the  correction  for  the  height  of  Lake  Simcoe  and  a  discrepancy  in  the 
relative  elevation  of  Lakes  Ontario  and  Huron. 

The  plans  used  in  the  preparation  of  the  profile  and  mai)  were  as 
follows: 

Map  showing  tlio  route  l)ctwcon  Lakes  Ontario  and  Huron  in  the  vicinity  of  Ti  mm  I  o, 
by  Kivas  Tally,  engineer,  March,  lSi»2.     Scale,  1  inch  eipialH  2,500  leet. 

Prohle  of  tho  Toronto  ainKJeorgian  15ay  Canal  liy  Kivas  Tully,  engineer:  I'oronto, 
January  15,  1858.  Scale,  horizontal,  I  inch  ecjuals  2,500  feet;  vertical.  I  iucheciiials 
100  feet.  Map,  Province  of  Ontario,  Department  of  Crowu  Laud,  1895.  Scale,  1  inch 
equals  8  miles. 

THE  OTTAWA    ROUTE  FROM    GEORGIAN   BAY  TO   RICHELIEU  RIVER.' 

(I'rolile  No,  V.i.) 

This  profile  extends  from  Georgian  Bay  up  French  Iviver  and  through 
Lake  Nipissing,  and  crossing  the  divide  to  Trout  Lake  descends  the 
Matta\van  River  to  tho  Ottawa  River,  and  throngii  tlui  Ottawa  to  the 
St.  Lawrence  River  at  Lake  St.  Louis,  thence  reaches  tln'  Richelieu  Kiver 
at  St.  Johns  by  the  proposed  Caughiiawaga  canal,  joining  prolilc  No. 
9  at  St.  Johns  and  crossing  No.  7  in  Lake  St.  Louis.  The  location  of  the 
protilo  from  the  Lake  of  tlieTwo  Mountains,  via  the  Caughiiawaga  route 
to  St.  Johns,  is  shown  on  the  outline  map  of  prolile  No.  7.  The  prolile 
is  drawn  to  one-half  the  standard  scale. 

The  profile  was  jilatted  from  elevations  derived  from  levels  in  the 
report  of  Thomas  C.  Clarke,  C.  E.,  on  tiic  projiosed  Ottawa  navigation, 
and  a  pajier  by  R.  W.  Ells,  LL.  I).,  and  A.  E.  Harlow,  M.  A.,  on  the 
route  of  the  proposed  Ottawa  Caiiai.  The  elevations  were  derived  as 
follows : 

The  elevation  of  standard  low  water  of  Lake  St.  Louis  at  the  head  of 
the  Lachine  Canal,  as  determined  by  Mr.  A.  I').  Kastl  (scm^  "Waiter 
levels,"  etc.),  is  07.8  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  Vork  City.  I'lom 
this  point  to  Ottawa  Harbor  Mr.  Clarke's  rises  through  the  reaches, 
which  depend  on  estimate,  were  corrected  in  Lake  St.  Louis,  in  the 
Lake  of  the  Two  M«uiiitains,  and  from  the  head  of  the  (ireiiville  Canal 
to  Ottawa.  The  rise  in  IjakeSl.  Louis,  from  Lachine  to  St.  Anne,  was 
taken  at  1.70  feet,  as  it  is  generally  stated  in  the  Canadian  reports  at 
1  to  3  feet.  111  place  of  0.5  foot,  as  givi'U  by  Mr.  Clarke.  The  rise  in 
Lake  of  the  Two  Mountains  was  taken  at  (Kr)  foot  in  jihu'e  of  1  foot, 
and  flic  rise  from  (he  Crenville  Canal  to  Ottawa  was  taken  at  1  foot  in 
place  of  2.3  feet.  With  these  corrections  an  elevation  of  130.5  feet  was 
ol)taine«l  for  Ottawa  ILirbor. 

['"roin  Ottawa,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ma<^t!>wan  KMver  the  elevations  of 
Mr.  Clarke  were  corrected  so  as  to  agree  with  the  elevations  adoi)ted 
for  Ottawa  Harbor  and  the  mouth  of  tlu^  Mattawan  River,  a,  iliscrc^p- 
ancy  of  0.(1  foot  in  total  rise  being  «listril)iited  between  tlui  head  of  Deep 
River  and  Mattawa,over  whu*h  distance  the  levels  are  most  uncertain. 

From  the  nioulh  of  the  Mattawan   Kiver  to  the  Tetites  Halles  of 


'Compiled  hy  Mr.  I'.dgnr  Williams  and  drawn  hy  Mr,  (',  E.  iHhell. 


i 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


French  River,  the  first  rapids  above  Georgian  Bay,  the  corrected  levels 
of  Messrs.  Klls  and  Harlow  w  re  used,  and  for  Georgian  Bay  the  stand- 
ard water  levels  for  Lake  tinron. 

From  Lake  St.  Louis  to  the  Petites  J)alles  the  bottom  of  the  chan- 
nel, shown  on  the  profile  by  a  dotted  line,  is  approximate  only,  and  has 
been  drawn  from  the  few  approximate  depths  given  in  the  reports.  From 
the  Petites  Dalles  to  deep  water  in  Georgian  Bay  the  bottom  was 
platted  from  soundings  on  the  charts  of  the  Hydrographic  Office,  United 
States  Navy.  From  St.  Anne  to  Caughnawaga,  across  Lake  St.  Louis, 
the  bottom  was  also  platted  from  charts  of  the  Hydrographic  Office. 

The  high-water  line  was  platted  from  the  difference  between  high  and 
low  water,  as  determined  by  Mr.  Clarke,  on  the  Ottawa  and  F/euch 
rivers,  and  from  the  elevations  determined  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Kastl  for 
Georgian  Bay  and  Lake  St  Louis.    (See  "Water  levels,"  etc.) 

The  profile  of  the  proposed  Caughnawaga  Canal  was  platted  from 
data  ill  the  reports  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  and 
the  department  of  public  works  of  Canada. 

The  profile  as  platted  is  substantially  the  profile  of  Mr.  Clarke  cor- 
rected for  datum.  In  the  paper  by  Messrs.  Ells  and  Barlow  it  is  stated 
that  "the  elevation  given  for  Lake  Nipissing  is  the  same  as  that  given 
by  the  corrected  levels  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Junction  Eailway  (now 
l)art  of  the  (Jrand  Trunk  System),  and  that  the  elevation  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Mattawau  River  agrees  with  that  deduced  from  the  profiles  of 
the  Canadian  Pacific  Kail  way."  If  10  feet  be  added  to  the  elevations 
as  given  in  the  table  in  the  original  report  of  Mr.  Clarke,  they  will  not 
difler  at  any  ])oint  over  2^  feet  from  the  profile  as  platted,  after  making 
ilue  alloNsance  for  the  summer  water  of  1859  on  Lake  Huron. 

In  compiling  this  profile  the  following  charts,  maps,  and  documents 
were  used : 

Report  on  Ottawa  Navigation  (with  prolile),  by  Thomas  C.  Clarke,  C.  E.,  engi- 
neer Ottawa  survey,  Qnehec,  18fi0. 

The  Physical  Features  and  Geology  of  the  Proposed  ( )ttawa  Canal  between  the 
St.  Lawrence  River  and  Lake  Huron,  by  R.  W.  Ells,  LL.  D.,  and  A.  E.  Barlow,  M.  A., 
Ottawa,  1896. 

lieport  on  the  Montreal,  Ottawa,  and  Georgian  Bay  Canal,  by  Marcus  Smith,  M. 
Inst.,  C.  E.,  Ottawa,  1895. 

Charts  of  Georgian  Bay,  Mouth  of  French  River,  and  Lake  St.  Louis,  1  dro- 
graphic  Office,  United  Stiitea  Navy. 

Report  of  Chief  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  1875  (p.  .587),  and  General 
Report  of  Department  of  Public  Works  of  Canada,  1867  to  1882. 

Prolile  between  Lake  Nipisaing  and  Ottawa,  compiled  by  Edwin  A.  Forwai'd, 
Ottawa,  and  received  tlirough  the  Hon.  McLeod  Stewart,  of  "The  Montreal,  Ottawa 
and  Georgian  Bay  Canal  Company." 

NoTK.— The  prolile  furnished  through  Mr.  Stewart  on  November  25,  1896,  presum- 
ably covers  the  available  data  to  date,  and  prolile  No.  13  has  been  amended  accord- 
ingly.—L,  E.  C. 

EARLY    CANAL    SYSTEMS:      ERIE     OF     NEW    YORK,    UNITED    STATES; 
RIDEAU— TRENT   OF   ONTARIO,  DO.MINION   OF   CANADA.' 

(ProtlleNo.  14.) 

The  first  of  the  two  canal  systems  delineated  is  the  Erie  Canal  sys- 
tem, com[)rising  the  Frie,  Oswego,  and  (^hamplain  canals,  by  which 
routes  are  opened  fVom  the  Hudson  River  at  Albany  to  Lake  Frie,  to 
La've  Ontario,  and  to  the  St.  Lawrence  Hiver  via  Lake  Champlain  and 
the  liiehelieu  Kiver.    These  canals  have  acquired  renewed  importance 


«i^ 


•  tv 


'Compiled  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Kastl  and  Mr.  ,] .  E.  Maloney,  and  drawn  by  Ilormuun 
IIoiu/.e.     The  prolile  is  projected  to  one-fourth  the  standard  scale. 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWA.YS   COMMISSION. 


53 


engi- 


iTES! 


sys. 
rliich 
lie,  to 

and 
taiice 

Imuuu 


•# 


on  account  of  tlie  enlargement  authorized  by  vote  of  the  people  of  the 
State  of  New  York  in  November,  1895. 

The  datnm  for  the  Erie  Canal  system  is  mean  low  tide  at  Albany, 
which  is  taken  as  7,443  feet  on  the  lower  miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  1. '  The 
United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  in  187G-77  determined  the 
elevation  of  miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  1  as  6,145  feet  below  mean  tide  at 
New  York  by  levels  from  the  benchmark  on  the  grist  mill  at  Grcenbusli.^ 
<3anal  datum  is,  therefore,  7,443  —  0,145==1,298  feet  above  mean  tide  at 
New  York.  The  arbitrary,  1.30  feet,  was  applied  to  canal  elevations  in 
reducing  same  to  mean  sea  level. 

The  l!^rie  Canal  was  carefully  leveled  in  187G,  and  the  results  are 
published  in  the  reports  of  the  State  engineer  for  the  years  1888,  1889, 
and  1892.  In  tables  are  given  the  length  of  reaches,  bench  marks,  and 
elevations  of  canal  bottom  from  which,  after  correcting  the  elevations 
for  sea  level,  the  profile  from  Albany  to  Buffalo  was  platted.  The 
results  given  in  successive  reports  of  the  State  engineer  have  been 
critically  compared,  and  all  agree  at  Black  Kock  with  the  elevation  as 
dednced  by  Mr.  Searles  in  the  report  of  187G,  although  there  are  dif 
Sciences  in  the  assignments  of  slopes  on  the  reaches  with  grades 
between  Montezuma  and  Black  Rock. 

Canal  levels  at  Buffalo  are  0.07  foot  higher  than  by  the  Lake  Survey. 
(See  "  I"]levations  for  the  Great  Lakes,"  etc.) 

The  levels  for  the  Oswego  Canal  are  given  as  far  as  Van  Buren  Dam, 
01  to  within  7  miles  of  the  terminal  lock,  in  the  report  of  the  State  engi 
iieer  for  1891.  The  miter  sill  of  the  terminal  lock  is  as  furnished  from 
the  office  of  the  division  engineer.  From  these  and  the  tables  of  lock 
lilts  and  reaches,  after  correcting  the  elevations  for  sea  level,  the  pro- 
file was  ])latted  between  Syracuse  and  Lake  Ontario  at  Oswego. 

Canal  levels  at  Oswego  are  O.OG  foot  higher  than  by  the  lake  survey. 
(See  "Elevations  for  the  Great  Lakes,"  etc.) 

Thei)rofileof  theChamplain  Canal  was  platted  from  the  tables  in  the 
report  of  the  State  engineer  for  1888,  after  correcting  the  elevations  for 
sea  level.  The  elevations  terminate  with  the  upper  mitor  sill  of  Lock 
21 ,  and  the  elevation  of  the  lower  sill  of  Lock  23 ;  the  entrance  lock  was 
furnished  by  Albert  J.  Himes,  resident  engineer,  eastern  division,  Erie 
Canal. 

Canal  levels  at  Whitehall  are  0.30  foot  higher  than  by  the  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey.     (See  "Elevations  for  the  Great  Lakes,"  etc.) 

The  continuation  of  the  profile  from  Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  totheent.ance 
of  the  Chambly  Canal  at  St.  Johns,  Province  of  Quebec,  was  reduced 
from  profile  No.  9. 

The  ]m)file  of  the  Chambly  Canal  and  of  the  Bichelieu  River  from 
St.  Johns  to  the  St.  Lawrence  River  was  reduced  fiom  the  profile  of 
R.  Steckel,  engineer  department  of  ])ublic  works  of  Canada  (rejyorts, 
1885  and  1891),  which  was  referred  to  the  same  datum  through  the 
international  bench  mark  at  Rouses  Point. 

Tiie  second  of  the  two  canal  systems  delineated  is  the  Rideau  and 
Trent  Canal  system,  comprising  the  Rideau  and  Trent  ciinals,  by  which 
a  route  is  opened  from  the  Ottawa  River  at  Ottawa  to  Lake  Huron  at 
(ieorgian  Bay,  via  Lake  Ontario  at  Kingston. 

This  route  was  projected  at  an  early  day,  and  the  Kideau  Canal  from 
Ottawa  to  Kingston  opened,  wliich,  with  short  canals  at  the  rajtids  of 
the  Ottawa  River  at  Grenville  and  Carillon,  the  lock  at  St.  Anne  and 


'  Roiioit  of  Stiito  Kiij-inccr  of  Now  Yorl<  for  1888. 
'^  Apitoiulix  No.  7,  Report  lor  1887. 


54 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


tlie  Lacliiiie  Ciinal,  furnisbed  ii  navigation  iVom  Montreal  to  Lake 
Ontario.  Some  work  was  done  in  connecting  the  npper  lake  reaches 
of  tiie  Trent,  and  thi.s  lias  lately  been  resumed  with  a  view  of  opening 
this  section  of  the  route.  Asbotii  sections  are  on  the  same  scale  of 
magnitude,  they  art^  treated  as  ]»arts  of  one  system,  united  through  the 
Bay  of  ())uinte. 

The  profile  of  tlie  Kideau  Canal  was  platted  i'rom  data  in  the  reports 
of  the  <h'partnient  of  publi(^  works  of  Canada.'  The  elevation  of  the 
lower  miler  sill  at  Kingston  JVIills  was  determined  by  comparing  the 
deptiis  on  the  miter  sill,  as  reported  by  llie  dei)artment  of  railways  and 
canals,  from  July,  181>.'5,  to  ,Iune,  1895,  with  the  gauge  readings  at 
Oswego.  The  result  is  2.'}7.81  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  (Mty. 
It  was  assumed  that  the  lifts  of  the  locks  are  from  miler  sill  to  miter 
sill,  and  (hat  the  reaches  are  level. 

'!'lie  elevation  of  the  h  er  miter  sill  of  entrance  lock  at  Ottawa  Ear- 
bor,  as  thus  deduced,  is  i  .0.8*.)  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  Cit^'. 
The  standard  depth  <  f  the  canal  is  r»  feet.  Low  water  at  Ottawa  Har- 
bor, with  5  feet  on  the  lower  sill,  wouhl  therefore  be  lla.SO  feet  above 
mean  tide  at  New  York.  The  elevation  of  tlu^  harbor  as  deduced  from 
the  profile  of  i  le  Ottawa  route  (profile  No.  J.'))  is  130.50  feet,  or  14.G1 
feet  liigher.  Various  (;omparisons  hav  been  made  to  determine  the 
source  of  this  discrepancy,  and  letters  wt  e  sent  to  Mr.  ThonmsC.  Keefer, 
nu'mber  of  the  Canadian  Deep  Waterways  Commission,  and  to  Mr.  R. 
St6v  kel,  engineer  de[>artment  of  public  works,  but  no  sufMcient  explana- 
tion has  been  found. 

The  profile  from  Ivingston  to  the  mouth  of  the  1'rent  River,  through 
the  Ray  of  Quinte,  was  jdatted  from  the  chart  of  the  Hydrographic 
Oltice,  I.  nited  States  Navy. 

The  i)rofile  of  the  Trent  Canal  was  platted  from  data  in  the  reports 
of  the  department  of  public  winics  of  Canada.^ 

These  data,  were  brought  down  to  date  from  tlie  latest  reports  of  the 
department  of  railways  and  camils  (1805).  Those  portions  of  the  route 
upon  which  works  are  still  undetermined  are  shown  by  a  broken  line. 

The  plane  of  reference  to  which  the  elevations  were  referred  in  tiie 
above  reports  is  ordinary  low  water  of  Lake  Ontario,  which  is  taken  at 
12.5  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the  ]\I array  Canal,  which  unites  the  west- 
ern end  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte  with  Lake  Ontario,  and  is  the  same  as 
the  zero  of  the  Toronto  gauge.  This  elevation  was  d<'termined  as  245.40 
feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City  (see  "Water  levels,"  etc.)  and 
this  quantity  was  used  in  reducing  the  iirofile  to  sea  level. 

The  elevation  of  (leorgian  Bay  on  this  ])rolile  is  582.15  feet,  or  2.55 
feet  above  standard  low  water  and  1.72  feet  above  ordinary  low  water 
(assumed  eciual  to  that  for  Lake  ( )ntario).  Corrected  to  the  Lake  Huron 
level,  the  elevatitm  of  Lake  Simcoe  is  the  same  as  on  profile  No.  12. 

INTEK    I.4KI;    WolTTES;    SI 'PEUIOU   ANT)   (iREKN   UAY  CANAL;    (iUAND- 
SAOINAW    IJOITTK:   MlClfHIAN    AND    KRIK    HOIITK. 

(Prolile  N...  15      Nol   (loliiicnti^d. ) 

The  data  procured  in  regard  to  these  routes  wd'einsuflicient  to  justify 
a  iirofile.  It  Avas  anticipat»>d  that  parties  especially  interested  would 
comp.lete  the  information. 


'  Uoport  (if  18t)7,  ])ii};os  Hf)-!)!,  iiii»l  Aiiiicmlix  No.  7,  |);ii;c.s  .MMIT;  alHo,  (ii'iici'iil 
Roport,  1S(;7-1882,  paj;(>H  SUi,  S17. 

'  I\'t'i)()rt,  of  18(!7,  |i;i;;i',s  7(»-7!t,  mid  Apiniiidix  Nom.  II  and  15,  pages  lL'L'-l_'!l;  mIho, 
General  h'oport,  18(17-1882,  piinoH  818-82.';. 


#.* 


REPORT   OF    V.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISISION. 


55 


^AND- 


stify 
I'ouhl 


I'llCIIll 

alsu, 


1 


The  Superior  aud  (irecn  Bay  Camil  was  advocated  some  years  siiiee, 
but  the  surveys  supposed  to  have  beeu  luacU'.  have  not  been  found.  The 
route  is  from  Au  Traiu  Bay  u|)  Au  Train  River  and  down  Wliit'^hsh  River 
to  Little  Bay  de  ^'o(iue,  the  northerly  arm  of  Green  Bay  on  whi(!li 
Escai'iba  is  situated.  This  is  recognized  as  the  lowest  pass  between 
Lakes  Superior  aud  Michigan,  and  is  also  the  lowest  in  the  watershed 
of  Lake  Superior  west  of  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 

Mr.  Lucius  L.  Hubbard,  State  geologist  of  .Michigan,  writes: 

Tho  only  iulbmiation  Avt^liave  in  tliiw  olllico  is  contained  in  Vol.  I,  Micliigan  Oooloj^fioal 
Reports,  Part  III,  page  75,  and  is  as  followH:  "Also  Mud  Lake  and  tiie  Hciiivs  of  con- 
nected lakes  and  niarslics  from  which  Au  Train  Kiviu-  n)ak(;s  its  exit  (jn  the  north  .side 
and  Whitelisli  River  on  tlic  south  side  have  their  hasins  eroded  through  the  drift 
down  to  tho  older  rock  hcds.  The  level  of  tlie  lake  lies  from  (10  to  10  feet  helow  tho 
to))  of  the  ])lateau.  »  *  *  This  waterslud  lies,  as  has  been  mentioned  before,  in 
a  valley  eroded  into  the  drift,  to  the  de]>tli  of  perhaps  70  feet,  but  tlii;  solo  of  this 
valley  is  at  least  oOO  feet  above  liako  .Superior." 

The  agent  of  the  Munising  Railway  and  of  the  land  company  at 
Munising  undertook  to  furnish  further  infornuitiou,  but  without  results. 

TheClraud-Saginaw  route  is  through  the  great  dei)ression  that  crosses 
Michigan  fromdrand  Haven  via  the  Grand  River  and  through  a  summit 
swamp  and  Saginaw  liiver  to  Sagiuaw  J>ay  at  Ray  City.  The  route 
appears  to  be  available  for  a  navigation  of  considerable  (!a])a(;ity. 

A  survey  of  Grand  River  has  been  nnide  from  Lake  Michigan  to 
Grand  Jfapids,  and  of  Saginaw  Biver  lo  Saginaw.  Some  intermediate 
])oints  Avere  obtained  from  railway  profdes.  Mr.  George  A.  Xettleton, 
chief  engineer  Ann  Arbor  Railroad,  writes:  '"The  general  elevation 
of  the  swamp  between  Ashley  and  Bannister  is  from  O.'i  to  Do  feet  above 
the  water  level  of  Lake  Michigan.''  Low  water  at  Grand  I{ai)ids,  as 
determined  by  United  States  engineers,  is  7  feet  above  standard  low 
water  of  Lake  Michigan. 

A  small  contour  map  by  Rrof.  Alexander  Winchell,  late  State  geolo- 
gist of  jMichigan,  shows  that  the  drainage  of  a  large  section  of  the 
State  is  higher  than  the  valley  and  may  be  nuide  tributary  to  the  sum- 
mit level.  The  following  extract  from  '*  Ivendall's  ^Michigan,  its  geog- 
raphy, hist<ny,  and'  resources,  and  civil  government,"  was  furnished 
by  the  secretary  of  the  Graiul  Rapids  Board  of  Trade: 

A'iewing  the  ])eniusula  as  a  wliole,  we  discover,  first  of  all,  a  remarkable  ilepres- 
sion  stretching  oblit|uely  across  from  the  head  of  Saginaw  Hay,  up  the  valley  of  the 
Saginaw  and  IJad  rivers,  and  down  tiui  Maple  and  (iraiul  livers  to  I-ake  Michigan. 
This  dcj)reHsion  obtains  nowhere  an  elevation  greater tiian  7-  feet  above  Lake  .\Iicb- 
igan.  This  elevation  is  in  tln^  interval  <>f  l>  miles  sciji.irating  tlie  waters  tlowing 
in  ojiposite  direistions.  The  spot  was  chosen  in  1S,')7  lor  a  canal  connecting  Sagiuaw 
Bay  witii  l^ake  Michigan. 

The  iNIichigan  aiul  Lake  Erie  route  is  from  tho  head  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan to  the  Wabash  Valley,  between  La  Fa/ette  and  Logansport,  and 
tiienceby  the  Wabash,  the  Fort  Wayne  summit,  and  the  Alanmee  N' alley 
to  Lake  Va'w,  at  Toledo. 

Surveys  from  Lake  Mi(?higan  to  tlic  Wabash  River  were  made  in 
I.Sol  by  ('/apt.  Howard  Stansbury,  and  these  were  reviewed  iind  addi 
tional  e\aini!iati<».is  nnide  by  Maj.  (i.  L.  •  Jillespie  in  \S1^k'  From  thesii 
and  from  raihvay  elevations  it  api)ears  that  there  are  two  ridges  and 
an  intermediate  valh^y  to  cross  on  a  ])robable  location,  tlu^  northern 
ridge  some  KJT  fcv't,  tlie  Kankakee  Valley  sonu^  70  feet,  and  the  south- 
ern ridge  about  ll^S  feet  above  llu>  le\«'l  of  Lake  Michigan.  The 
Wabash  at  Lafayette  i.'.  7."»  feet  below  Lake  Michigan,  and  at  Logans 
port  at  the  level  of  the  lake. 


'Report  Cliief  of  Engineers,  I'liited  States  Army,  ISTfi. 


56 


REPORT    OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


From  Lafjiyettc  to  Toledo  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  and  the  Miami 
and  Kric  Canal  furnished  a  water  route  at  one  time,  and  the  iNIiami  is 
still  in  operation.  This  route  was  examined  by  Maj.  John  M.  Wilson  in 
1881  and  a  report  with  inolile  and  estimates  submitted'  for  a  canal  on 
the  scale  of  the  i)resent  Erie  Canal.  The  summit  level  at  Fort  AVayne 
was  fixed  at  18,3  feet  above  Lake  jNlichigan. 

Those  early  surveys  were  all  for  high  level  lines  and  small  prisms. 
Some  additional  field  work  is  required  to  produce  a  profile  along  the 
lowest  line.  The  route  appears  to  be  available  for  a  waterway  of  mod- 
erate cai»acity. 

Mr.  William  T.  Harris,  of  Defiance,  Ohio,  has  promoted  a  route  lead- 
ing north  of  Fort  Wayne  and  through  a  series  of  depressions  and  lakes 
at  the  head  waters  of  the  Eel,  Tii)i)ecanoe,  and  Elkhart  rivers  to  the 
valley  of  St.  Joseph  lliver,  via  Elkhart  aiul  South  Eeiul,  and  thence  to 
JVIichigan  City.  The  summit  level  projwsed  for  this  route  is  about  284 
feet  above  Lake  Michigan. 

WESTERN   NEW    YORK. 

(\o  proiile.) 

Tn  18S5  Mr.  Elnathan  Sweet,  formerly  State  engineer,  proposed  the 
radical  enlargement  of  the  artificial  waterway  between  Lake  Erie  and 
the  Hudson  Eiver.^  The  route  suggested  was  substantially  along  the 
present  route  of  the  Erie  Canal  with  a  detour  to  the  higher  ground  south 
between  Lock  57,  east  of  Newark,  and  the  end  of  the  Rome  level  at 
Syrj.cuse,  so  as  to  feed  the  canal  continuously  from  Lake  Erie.  The 
])Ossibility  of  a  lower  level  at  Rome  ami  a  more  favorable  location  lor 
the  high  level  east  of  Xewark  was  suggested.  East  of  Rome  it  was 
proposed  to  canalize  the  Mohawk  River. 

A  moderate  enlargement  of  the  Erie  Canal  Avith  the  high-level  loca- 
tion has  also  been  suggested  as  a  feeder  to  the  Rome  summit  for  the 
proposed  ship  route  from  Lake  Ontario  at  Oswego. 

To  ascertain  what  positive  in  brmation  might  be  available  for  these 
projects,  a  letter  was  addresset  to  Mr.  Sweet,  to  which  he  replied  in 
part  ai3  follows,  under  date  of  March  3,  1896: 

My  8ug,';estioii8  were  based  ou  the  Erie  Canal  profile  ami  my  intimate  knowledge 
of  tiie  _i)UKtry  along  its  route,  and  I  explicitly  disclaimtd  the  possession  of  definite 
enj^iiieering  data  in  the  paper  to  which  you  refi  r,  which  was  in  fact  a  plea  for  thor- 
ough and  comprehensive  surveys  to  dctcruuno  the  elementp  of  the  undertaking. 
Every  ed'ort  to  secure  such  surveys  through  State  or  national  legislation  has  thus 
far  proved  abortive,  and  without  the  fact  to  be  dineloped  by  them,  nothing  can  be 
more  frivolous  or  I'utile  than  the  discussion  of  the  engineering  siue  of  this  (luestiou. 

The  small  ])rofile  of  the  Erie  Canal  (No.  14)  shows  the  sag  through 
the  lake  country  of  New  York  between  Newark  and  Syracuse,  which 
was  to  be  avoided  by  a  high-level  line  on  the  slopes  south  of  the  pres- 
ent location.  It  was  expected  to  test  this  proposition  by  a  careful 
instrumental  reconnoissance  and  an  approximate  location,  had  the 
available  funds  permitted. 

In  the  original  location  of  the  Erie  Canal  west  from  Irondequoit,  Mr. 
Geddes  considered  a  route  south  of  tlie  nu)untain  ridge  through  the 
valley  drained  by  Black  Creek  and  Oak  Orchard  and  Tonawanda 
creeks.    It  was  thought  that  this  ]>ropo8ition  might  appear  less  for- 


*( 


i 


SI 

tl 
tl 

V 


I  R('])ort  Chief  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  1881. 
•  Truusactions,  American  Society  of  O'"'!  Engineers,  1885. 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


57 


pres- 
the 

Mr. 

tlio 

laiulii 

tor- 


[ 


miilable  to  modem  resources  in  canal  building  and  avoid  side  hill  loca- 
tion across  drainaj^e  lines.  Accordin<;ly,  elevations  were  obtained  at 
the  Tonawauda  feeder  dam  and  the  protile  of  the  West  Shore  Kaihvay 
from  Tonawanda  crossing'  to  the  (Jenesee  River,  which  traverses  the 
route  in  part.  A  i)rolile  was  also  obtained  of  the  line  of  the  Lehigh 
Valley  Hail  way  from  the  Genesee  River  to  Seneca  Lake. 

The  results  were  inconclusive  as  to  the  possibility  of  a  route  south 
of  the  present  location  between  Tonawanda  and  Cayuga  Lake,  but  the 
indications  were  very  doubtful.  If  this  coudusion  is  found  correct  by 
future  examinations,  the  only  nuiterial  niodiru-atiou  in  route  is  along 
the  lines  suggested  by  Mr,  Sweet,  unless  the  Rome  summit  is  radically 
modified. 

NEW   YORK   AND    PENNSYLVANIA. 


t»i 


(NoprolUe.) 

A  possible  water  route  of  moderate  capacity  is  from  Lake  Ontario  to 
Chesapeake  Ihiy,  starting  at  Sodus  iSay  and  by  either  Cayuga  or 
Seneca  Lake,  thence  crossing  the  southern  divide  into  the  valley  of 
tlie  SusquehaiMia  and  through  the  same  to  its  mouth. 

The  Chemung  Canal  at  one  time  extended  from  the  head  of  Seneca 
Lake  over  the  summit  to  the  Chemung  River  at  Elinira,  or  to  within 
less  than  10  miles  of  the  North  Branch  Canal  of  Pennsylvania  at  the 
State  line.  These  early  canals  of  very  small  prism  were  abandoned 
before  a  through  route  had  been  opened  lor  the  mineral  traftic  of 
eastern  Renusylvania. 

No  sufficient  data  for  a  protile  of  the  route  was  obtained. 

CONCLUSION. 

The  foregoing  exhibit  presents  the  available  routes  for  uniting  the 
several  members  of  the  lake  system  with  each  other  and  for  connecting 
the  same  with  the  eastern  seaboard.  The  available  passes  througli 
the  heights  of  lands  are  really  few  in  number,  and  these  are  now  quite 
well  understood  in  their  relations  to  the  basiu  of  the  lakes  and  to  the 
valleys  leading  out  therefrom. 

In  order  to  cover  more  fully  the  subject  of  possible  routes  from  the 
lake  basiu,  the  elevations  of  the  characteristic  passes  that  cross  the 
watershed  of  the  lakes  and  of  their  valley  extensions  have  been 
eutered  on  the  basin  map  (IJasin  of  the  (irreat  Lakes,  etc.),  and  these 
may  be  comi)ared  with  the  routes  along  which  ])rofiles  have  been 
developed  or  to  which  refereuce  is  made  iu  the  foregoing  notes. 


tJm 


58 


KEPOKT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   "NVATEKWAYS   CUMMlbSION. 


Appendix. 

distances — lake-seakoalld  koutks. 

The  I'oUowiiiji-  .sclie«lulc  jj;iveH  (he  inincipal  distiiuces  in  statute  miles 
on  the  routes  as  shown  on  (lemu-al  Ivonte  Maj)  No.  la,  and  as  used  in 
comi)iling  the  distance  diaj^rani  on  ]»iolile  No.  1: 

Chicaso  (Miulison  s(rcot)  to  Miickiiiaw 'J  +  'Ml.r,      319.5 

Ai.ickiiiiiw  to  Eiik(i  Hiinju  Junction SH.  5 

('Iiic!if>o  to  Liiko  Huron  .Junctiou lil'.l.B-f  SIV.")      iS'S 

Duluth-Sujiorior  to  Siiult  St(^  Mario 3i»7. 5 

Sanlt  Sto.  Mario  to  Lake  Huron  .luiKtioii 103 

Dulutli-Superior  to  Lako  Huron  Juui  tion Ii!l7.5  4- 103-1500.3 


lUkt'  rinroii  ■Tuiirlion  via  l.iilio  V, 

Fort  (initidt  l-i^'lit 

Oetroit 


Kiiiit.'. 


ic  niiiii 


Iiitcrmo- ! 
(liiUu.     I 


Dolroit  liiMT  l-iijlit 

< •liftin,  Niajiiirji  rioliln  ( No.  U) 
liulfalo  , 


'roiiiiwaiHlii 

(»lcc)ll,  >.'ia';ai;i  Canal  rtmlo 

LaliK  Ontario  ilniictinn 

Orijiiii,  Kia^'ara  I'lnlilo  (No.  r>) 

I'ort  ( 'ollionio  J-i^lit  ( WcUanil  ( "anal) 

Port  Dallioiisie  I.ifilit  (Wi^Uand  (Jaiial) 

Lako  Ontario  .Timet  ion,  \\'cllan<l  (Jaiial  inntf 

,ako  Ihiidn  .hinction  via  (it'orfiian  I!ay  ronic: 

(JroiKJan  lia.v  .J  unci  ion  (Ottawa  route) 

Orifiin.  ( ieorjiian  Hay  I'l'olile  No.  12  (I  mile  oti'  hIioii)  . . . 

Lak(!  Ontario  (near  Toronto) 

Lake  Ontario  junction 

,ako  Ontario  . I  unction  via  Moliawk  route: 

Osui  j;o  Lijilit  (ori};in  ol'jjroliloKo.  11) 

I'roy  itiMiction  (State  tlam) 

Ts'uw  Vorii,  liatlpry 

Atlantic  Ocean, Siindy  Hook  Lislit  Vo.s.ho1 

.ako  Ontario  Junction  via  St.  1-awrence-Cliamiilaiii  route: 

("iilie  N'inceut 

Ofldensliuru 

I/ake  St.  Frances  Jun<'tlon  (oriuin  Ko.  7) 

Lake  <'h;nu plain  Junction  (near  IJousos  Point) 

Whifeliall 

Troy  Junction  (.State  dam) 

New  Y(nk,  liatti'ry 

.Atlantic.  Ocean,  Saiulv  Hook  Lij;lit  A"es.sel 

,aku  Ontario  .lunction  via  St.  Lawrence  route; 

J-akeSt.  Fnmei.s Junction 

Lake  St.  Louis  ,1  unction  (Ottawa  route) 

Montreal  (nuiutli  of  canal) 

(Juebec  (Louise  enibanknient) 

Sajiuenay  liiver 

(iult'olSt.  Lawrence,  Point;  de  Mouts 

take  Huron  Junction  via  Ottawa  route: 

(lOorKian  Bay  Junction  ((!i(M;;ian  J5.iy  route)  

French  Uiver,  nu)Utb  (ori'iin  Ro.  IK) 

jMattawa  (Ottawa  Jtiver) 

Ottawa 


Lake  ,St.  Louis  Junction  (St.  Lawrence  route) 

St.  Jolins,  ( 'auiilinawajia  (.'anal , 

Lake  (.'hauipluin  Junction 


MilcK. 


12.  ;i 

2H.  l 
64.  (i 


FiU'  New  \<uk  and  .St,  Jjawrenee  di.stances,  .see  jireccdinf;  labulatiou, 


Total. 


1^1 


mmttm 


r>  -    319.5 

. . .    s;{.  5 

...  3!»7.r) 
...   103 
3  =  500.5 


'J'otal. 


Milcii. 
170.5 
2;tr; 

20U 

409 

406 

507 

533 

569 

40U 

481.. T 

.""X)!).  7 

574.3 

87 
170 

270 
340.5 

VO 
256 
410 

438 

100.  5 
ItiO.  5 
2;it).  5 
201.5 
304.  5 
4.')8.  5 
(>1'-'.  5 
G40.5 

LMfi.  5 
•J()7.  5 
1170.  5 
440.  5 
550.  0 
690 

87 

13'.'.5 
'JSO 
447 
5'<2 
58(i.  5 
010.5 


»-. 


<|^« 


1 


REPORT   OF   U.  8.  DEEP   WATEKWAYS    COMMISSION. 

SlIMMAUV. 


59 


Chii'.a;;<>  to  Aiiiui'ioiiii  Httalioanl.     (Diiluth  and  Superiur,  adil  Soulnvfl,    Nimv  Vork 

G7.5iiiil(!a.)  Trov.  fiiv. 


Mihs. 

Lako  Krio  ami  Mohawk  route 1,  li.'iH 

Lake  Kvie  ami  St.  I.a\vri-iii;i''C'lianii)laiii  rcmli' 1,  liio.  5 

(irorgiaii  liay  and  Mohawk  routt( l.O'J'.t.  5 

(icortfian  Buy  and  St.  Lawreutr-Cliani  plain  loult^ 1.  L'il'J 

Ottawa  aud  Clianiiilaiu  runte I, 'J  10.  5 


.i/;/,.v. 
1. 11 J 
1,014.  r. 
I.  i«:t..'. 
1 ,  ;wo 
1,370.5 


Chi4>ag(iti)Canudiati  scalMiard.    (liii'iil  hand  ,Sii|it  rhii'.  add 
07..">  inih'.H.) 


Sfalcvfl, 
.Mimli'ual. 


1  UiM'|i  wairr, 

'   .'^aiiiii'nav 
liivii-.' 


.Vtlantic 
<  )rpan. 

.l/i7c'». 
1,440 
l,ii4'J.-5 
l,'J11.5 
1,414 

l,:;i)8. 5 


CiilloCSt. 
l.awi't'iU't!. 


'  Miles.  Mihtt. 

I.ako  Erin  and  St.  Lawrcnco  rintto 1.  '281.  .'>  1,  ri.'i8. 5 

(icMirjiian  liay  and  St.  Law  re  net)  route l,o,'i:i  l,:);io 

Ottawa  and  St.  Lawrcnt'ti  ronio !i!i7  1,  -74 


Milfs: 
1,608 
1.4110.5 
l,4l:t.5 


SPECI.M.  KKPOKT  OX  OSWFX.O-ONEID.V-MOH.VWK  ROUTK. 

OswKtio,  N.  Y.,  May  20^  JS!)(i. 

Gentlemen:  The  accompanying  map  of  the  Oswcoo-Oneidii-Moliawk 
Valley,  and  also  the  jnotilo  of  t  lie  most  favorable  line  throtiyli  it  for 
a  ship  canal  from  Lake  Ontario  at  Oh  ego,  N.  V.,  to  tide  water  in  the 
IJudson  River  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  have  been  prepared  by  me  in  <'omi)lianee 
with  your  re(|uest  of  February  5,  ISIJG,  for  "eooi>eration  with  the  Com- 
mission in  determining  and  obtaining  essential  inlbrmation''  regarding 
this  route. 

The  purpose  of  these  examinations  and  surveys,  and  of  this  compila- 
tion of  the  results  of  the  various  former  snrveys  of  i)ortions  of  tlie 
route,  has  been  to  exhibit  the  existing  natural  features  of  these  con- 
necting river  valleys  through  which  the  (Ireat  Lakes  formerly  found  au 
outlet  to  the  sea. 

HISTORY. 

From  1750  this  has  been  recognized  as  the  natural  line  for  a  canal 
from  the  lakes  to  tidewater.  During  the  llevolutionary  war  (leneral 
Washington  examined  parts  of  it,  and  about  1700  was  himself  the  head 
of  a  company  formed  for  canal  construction  from  Lake  Ontario,  by  way 
of  the  Oswego  and  Oneida  rivers,  Oneida  Lake,  aud  Wood  Creek,  to 
the  Mohawk  River  at  Rome. 

Beginning  in  1790,  with  a  capacity  for  boats  of  15  tons  ea(!h,  three 
successive  systems  of  navigation  have  been  constructed  on  this  line, 
each  larger  than  the  preceding;  but  all  have  been  too  small  to  utilize 
the  full  size  of  the  rivers  or  to  re(!eive  or  (lontrol  their  Hoods,  and  the 
canals  liave,  therefore,  been  built  along  the  banks  of  the  Mohawk  and 
the  Oswego  and  above  their  tlood  line,  crossing  the  Mohawk's  tributa- 
ries by  a(|ueducts.  The  ditferent  surveys  for  greater  jtroposed  enlarge- 
ments (to  0,  10,  and  11  feet  depth,  respectively)  have  also  been  along 
the  same  high-level  lines,  and  thus  it  results  that  no  definite  knowledge 
has  heretofore  been  obtained  as  to  the  real  adaptability  of  this  valley, 
or  series  of  valleys,  to  the  construction  of  a  ship  canal  (or  chain  of 
canalized  rivers),  which  must  be  made  wide  and  tlceit  enough  not  only 
to  pass  through  its  locks  the  great  steamers  of  the  lakes  and  of  the 
ocean,  but  also  to  receive  and  control  within  its  banks  and  over  its 
movable  dam  crests  the  yearly  Hoods  and  ice  of  the  rivers  and  of  their 
tributaries.  It  has,  therefore,  been  repeatedly  and  justly  said  that  the 
data  did  not  exist  for  Miaking  estimates  for  such  a  ship  canal,  aud  that 
its  details  could  not  be  discussed  without  them. 


f 


:i  M 


60 


KKPOET   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


DATA  NOW  SUPPLTED. 


It  is  considered  that  tho  inap  and  profile  now  ])resonted  ■will  supply 
all  that  is  needed  for  any  ])reliniinary  comparison  and  discussion,  and 
also  for  niakiiifj  approximate  estimates  of  <'ost  of  any  desired  canal 
construction  upon  the  line  which  is  hero  selected  and  indicated,  and 
■which  is  adaptable  to  a  shij)  canal  of  the  larj^'cst  size. 

DESCRIPTION   OF   LINE. 

This  line  follows  the  Oswego  River  channel  from  Lake  Ontario  for  21 
miles  southward  to  a  point  near  its  junction  with  theOneidaand  Seneca 
rivers,  where  the  water  surface  is  114  feet  above  extreme  low-water  level 
of  Lake  Ontario.  Here  the  line  cuts  across  the  interveninj;'  ridge  to 
the  Oneida  Kiver  (which  is  here  from  2~)  to  40  feet  in  dei)th)  and  takes 
the  most  direct  line  eastward  to  Oneida  liake,  cutting  olV  the  great 
bends  in  the  Oneida  liiver  and  redm-ing  its  length  from  18  miles  to  9 
miles. 

ONEIDA    LAKE. 

A  special  survey  was  made  of  Oneida  Lake  which  forms  an  important 
feature  of  the  route. 

The  United  States  Oeological  Survey  charts  show  only  that  its  length 
is  21  miles,  its  average  width  4.1  miles,  and  its  mean-level  elevation 
above  tide  at  New  York  370  feet. 

The  depths  are  found  to  be  9i  feet  at  the  outlet  at  Brewerton,  gradu 
ally  increasing  to  20  feet  at  about  3  miles  eastward,  and  25  to  4t)  feet 
for  the  lemaining  IS  miles  to  the  eastern  end  of  the  lake.  Hero  the 
f.hore,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  common  outlet  of  l^^i  li  Creek  ami  Wood 
Creek,  is  of  fine  sand  and  has  a  slope  of  1  per  cent,  reaching  a  depth  of 
20  feet  at  2,000  feet  offshore. 

This  was  the  original  entrance  into  Oneida  Lake  of  the  branch  of  the 
3i  feet  Erie  Canal  as  surveyed  in  1808  and  built  in  1832-1836;  but  the 
shifting  sands  made  it  so  ditticult  to  maintain  the  unprotected  entrance 
that  this  branch  was  abandoned  when  the  canal  was  enlarged  to  7  feet 
in  1803-04. 

A  permanent  entrpaice  would  now  be  assured  by  sand-tight  jetties 
carried  out  to  20  feet  depth,  through  which  the  valley  of  Wood  Creek 
may  be  reached  and  thence  followed  by  the  most  direct  line,  cutting  off' 
all  its  crooks  and  bends,  to  the  heed  of  the  IMohawk  Valley  at  Home 
through  the  dividing  summit,  444  feet  above  tidewater  and  just  200  feet 
above  extreme  low-water  level  of  Lake  Ontario.  Here  the  two  historic 
streams  are  within  1,000  yards  of  each  other,  and  the  line  of  the  j)ort 
age  of  colonial  times,  over  which  all  the  commerce  of  the  West  then 
passed,  is  now  the  main  street  of  the  town. 

BRIDGES. 

The  location  of  line  at  Eome  is  such  as  to  avoid  crossing  the  four- 
track  New  York  Central  liailroad.  Elsewliere  the  number  of  draw- 
bridges which  would  be  called  for  is  at  a  minimum.  Those  which  now 
exist  and  whicli  would  be  needed  to  cross  the  route  between  Oswego 
and  Troy  are  as  follows: 

Existing  railroad  bridifes: 

Foiir-trark  (ouo  iioiu'  Utica  and  ono  at  Sclionoftady) 2 

Two-trark  (one  at  ( )H\vego  and  one  at  West  Troy  j 2 

One-track 4 


•  ► 


*t^f 


til 
on 
ril 

o| 

tal 
lef 
btl 
dil 


I  four- 
Ira  w- 
now 


2 
2 

4 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


fil 


%i* 


II 


Additioniil  iiiilroad  l)ri<lji«iM; 

f  )nt'-track  3 

111  all 11 

KxLstiuK  liigliway  l>ri(l>;cH 41 

Additiouiil  hij^hwiiy  InidgeH 14 

In  all 55 

MATERIAL. 

At  Little  Falls  (100  miles  from  Lake  Ontario  by  the  line  selected) 
the  first  rock,  in  the  Mohawk  Valley,  appeals  and  the  first  marked  fall 
of  the  Mohawk  liiver  oiunirs,  being  about  AO  feet  within  15  miles.  The 
river  surface  just  above  the  falls  is  about  on  a  level  with  the  surface  of 
Oneida  Lfike,  50  miles  distant,  and  this  has  often  suggested  the  advan- 
tage of  cutting  tlirougli  the  intervening  ridge  down  to  the  Oneida  Lake 
level.  For  the  consideration  of  this  enormous  excavation  there  liaa 
been  needed  a  mon;  detiiiite  knowledges  of  the  material  forming  the 
dividing  ridge.  This  has  now  been  obtained  from  the  record  of  a 
number  of  deep-well  borings  which  have  been  made  at  various  places 
between  Kome  and  Little  Falls,  and  which  give  assurance  that  only 
glacial  drift  exists  above  a  line  330  feet  above  tide  water,  or  40  feet 
below  the  surface  of  Oneida  Lake.  The  same  character  of  material  was 
found  to  form  the  bottom  of  Oneida  Lake,  most  of  which  has  a  depth 
of  40  feet  or  more.  To  determine  this,  every  sounding  was  made  with  a 
specimen  dredge,  which  brought  up  -0  cubic  inches  of  clay,  gravel,  sand, 
or  mud  at  each  of  the  100  or  more  soundings  which  were  distributed 
over  its  Avhole  area. 

MOHAWK   VALLEY. 

From  Rome  eastward  tiie  line  follows  the  general  course  of  the 
jVlohawk  liiver,  which  from  here  to  Little  Falls  meanders  from  side  to 
side  of  the  Mohawk  Flats,  which  vary  from  half  a  mile  to  1  mile  in 
width  and  are  bounded  by  the  hills  on  either  hand. 

From  Little  Falls  eastward  the  Mohawk  is  closely  bounded  by  rocky 
hills  on  either  side  and  the  line  more  nearly  follows  the  actual  riverbed 
as  far  as  the  Falls  of  Cohoes,  where  the  IVIohawk  descends  into  the  Hud- 
son. Here  the  present  line  of  the  Erie  Canal  is  taken  to  accomidisli  the 
descent  of  140  feet  to  the  Hudson  just  above  the  State  dam  at  Troy, 
where  tide  water  is  reached,  177  miles  from  Lake  Ontario,  and  where 
the  Hudson  liiver  is  available  thence  for  154  miles  to  the  Battery  in 
New  York  Harbor. 

WATER   SUPPLY. 

This  examination  has  not  included  the  all-important  feature  of  water 
supply  for  the  summit  level  at  Rome,  which  is  recognized  to  be  the 
only  doubtlul  leaturc  of  this  otherwise  obviously  desirable  route.  The 
writer  has  however  satislied  himself  that  the  necessary  water  for  the 
operation  of  any  ship  canal  on  this  line  can  be  su|)plied  in  three  dif- 
ferent and  praoticable  ways:  first,  by  reducing  the  demand  by  the  use 
of  balanced  caisson  locks  at  each  end  of  the  summit  level  (the  lower 
levels  being  amply  sui)plied  by  inflowing  streams)  and  by  utilizing, 
for  purposes  of  navigation  only,  the  whole  of  the  present  stored  supi>ly 
of  the  summit  level  of  the  Erie  Canal;  second,  by  increased  storage  in 
the  lakes  and  valleys  of  the  Adirondacks,  supplemented,  if  need  be, 
by  a  moderate- si  zed  high-level  feeder  bringing  Lake  Erie  water  for  70 


$2  ItKF'ORT   OI'    V.  H.  DKKP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

miles  IVoiii  (lie  i>r«'S('n(  ICriii  Oiiiial  ;il  Miicedoii  jiroiunl  on  (lie  liillsidos 
lyinff  HouMi  of  the  iircsciit  lowtn-  levels  ol'  tlu^  Krie  (Jsuiiil,  iiml  tliiis 
roiieliiiij;'  the.  Jtoiiie  level;  <n',  lastly,  by  eiittiiijj;  lliroujjh  the  I'oiiui  smu- 
iiiit  down  to  the  leN'el  ofOiieidit  Lake  and  usinj^  its  sloraj-e  eapaeity. 
The  lust  appears  to  be  the  least  desirable,  bnt  either  is  leasible.  Which 
of  them  will  prove  to  be  the  most  ecoiiomieal  and  eHeetixc  ean  be 
determined  when  (ho  more  delinite  estimates  for  limil  coustruetion  are 
net'ded. 

AUTIIOIIITIES. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  map  and  i)rolile  full  use  has  been  made  of 
the  rceords  of  the  State  engineer's  otiiee  at  Albany  and  of  the  United 
States  engineer  ollice  at  Oswego,  under  both  of  whieh  olUci'S  surveys 
lor  ])roJeete(l  eanal  enlargement  have  formerly  been  made.  The  pub- 
lished maps  of  the  Tnited  States  Geological  Survey  have  also  been 
utilized  from  Pluenix  to  Utica  and  from  Foiula  to  the  llndson.  The 
details  of  tlu^  Rome  summit  were,  obtained  from  a  receut  and  accurate 
contour  map  uiade  iu  181)5  by  the  Stauwix  Engineering  ( 'ompany.  The 
jjrotile  of  the  Oswego  River  is  based  in  i)art  upou  ii  very  full  and  care- 
ful i>rotile  made  in  1S20  by  Civil  I'iUgineer  JJates,  while  the  river  was  iu 
its  natural  state  and  before  the  building  of  thetirst  eanal  iu  1825-1S28. 
IMost  of  its  bed  being  of  rock,  tlui  main  changes  have  beeu  due  to  the 
dams,  aud  th(%se  changes  were  obtained  from  au  ecjually  complete  pro- 
lile  nuule  iu  1S!>G  by  Mr.  Henry  (J.  Allen,  C  E.,  who  isuieutioned  later. 
The  i)art  showing  the  valley  of  the  upi)er  I  ludscui  from  Lake  ( 'hamplaiu 
to  Troy  has  beeu  prepared  iVom  the  records  of  all  the  uunuu'ous  surveys 
which  have  beeu  uuide  of  it — larg«^ly  fiom  one  made  iu  18"),')  by  William 
A.  Perkius,  resident  engineer  New  York  State  canals,  checked  by  the 
protile  prepared  by  JNlr.  Jsham  Itandolph,  0.  E.,  of  Chicago,  aud  issued 
iu  Jauuary,  189(5,  by  tlie  Western  Society  of  Civil  Engineert).  The 
remaining  parts  were  made  up  Irom  the  uiost  reliable  sources  available 
aud  from  characteristic  cross  sections  of  the  valleys  made  for  this  pur- 
pose with  stadia  and  hand  level  at  one  hundred  or  more  imints  between 
Oswego  and  Troy.  Particular  uR'ut  ion  is  made  of  Mr.  Albert  J.  Himes, 
associate  member  of  the  Anu'rican  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  of 
Albany,  and  ^Ir.  Henry  C.  Allen,  associate  member  of  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  I'iUgineers,  of  vSyracuse,  each  of  whom  has  supplied 
most  valuable  material  iu  addition  to  that  obtained  by  the  writer. 

ICE   RECORDS. 

The  ice  records  of  Oneida  Lake,  which  also  accompany  this  report, 
show  that  the  lake  is  free  from  ice  for  an  average  of  25,')  days'  per 
year.  The  average  dates  during  the  past  tifty  years  on  which  (Oneida 
Lake  has  closed  iu  winter  and  opened  in  spring  aie  December  17  and 
April  0,  while  the  rivers  usually  close  later  and  open  earlier. 

OBJECT   OF    THIS   REPORT. 

It  is  u(>t  the  present  purpose  to  offer  any  general  arguments  upou 
the  need  for  a  great  canal  from  the  lakes  to  tide  water,  nor  to  make 
estimates  for  any  specitic  canal  construction   along    this   particular 

'  The  aliovo  is  iiuToased  to  255  days  by  omitting  one  of  the  terminal  daya  aud  the 
odd  day  in  February. — L.  E.  C. 


i 


hillsides 
mil  tliiis 
>ino  siiiii- 
rapjuity. 
.  Whicli 
li  <'{iii  bo 
ctioii  are 


iMa<lc  of 
c  irjiitod 
i surveys 
riie  piib- 
ilso  been 
on.  The 
accurate 
iiy.  Tlui 
uul  care- 
er was  in 
525-1828. 
ue  to  the 
>l('t(5  pro- 
led  later, 
lamplain 
i surveys 
William 
<1  by  the 
(I  issued 
The 
vailable 

lis  pur- 
Ibetween 

Ilinies, 
leers,  of 
nierican 
lupplied 


I  report, 
's'  per 

pueida 
17  and 


U])on 

make 

ticular 

lud  the 


REPORT    <»l'    U.  S.  DKKP    ^VATFJ^^VAVS    COMMISSION. 


(13 


« 


route;  tli<^  Intention  is  inei'ely  to  hIikw  tlin  rxistiufjf  conditions  mI"  «'ssen 
tial  features  for  use  in  niakiny;  I'utun'  estimates  for  tlie()s\v«'j,'<)-()ncida- 
Mohawk  \'alh\v  route  from  Lake  Ontario  to  the  Hudson  Kiver. 
llespeetfnlly  subniitte*!. 

William   I'ikijson  .Ii dson. 

The  LInitki)  Staths  I>eki»  Watkhwavs  ('<>m>iissi<>n. 


ST.   f.\\VRKNCK-C  MAM  PLAIN   ROrTlv. 

Si'KCIAI-UKl'OUro.N-  l*Ki:i,I.MIX.\UYRr,i:ONNOISSANCK.H  MAW.  IIV  I'.  M.  I'.AItSToW  ,  ('.  K., 

AM>  Thomas  A.  Patiiisox,  C,  K. 

I.  St.  Liiwrcnco  L'liiiids,  Of^dtiisltur.u'  tn  St.  !{«>';'''• 
II.  St.  lYiincis  iuiil  (ii:i'ii(ilain  (anal  route. 
III.  SiiiiMi  May  rout*',  ('haiii|ilaiu-lIuilH(>h  I'ivitl)-. 

IN'I'UODIM'TION. 

The  object  of  these  reconnoissances  was  to  determine  the  availability 
for  ship-canallocation  of  certain  territory,  which  has  not  heretofore  been 
utilized  or  examined  in  detail  Ibr  this  i)nrpose,  on  the  roul«^  from  Lake 
Ontario  to  tide  water  of  the  llu<lson  lliver  by  way  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
Kiver  and  Lake  Champlain. 

In  the  development  of  this  route,  thi-ee  localities  re((uire  works  of 
niaj-nitude. 

(1)  Some  4")  miles  of  the  St.  Lawrence  liiver,  desceiulinj;'  soiiu;  !>1.3 
i'eetby  a  series  of  ra])ids  from  the  level  of  Lake  Ontario  at  0<>(lensl>nrji' 
to  the  level  of  Lake  St.  Francis  at  St.  Uejiis.  This  series  of  rapids  is 
overcome  on  the  Canadian  shore  by  the  Williainsburg  and  Cornwall 
canals,  consi.^ting  of  four  distinct  canals — vi/,  tin;  (iaiops,  7.(!0  niih's; 
the  Kai)ide  Plat, .'{.70  miles;  the  Farrans  lN)int,().7r>  mile;  and  the('orn 
wall,  ILSO  miles — ag.ure<;atinfi'  2.">.5r>  nules,  and  intermediate  reaches 
of  water,  ag<:Te<>atin<''  10  miles,  a  total  of  42.5.")  miles.  The  conditions 
are  somewhat  rugged  for  tlu^  develoi)nuMit  of  canals  of  larger  capacity 
along  the  Canadian  shore,  and  it  was  determined  to  exannne  the  Ameri- 
can side  for  a  more  favorable  location. 

(2)  Some  45  miles  lying  north  of  the  outlying  spurs  of  the  Adiron- 
d.acks,  between  the  southeast  angle  of  Lake  St.  Francis  and  the  level 
of  Lake  Champlain  in  the  (Ireat  Chazy  Iviver,  southwest  of  House 
Point,  and  descending  some  58.5  feet.  IJoutes  had  bciMi  surv(\ved  from 
Lake  St.  Louis  to  the  Ilichelieu  Ifiver  at  St.  .lohns,  and  also  fiom  Lake 
St.  Francis  to  tlu^  same  point,  and  it  was  desired  to  de\'eloi»tli<>e\trenu», 
southern  and  the  slM)itest  i)ossible  line  across  tli(>,  base  of  the  Canghna- 
waga  triangle,  bounded  on  the  sides  by  the  St.  Lawrence  aiul  liichelieu 
rivers. 

(3)  Some  35  miles  of  the  Champlain-lludson  divide  between  the  IkmhI 
ot  Lake  Champlain  and  the  Hudson  lliver  at  Saratoga  Dam,  at  whi(;li 
the  river  drops  below  the  Champlain  level,  l-'or  that  ])ortion  of  the 
divide  north  of  Fort  Ann  an  alternative  line  to  South  Bay,  a  westerly 
arm  of  Lake  Champlain,  has  been  suggested,  the  proposed  location 
being  somewhat  shorter  and  more  direct  than  tlie  line  by  Avavof  Wood 
Creek  to  Whitehall. 

The  funds  available  were  entirely  inadequate  ior  making  any  proper 
surveys,  and  so  the  examinations  were  limited  to  rapid  reconnoissances, 


H 


64 


REPORT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


which  it  was  anticipated  woU'd  develop  sigiiilicaut  features,  justify 
surveys,  and  determine  their  proper  scope. 

Tlie  following  notes  and  reports  i)reseut  tlie  results  obtained  on  the 
three  divisions  in  their  natural  order: 

I.   ST.  LAWRENCE   RAPIDS,  OGDENSBURG   TO   ST.  REGIS. 

The  reconnoissance  on  the  south  shore  or  American  side  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  between  Ogdensburg  and  St.  Eegis  was  nnide  by  JNIr.  V.  M. 
Barstow,  C.  E.,  in  the  latter  part  of  INIay.  He  was  instructed  to  "take 
a  critical  view  of  the  territory  in  the  (juickest  and  most  convenient 
manner,  and  form  a  judgment  as  to  how  favorable  it  may  be  as  com- 
l)ared  to  the  Canadian  shore,  having  in  view  some  probable  solution 
for  each  rapid  that  may  require  n  separate  canal.  In  this  connection 
the  utUity  of  islands  and  by-channels  claim  considerativai,  and  also  the 
l)ossibility  of  crossing  over  to  the  valley  of  Grass  liiver  from  the  head 
of  the  Long  Sault,  or  of  actually  canalizing  the  American  channel 
itself." 

Mr.  Barstow's  report  is  given  below.  The  information  on  his  sketch 
map  is  compiled  with  other  material  on  the  outline  map  submitted  as 
l)art  of  profile  No.  0,  to  which  reference  is  made  in  the  report.  The 
detail  charts  of  the  United  States  Lake  Survey  are  elaborate  in  respect 
to  soundings  and  the  immediate  shores.  The  information  regarding 
elevations  is  meager  and  is  jiresented  on  profile  Ko.  0. 

It  appears  that  the  most  difficult  i)r()blem  is  presented  at  and  below 
the  Galops  Rapids,  and  that  elaborate  surveys  will  be  required  to  i)ro])- 
erly  develop  the  utility  of  the  south  shore  and  the  back  country  for 
canal  location. 

IJuHi.iXGTox,  Vt.,  Mail  J?'-',  isrte. 

Siu:  I  bavo  tlio  honor  to  submit  tlio  following?  rojiort  on  a  ])roliniin;iry  rcfionnais- 
sancti  made  on  tlio  south  bank  of  tho  St.  Lawrcncti  liiver,  bctwiMMi  Ofrilensbni'^j;  and 
St.  Regis,  to  (loteriuine  tho  l'easil)ility  of  can.il  location  thero,  as  <  onipaied  with  the 
now  existing  works  on  thi>  Canadian  side,  as  instrn(  tod  l)y  yonr  lottor  of  May  1."). 
The  time  allowod  for  tho  work  was  so  short  and  tho  dilhcnlties  of  tho  conntry  so 
great  thiit  I  am  not  able  to  jiresont  any  location,  bnt  can  only  describe  the  general 
lay  of  the  conntry  and  visrify  tho  maps  already  in  existence. 

Over  the  entire  distance  from  Ogdcnsbiirg  to  St.  Reikis  the  banks  of  tho  St,  Law- 
rence River  are  8t;ible  and  abrii])t,  rising  from  150  to  10  and  00  foot  above  tho  water. 
This  is  also  shown  by  contour  linos  on  printed  charts  made  from  surveys  of  tho  north- 
ern and  northwestorn  lakes  by  Maj.  V,  B.  Comstock,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United 
States  Army,  in  1S71,  St.  Lawrence  River  sheets  Nos.  I  to  8,  k,  aio  1 :10,0()(). 

The  material  is  clay,  bowlders,  and  sand.  The  only  solid  rock  showing  on  the  sur- 
face is  in  the  inmiediato  vicinity  of  St.  Regis,  although  of  course  a  groat  portion  of 
tho  Itottom  of  the  St.  Lawrence  K'iver  is  rock. 

The  (ialops  Rapids  are  tho  lirst  rapids  below  f)gileTisbnrg  and  are  now  passcnl  by 
tho  (ialops  Canal,  <m  the  Caniulian  side,  some  TV  miles  lung. 

To  j)i',  is  tliem  on  the  Amoriciin  side  two  courses  wcuild  seem  to  bo  open — either  to 
cut  the  canal  tlirough  tho  banks,  which  are  some  2o  foot  high  near  the  rivt^r,  or  to 
ntilizo  a  continuous  stretch  of  isluiulsover  the  first  li  niilis  by  connecting  thom  with 
embankments  and  building  a  dam  from  Sheldon  Island  to  the  shore.  This  would 
gi\()  a  channel  some  one  fourth  mile  wide  and  would  not  rc^quirt;  nnich  deepening  to 
give  L'l  feit  of  water,  from  Sheldon  Inland  I  can  so/  lu)  way  cxecjit  to  build  a  canal 
th<^  remaining  1  miles  to  slack  w.iter,  entirely  in  exea\  ation  with  banks  about  '20  i'eet 
aliovci  the  water.  1  found  no  depression  or  any  indicati(Ui  of  a  depression  through 
the  country  back  I'rom  the  river. 

The  next  r.apids  are  now  jiassed  by  th(>  Morristiurg  Can.al,  about  I  miles  long.  To 
KISS  Ihem  on  tho  American  side  Ogdens  Isliind  and  a  chain  of  smaller  islands  might 
)e  utili/od  to  canali/e  the  Anu'rican  channol,  or  a  canal  would  have  to  he  cut  in 
excavation  with  )iaid<s  some  oO  feel  aboNc  the  water. 

I'arrans  Point  Canal  is  short,  being  three-(|uarlcrs  of  a  mile  long  and  located  near 
th(i  head  of  (broils  Island.  Tiio  swift  w.'iter  ou  the  American  side,  however,  appears 
to  be  nearly  2  miles  farther  downstream,  near  tlu^  font  of  the  Bume  island,  and  the 
problem  hero  to  preciuely  the  sumo  as  at  (he  rapids  above. 


i 


1S96. 

;oTiiiais- 
rjj;  and 
til  the 

May  15. 
itry  so 

^reuoral 

Law- 
water. 
: north- 
United 

he  sur- 
tion  of 

sed  by 

her  to 
or  to 

1  with 

wonld 
linj--  to 
J  canal 
to  C'ct 

rou{j;h 

'i'o 

|ni<;ht 
lilt  in 

near 

U  the 


I 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


65 


The  next  and  last  rapids  before  entevinff  Lake  St.  Francis  are  the  Long  Sanlt 
Rapids  now  passed  by  the  Cornwall  Canal,  llA  miles  long,  with  fall  of  some  47  feet. 

The  location  of  the  islan<l8  for  the  lirst  7  miles  is  such  that  it  wonld  seem  as  if  the 
Amer'  an  channel  could  he  canalized  if  it  were  not  for  the  great  volnnio  and  very 
swift  water  that  passes  between  J>ong  Sanlt  Island  and  Barnharts  Island.  Then 
cutting  through  banks  averaging  30  feet  high,  and  in  places  from  40  to  80  feet  high, 
is  .5  miles  to  slack  water. 

There  is  also  another  way  of  passing  the  Long  Sanlt  Rapids  shown  on  the  accom- 
panying sketch  map.'  There  are  two  rivers — the  (Irass  River,  about  2  miles  back 
in  the  country,  and  the  Racket  River,  1  mile  still  farther  back,  that  flow  through 
great  valleys  parallel  to  the  St.  Lawrence — which  might  be  utilized.  The  (Jrass 
River,  at  a  point  opposite  the  head  of  the  Long  Sault  Rapids,  is  2  miles  distant  and 
about  40  feet  lower  than  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  but  separated  from  it  by  a  ridge 
which,  ill  places,  must  bo  100  feet  higher  than  the  St.  Ijawi'ence.  The  mouth  of 
Grass  River  is  in  swift  water  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  Racket  River  is  about  the 
same  elevation  as  (Jrass  River,  an<l  is  1  mile  farther  south,  and  separated  from 
Grass  River  by  a  high  ridge,  but  its  mouth  is  in  slack  water  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Both  these  rivers  flow  between  high,  stable  banks  and  are  substantially  slack  water 
from  Massena  to  the  St.  liawrence. 

If  the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence  can  be  carried  from  the  head  of  the  Long  Sault 
Rapids  3  miles  across  into  the  Racket  River,  the  remaining  9  miles  of  canal  is  built 
by  simply  damming  the  month  of  Racket  River. 

The  water  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  can  bo  carried  into  these  rivers  either  by  cut- 
ting through  the  two  high  ridges  mentioned  a.  distance  of  3  miles,  or,  by  going  back 
up  the  St.  Lawrence  about  5  miles,  there  is  a  depression  in  the  country  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  the  Racket  River,  as  indicated  on  sketch  map,-  which,  however,  lengthens 
the  canal  route  some  7  miles,  but  greatly  lessens  the  chipth  of  excavation. 

I  have  simply  tried  to  give  you  souie  information  of  the  country  between  Ogdens- 
burg  and  St.  Regis,  without  any  opinion  as  to  ship  canal  limitations  or  what  is  the 
best  route  or  course  to  pursue.  I  am  fully  convinced  that  after  accurate  surveys  are 
made  of  this  country,  and  full  and  correct  data  are  obtained,  that  problems  will  be 
presented  that  will  cause  discussion  among  the  best  engineering  talent  of  the  coun- 
try, and  I  would  consider  it  presumption  on  my  part  to  assume  to  say  now  whether 
it  would  be  more  feasible  to  build  now  canals  on  the  American  side  or  enlarge  the 
works  now  in  operation  in  Canada. 

Very  respectfully  submitted. 

F.  M.  B.vKs^ow. 

Mr.  Ia'man  E.  Coolky.  C.  E., 

Enijineer  United  /States  Deep  Waterways  CommitHion, 

II.  ST.  FRANCIS  AND  OHAMPLAIN  CANAL  ROUTE. 

The  recomioisaanco  between  Lake  St.  Francis  and  Lake  ('liamplain 
south  of  the  Canada  Atlantic  liailway  was  made  by  Mr.  F.  M.  Bar- 
stow,  C.  E.,  in  the  month  of  April,  ISiKi.  The  weather  (conditions  dur- 
ing a  portion  of  the  period  were  very  bad,  owing  to  melting  snow,  rains, 
and  heavy  floods,  but  the  results  were  needed  at  an  early  day,  in  order 
to  give  direction  to  other  work.  The  information  secured  was  more 
than  had  been  anticipated. 

The  trend  of  the  streams  in  this  region  seemed  to  suggest  a  ])0S8ible 
location,  which  was  reenforced  by  an  examiiuition  of  available  maps 
and  profiles  and  by  the  opinions  of  tho.st^  familiar  with  railway  surveys. 
It  was  determined  to  make  a  sufficient  reconnoissance  to  test  the  nnit- 
ter,  with  the  result  ol'  extending  the  examination  until  the  territory 
in  question  was  developed  as  far  as  seemed  advisable  without  actual 
surveys. 

Mr.  Barstow  was  instructed  to  confine  his  operations  to  the  route 
from  Lake  St.  Francis  via  the  Chateaugay  and  I'^nglish  rivers  and  Nor- 
ton Creek  valleys  to  a  termiutis  iu  the  vicinity  of  Lacolle,  or  south  of 
House  Point,  as  the  territory  Carther  north,  from  Lake  St.  Francis  and 
Lake  St.  Louis  tu  the  Kiclielieu  Uiver  iu  the  vicinity  of  St.  Johns, 


'  Set^  Outline  nuip,  prolUo  Xo.  ('». 
H.  Doc.  192 5* 


'^See  proQlo  No.  0. 


If 


!^ 


G6 


REPOKT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATEUWAYS   COMMISSION. 


liiul  been  covered  in  old  surveys,  and  had  been  fuitlier  exiiniiued  by 
Mr.  Tlioniiis  ^lonro  tor  the  Canadian  Deep  Waterwiiys  Couimission. 

Mr.  J>arstow\s  rejmrt  is  given  below,  ah)ng  with  a  sni)pleniental 
report  in  res]»onse  to  farther  instructions  regarding  the  territory 
between  ]iake.  St.  h'rancis  and  the  Cliateauj>ay  River.  The  intbrnia- 
tion  given  in  liis  sketch  nia])  and  i)ro(ile  lias  been  compiled,  along  with 


-o         X  X  -    1 7---"--f-i     

other  iulbrniation  that  could  be   secured,  in  the  outline  map  aiu 
l)rolile  designated  as  ])rolile  No.  7,  and  to  this  rel'erence  is  made  in  coii 


all  other 


set 


uection  with  the  report.    Thedat  t  incorporated  in  protile  No.  7  art 
forth  in  "Notes  on  proliles,"  etc. 

Mr.  Uarstow's  work  has  developed  a  feasible  route,  and  a  full  sui\ cy 
is  amply  ,justiti<>d.  The  inforuuition  available  is  insullicient  ibr  a  sp(^- 
citic  ])rqiect  or  to  determine  relative  availabilty,  though  the  shortening 
of  distaiice  in  restricted  navigation  invites  iavorable  consideration. 

UiTKi,iN(iT()N,  \r.,  April  ;.'S,  UV.n',. 

Sik:  I  have  the  honor  to  mako  the  followinjjj  ic]M)rt.  on  a  itieliminary  icoonnaiH- 
Banco  of  the  St.  Lawicn««'-('lianii)laiii  ronic,  to  iisccrlnin  il' any  final  surveys  wore 
loaHiltli',  niadtMUulor  vourtliicction  and  in  accordanco  witli  your  letter  of  instrnctions 
of  Marcli  L'S,  ISlXi. 

From  \'allcyiicdd  sonlliwostorly  for  5  miles,  and  as  nuich  fartlwr  as  one  could  see, 
tlio  HhorcN  of  Lake  St.  I'ranciH  are  low,  licii  .y;  only  from  li  l.o  5  fort  liif^her  than  the 
prcNont  It^Vfl  of  the  lake;  and  iiernuincnt  onilianknuiit  wallH,  for  this  distanco  at 
least,  would  l»o  rt'(|iiired  if  tlie  level  ofllio  lake  was  raised. 

From  near  Lake  St.  Francis  to  the  junction  of  llnjilish  Iviver  and  Norton  Creek, 
aloufi;  tho  lino  of  Iho  Canada.  Atlantic  Kailway,  as  is  shown  liy  the  aceouipanyiin;- 
)irolile,  tlie  land  is  lower  than  th«^  level  of  Lake  St.  Frantus.  'I'liis  country  luint;'  ho 
jie,n(>rail\  level  from  west  to  east  and  liaviufj;  a  licntle  slope  up  toward  the  south,  very 
little  time  Avas  spent  upon  it. 

'f  wo  lines  lor  survey  are  indicated  on  the  aeconi])anyin}j;  skctcli  nwi]),'  onii  on  wl  at 
I  judfi'c  to  lie  the.  Lake  St,  l'"rantis  level,  from  1  to  8  mi  Ich  south  of  the  Canad.'i  At  hint  ii' 
Kailway  to  the  I'.iif^lish  Iviver,  tluMi  uj)  tiiis  river  to  the  month  of  Norton  Creek  iit 
Aultrey.  The  other  line  leaves  Lakti  St.  l'"rauciH  aliont  M  miles  farther  south,  ^joiuj'- 
near  St.  liarlie,  SI.  St:inisliis,  and  Dewittville  to  the  Chateanj^ay  h'iver,  lollowiny; 
down  this  river  some  It)  miles  to  its  intersection  Avith  the  first  line,  thence  hy  same 
location  as  the  first  line  to  Aultrey. 

I''rom  Anlney  to  the  Ix'ichelicn  K'iver  and  Lake  (Jhami)lain  lour  liiu's  are  indicated, 
two  of  them  entirely  in  Canada  and  two  partly  in  Canada  and  partly  in  the  I'nited 
States,  with  Ww  locks  in  the  I'niltMl  States. 

The  lirst  follows  up  Norton  Cre(d<  Ji  miles,  and  thence  on  the  wcstt-rly  slopt^  of 
hifj;her  country  to  St.  ,lohns  on  the  I.akc'St.  l''ran(ns  level. 

Th(<  second  follows  nj*  Norton  'rt!ek  7  miles,  keeidnj;  nor  h  of  Canada  Atl.antlc, 
IJailwas .  and  crosses  Hun  Moutrcii  .Innetion  and(Jrand  Trunk  K'ailway  U  mih's  nortii 
of  Canada  Atlantic  ln'ailwax',  then  easterly  to  the  Little  Monlrcjil  lvi\er,  \\\  miles 
north  of  Canada  Athinti<' Kailway.  l''rom  tho  Little  Montreal  l>iv«>r  the  line  leads 
snnthcasterly  aiross  a.  ridji'c  of  unknown  hei,u;ht  into  Lacollc  L'iver,  then  follows 
down  Lacollc  K'iver  into  the  L'icheli(>n  L'ivcr. 

'I'he  thii'd  follows  np  Nortcm  Creek  H)niil«'s,  then  crosses  (Msterly  into  the  Little 
Montreal  L'ivcr,  followinjj  nj)  this  river  aliout  1  mile,  then  southeasterly  through  w 
conlinnous  swamji  into  the  Creat  Cha/.y  L'ivt'r  near  I'errys  Mills,  then  down  the 
Great  Cha/y  K'ivci'  into  Lake  Chiimitiain  at  I<infj;s  liay. 

T'le  fourth  follows  i.|»  the  I'',nj;lisli  h'iver  from  .\uhrcy  about  10  miles,  then  easterly 
to  ';e  head  walers  of  Little  Montreal  L'ivcr.  2  miles  south  ol'  llemminyford,  Ihence 
iiorlheasterly  into  tlH>  third  line,  and  then  follows  location  of  third  lim<  let  Kinys  I  lay. 

Two  ol'  these  roulet  I'oi' jiossilile  suivey— the  St,  .lolius  route,  forreasou  of  its  f;reat. 
len};tli  and  the  ureal  imount  of  dred^-iny'  re(|nircd  in  the  K'icludi(Mi  Ifivi^r,  and  the 
lOn^ilish  L'ivi'r  route,  on  account  of  the  hij;licr  eieviititnis  over  s^imeH  miles  of  its 
eonrse  and  the  j;ieat  amount  of  rock  and  nufavorahhisoil  encountenMl — ma.\  he  (diini- 
iiated  from  any  discnssKui  as  lo  whether  any  linal  surveys  ar(^  feasilile  or  not,  and 
only  the  Lacoll(^  ,ind  the  Norton  Cre(dc  routes  eonsider(^d  at  this  time. 

If  it  is  fe.'isihle  lo  huild  a  canal  any  wher<' on  earth  it  would  seem  to  1"' thronnh 
the  2^)  miles  of  countiy  tVom  Lake  St.  Francis  to  the  Junction  td"  tin-  F.n;j;lish  iCivcr 
and  Norton  Creek  at  .iuhrcy.  The  soil  is  clay,  with  very  few  bowlders  and  no  rock 
leil>?es  ill  sijiht,  and  almost  any  desired  level  can  be  found. 


'  See  outline  map,  profile  No.  7. 


II 


KEl'OKT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


I'^rom  Aubrey  both  the*  La<;ollo  and  Norton  Crook  linos  follow  up  Norton  (Jreek 
Viill«y  about  7  niilos  and  thou  sojuirato.  'I'lio  l.acollo  routn  kooi)s  al)out  li.V  luilo.s 
north  of  tlio  Canada  Atlantic.  Uailway,  on  an  olovation  avora,i;iuf?  about  'M)  foot 
liijjhor  than  Lake  St.  Francis,  for  10  miles,  to  tlio  Litilo  Montreal  Jiivcr;  it  then  cir- 
cles southeastorly  ovor  a  ritlf^o  of  unknown  elevation,  probably  not  very  liiju;li,  for 
7  luilos  into  tho  Ijacollo  Kivor  near  Jiacollo,  then  follows  down  Lacollo  Uivor  2  luihw 
to  Uw  Ricludieu  River,  then  up  the  Riclieliou  Rivor,  whcro  ii  jfood  deal  of  (Irod^inj;' 
will  b(j  r('i[uirod,  into  Lake  Chaniplain,  uiakin;;jf  some  20  nules  of  excavation  besides 
the  drodifiuf^  in  tho  Richelieu  Rivtir.  This  route  follows  the  two  lef^s  of  a  riyht 
anjifle  triiiuf^lo,  of  which  tho  Noiton  ('ro<ik  route  is  the  liyi)otheuu.st>. 

Tho  Norton  Crook  route  follows  up  Norton  Creek  N'alUsy  about  11  miles.  throu.<;h 
clay  soil  for  7  miles,  and  then  (Iiroui!;li  1  miles  of  a  lilaek  muck  boj;.  Leaviu;;  Nor- 
ton Crcok  at  an  elevation  of  17IJ  feet,  it  crosses  southoaslerly  for  2  miles  ovtu-  tho 
rid^o  botwi^on  Norton  Creek  anil  Little  Montreal  K'iver.  at  au  average  olovatiou  of 
about  184  feet.  A  liinestoue  ledj^e  (iomes  lo  (iu»  surface  ou  this  ridn'o.  Tin*  {.greatest 
])art  of  tho  material,  however,  is  clay  and  black  miuik.  It  then  follows  up  tho  Lit- 
tle Montreal  Rivor  for  about  I  mile  throuirli  cjiiy  aud  liowlders;  higlu'st  eiova'iou, 
liOO  feet.  It  th»m  bears  southcastoi'ly  fori  miles  throui;h  a  blaclv  muck  swamp,  cross  • 
inii' ou  this  1  miles  tho  hoijj;ht  of  iaud,  «devation  of  210  feet.  This  liijj;h  el(>vation  is 
Hhort,  only  about  1  mile.  It  now  bears  nearly  south  ou  doscondium  lau<l  for  ;>  miles 
throujuh  a  coulinuatiou  of  this  black  muck  swamp  iutt>  IIk*  Croat  Cha/.y  River  near 
I'erry's  Mills;  elevation  ai)out  the  sauie  as  Lake  St.  I'rancis,  uiak'.n.n'  some  17  mib's 
of  elevation  above  Lake  St.  l-'rancis,  of  which  it  is  safe  to  say  that  1 1  miles  are  uudtu* 
;U)  feet  above  the  lake,  aud  only  2  mihs  roachiuf^;  au  elevation  of  50  feet  above 
the  lake. 

From  I'erry's  Mills  for  ;">  miles  to  Cooperville  tho  (iroat  Cha/y  River  is  between 
liif^h  and  stable  (day  banks,  autl  no  excavation  or  embanlcuuMit  is  lu-edod — siuij)ly  to 
dam  the  river  and  ]iut  in  the  locks  wlu^rti  nmst  eoiivenient.  From  Cooperville  for  I 
nnle  to  the  lake  the  banks  are  low,  and  (Iredfiini;-  will  bo  necessary. 

Final  ami  acc^urate  surveys  will  undoubtedly  cliauji;o  some  of  the  data  and  dis- 
tances }:;iven  in  this  ])rclimiuary  rccouuoissaucc,  but  llie  levels  run  upon  the  Norton 
CrtHik  routii  are  reliaido. 

;V  sketch  map  :ind  approximate  protile  accompany  this  report,  aud  are  lo  be  con- 
sidered a  |)art  of  it.' 

N'ery  respectfully  submitted. 

F.  M.  Baustow. 

Mr.  Lyma.v  F.  ('(M(m;v,  C.  F,., 

Enijini'cr  L'nitcd  iStatcs  iJvip  Ifalerwaiia  Comininaion, 


Itl.'intift 

north 

miles 

' leads 

lollowH 

J  Little 

In  tho 

Istcrly 

Iheuco 

lliiy. 

fi-reiit 

I   the 

l>i'  its 

limi- 

I,  and 

f)U,i;h 
Kjver 
Irock 


lU'ur.iNr.TOX,  Vt.,  Jnnr  .'>,  ISOd. 

SiK :  T  liavo  the  honor  to  report  thnt  I  made  the  trip  as  directed  in  ycmr  last  letter. 
I  went  from  llowick  on  the  Crand  Trunk  Railway  up  the  banks  of  the  Chat(!iiujiay 
River  to  llnntiuf'ton,  then  drove  back  to  Dcwiitville,  and  thence  through  St.  SlanishiB 
do  Kostk.i  to  Lake  St.  I''ranci8,  s(unt^  5  miles  jiboNc  N'alloylield. 

1  ciiu  rei)ort  nothing  more  favorable  tlmn  in  my  lirst  report.  In  fact,  this  lust  trip 
oidy  conlirms  what  was  then  reported,  vi/,,  a  gtuifle  up  slope  toward  flui  s(mth  from 
the'CiinatIa  Atlantic  Kail  way.  Thocouutry  is  not  level  to  au  abrupt  hillBi«le,  as  you 
h()|)c«l  it  might  be. 

The  banks  of  tho  Chateangay  ]{iver  iiro  from  lit  to  2.5  feet  high.  Itscnrn'ut  is 
slow,  there  being  three  dams  and  two  snuiU  rapids  betwtMii  llowlck  iimi  I  'ewittville; 
so  I  would  Judge  that  the  river  at  Dowittville  is  m)t  over  25  feet  higher  than  it  is  at 
Jlowick. 

Hetween  Dewittvillo  and  St.  Stanislas  do  Kostkji  (Uio  is  I'ar  enough  south  to  be 
beyond  the  level  plain-like  country  that  the  Canada  Atlantic  Riiilway  runs  through. 
Tho  c(Mintry  is  rolling,  ami  one  goes  over  souui  I'onsidoriibh^  hills. 

If  it  is  desirable  to  use  a  ])ortiou  of  tht^  Chateiiugay  River  lor  the  caiuil  it  wonlil 
seem  advisable  to  keep  sonui  ii  or  1  miles  to  the  north  of  St.  Stanislas  d(^  Kostkii  and 
cuter  the  Chateangay  River  A  or  5  miles  ncuth  of  Dowittville,  thus  keeping  iii  a 
more  unel  (U)nntry  and  avoiding  the  rolling  land  and  hills  farther  south. 

No  solid  rock  showed  on  tho  surface,  but  the  tops  of  all  the  ridges  were  covorod 
with  bowlders,  the  soil  being  usually  clay. 

Tlu»  shores  of  Lake  St.  I'rancis  UIO  low,  as  I  have  heretofore  rei)orted. 

Very  respectfully  subiuittcd. 

F.  M.  Hakstow. 

Mr.  !;YMAN  F.  Cooi.KV,  C.   F,, 

Eiiijiiiar  I'liilid  Slatfx  lUrp  U'(ili>rit".ii»  ComiiiixNion, 


Compiled  on  sheet,  protile  No,  7. 


68 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


III.   SOUTH   BAY   ROUTE — CHAMPLAIN-HT^DSON   DIVIDE. 

The  leconiioiss.ince  between  l\)rt  Ann  and  South  Bay  was  limited  to 
checking  a  line  of  levels  run  along  the  highway  by  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey.  This  was  done  for  the  Commission  by  Mr.  Thomas 
A.  Paterson,  C  E.,  Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  and  from  his  memoranda  and 
other  data  the  following  notes  are  made  up. 

This  location  was  suggested  by  Mr.  Chanuey  N.  Dution.  It  leads 
nearly  duo  north  between  Putnam  and  Fort  Ann  mountains  from  a 
point  north  of  Fort  Ann  some  7  miles  to  the  vicinity  of  South  Bay 
village,  2  miles  from  South  Bay,  and  to  which  the  waters  of  Lake 
Champlain  back  in  times  of  high  water  in  the  lake.  The  valley  is 
described  as  a  preglacial  channel  tilled  with  glacial  debris,  the  removal 
of  which  may  provide  ''  a  feasible  route  for  a  ship  canal  with  water  run- 
ning directly  from  Lake  Champlain  to  the  Hudson.'  The  sheets  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  had  not  been  extended  through  this 
valley,  but  a  sketch  was  furnished  showing  the  line  of  levels  above 
mentioned.  The  accuracy  of  these  levels  had  been  (juestioued  by  par- 
ties who  had  been  on  the  ground. 

j\lr.  Paterson  started  from  a  bench  mark  at  Fort  Ann,  the  elevation 
of  which  had  been  determined  by  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey.  He  found  that  the  plane  of  reference  of  the  Geological  Survey 
was  some  (J  feet  higher  than  that  of  the  Coast  Survey,  which  has  been 
adoi)ted  for  the  woik  of  the  Commission,  and  that  with  this  reduction 
the  levels  of  the  Geological  Survey  were  substantially  correct. 

Tills  line  runs  for  considerable  distances  above  the  lowest  groujid, 
but  the  ruling  points  are  given.  It  ap])ears  that  for  G  miles  or  more 
of  this  route  the  elevation  is  100  feet  and  upward  above  the  "vel  of 
Lake  Champlain,  and  that  it  is  much  higher  for  a  short  distaUvC,  with 
a  maximum  exceeding  200  feet.  The  remaining  distance  is  over  low- 
lying  ground,  that  at  the  north  end  being  but  little  elevated  above 
South  Bay. 

INlr.  Paterson's  observations  lead  him  to  doubt  the  filling  in  of  the 
valley  at  the  north  end,  but  he  thinks  that  "  tliere  may  have  been  some 
tilling  washed  in"  at  the  south  end.  Fe  aoubts  the  utility  of  the  line 
as  compared  to  the  present  route  by  Wljitehall,  and  suggests  a  full 
survey  if  the  route  is  to  be  considered. 

Map  No.  11a  shows  by  contours  the  South  Bay  route.  These  con- 
tours, as  <lrawn,  seem  to  give  the  elevations  too  low,  but  the  data 
secured  have  been  iiisufiicient  to  warrant  a  revision. 

That  any  conditions  of  fact  or  treatment  that  niay  develop  in  an 
exhaustive  consideration  will  lead  to  the  adoption  of  the  South  Bay 
route  seems  improbable,  and  yet  its  examination  is  incidental  to  any 
comprehensive  survey  of  the  Champlain- Hudson  divide. 

'  Prof.  G.  1".  Wright,  A.  A.  A.  S.,  at  Siuiuglield,  Mass.,  August,  18ii5. 


I 


ELEV 


F.XTTI73TT  Bl. 


f 


■^ 


ELEVATIONS   FOR  THE   GREAT   LAKES   AND   FOR  THE   ST. 
LAWRENCE  AND  HUDSON  RIVERS. 

Notes  by  J.  E.  Maloney,  C.  E. 


Parf.     I.  Primary  lovrlinj;. 

Part    II.  Special  (liscnssiona. 

Part  III.  Notal)lo  elevatious,  bench  marks,  and  reference  planes. 

Par*^  IV.  Kefereuco  plauca  and  depths  tor  harbor  and  channel  improvements. 


INTRODUCTION. 

In  the  compilation  of  profiles  and  in  the  rednction  of  \ratov-lGvel 
observations  it  lias  become  necessary  to  adopt  standard  elevations,  so 
referred  in  the  several  localities  to  known  planes  of  reference  tliat 
futnre  changes  in  elevation,  due  to  greater  precision  of  leveling,  can 
be  made  withont  nndue  confnsion.  These  notes  are  designed  to  present, 
in  logical  seqnence  and  in  brief,  the  evidence  on  which  acce,>ted  eleva- 
tions are  based,  and  to  catalogue  the  principal  points  and  planes  of 
reference. 

All  elevations  are  referred  to  average  sea  level,  specifically  to  mean 
tide  at  New  Y^ork  City,  sometimes  stated  as  at  Governors  Island,  and 
again  as  at  Sandy  Hook.  In  the  present  investigation  all  elevations 
depend  on  a  certain  bench  mark  at  Greenbnsh,  N.  Y.,  as  determined  by 
the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  and  ado])ted  by  the  Lake  Survey  in 
1880.  This  bench  is  the  starting  point  for  all  levels  for  the  Great 
Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  River. 

Leveling  o])erations  were  conducted  by  the  several  authorities  in  his- 
torical order  as  follows: 

(1)  Hudson  River  from  New  York  to  Greenbnsh  by  spirit  level. 
United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey. 

(2)  Greenbnsh  to  Lake  Ontario  and  througli  chain  of  lakes  by 
spirit  and  water  levels.    United  States  Lake  Sur^ 

(.'{)  Greenbush  to  Lake  ('hami)lain  and  to  llou«  ^  oint,  by  spirit  and 
water  levels.     United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  ^ui  vey. 

(4)  Rouse  Point,  along  Richelieu  River  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River, 
from  (^Hiebec  to  Lachine,  by  spirit  level.  Department  of  public  works 
of  Canada. 

(5)  Rouse  Point  to  the  St.  Lawrence  Hiver,  at  Valleyfield,  and  thence 
to  Kingston,  by  spirit  level.  Department  of  railways  an<l  canals  of 
Canada. 

GU 


"i,Tai..;;'ifB 


70 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


The  accuracy  of  iliesc  (leteriniiiation.s  maybe  iiilerretl  by  comi)aiisou 
with  tlic  following: 

(1)  Hudson  liiver,  recent  leveling  by  tlie  United  States  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey. 

(1*)  ]*]rio  Canal  system,  from  Albany  to  Lake  Cliamplain,  to  Lake 
Ontario,  and  to  Jjako  1^'rie. 

(.'>)  St.  Lawrence  Kiver,  from  House  Point  aiul  from  Lachine  to  Lake 
Ontario,  at  Kingston. 

(•4)  Mississippi  Kiver,  from  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Lake  ^Vricliigan,  at 
Chicago,  and  Lake  Superior,  at  Duluth,  by  Mississippi  Iviver  Com- 
mission. 

In  the  following  digest  the  data  east  of  Lake  Va'w  are  presented  as  a 
whole  before  proceeding  to  the  upper  lakes. 


miles. 

A 
the  VM 


I'AllT   1.      PUIMAIIY   L]:VELINO. 


IMEAN   T7.DE    OU   AVERAUIS   SEA   LEVl'lL. 

Mean  tide  or  average  sea  level  at  New  York  City  has  been  established 
by  the  following  observations  of  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey:' 

(I)  Governors  Island, N.  Y.,  1852  to  1870,  inclusive. 

(L>)  Sandy  Hook,  N.  J.,  1S7G  to  1SS1;  .lanmiry,  1882,  to  August  31, 
1884;  December  1,  188G,  to  March  31,  1889,  all  inclusive. 

The  mean  tide  as  established  at  (Jovernors  Island  was  transferred  by 
water  level  to  a  mark  oa  the  tidal  gauge  at  the  foot  of  I'iighteentli 
street,  New  York,  and  used  as  the  plane  of  origin  for  the  line  of  levels 
run  up  the  Hudson  IJiver  in  1857-58. 

The  mean  tide  as  established  at  Sandy  Hook  and  n^ferred  to  <'on- 
venient  bench  nuirks,  has  been  used  as  the  plane  of  origin  for  all  levels 
since.  Levels  of  ])recision  have  been  run  and  a  chain  of  bench  marks 
established  about  New  York  Harbor  aud  vicinity,  and  from  the  bench 
nuirk  established  at  Hobbs  Ferry,  levels  of  ])recision  were  run  up  the 
Hudson  Eiver  in  181)1.  The  Sandy  Hook  jdane  was  also  used  iis  the 
origin  of  the  transcontinental  line. 

All  th(-  elevations  in  the  following  ])ages  are  given  as  above  mean 
tide  at  New  Y^ork  City,  unless  otherwise  stated. 


18r)7-58. 
1K75.... 
1877.... 
1889.... 
1801.... 


HUDSON   BIVIOR    LEVl'VLS. 

In  1857-58  Mr.  .1.  V>.  Yose,  of  the  ('oast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  ran  a 
line  of  levels  up  the  east  shore  of  the  Hudson  liiver  from  the  1  ide  gauge 
at  Eighteenth  sticet,  New  York  City,  to  a  bench  mark  on  tin;  gristmill 
at  Greenbush,  N.  V.-  An  ordinary  wye  level  was  used,  and  a  double 
line  run  between  stations.  When  tiie  check  was  not  satisfactory,  the 
line  was  rerun.  The  elevation  of  the  bench  mark  is  given  as  15,37  feet, 
with  a  probable  error  of  i  0.20  foot  as  assigned  by  Mr.  Vose, '  and  of 
rl  0.10  foot  by  the  Superintendent  of  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey.' 
The  distance  covered  was  alxmt  147  miles. 

In  1875,  Lieut.  J.  B.  Willard  ran  a  check  line  between  the  Coast  and 
Geodetic  bench  mark  at  Stuyvesant  and  the  bench  umrk  on  the  grist- 


'Ri'poi't  Coast  and  (icodctic  Hnrv(\v,  1887.     AiJpciulixes  7  ami  14. 

■OtlHM'  l)oncli  marks  >v(mo  cstablislu'd,  l)iit  all  liavo  beou  destroyed  excejit  the 
bench  mark  on  the  gri.stmill.  lioport  Chief  of  Engineers,  1870,  part  li,  page  71,  ct 
He<|. 

Report  Coast  and  Ceodetic  Survey.  1857,  page  ',\')2. 

'Report  Chief  of  Engineers,  187(j,  i)art  '3,  page  71,  et  seq. 


lUJ 


'"•<(«i 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


71 


mill  at  flreenbusli,  iiiul  notes  an  agreement  within  0.51)  foot,  'riiislinc 
was  run  "/ith  an  ordinary  wye  level  and  covered  a  distance  of  about  20 
miles.' 

A  line  of  levels  in  connection  with  the  location  and  construction  of 
the  West  Shore  Kailroad,  and  starting  from  mean  high  water  at  Wee- 
hawken,  N.  J.,  as  established  by  the  Coast  and  (ireodetic  Survey,  was 
connected  with  the  plane  of  mean  low  water  at  Albany  by  the  Tnited 
States  engineers.  This  line  was  run  with  the  ordinary  wye  level.  The 
elevation  of  mean  low  water  at  Albany  was  determined  at  2.58  feet.^ 
The  elevation  of  the  bench  mark  on  the  gristmill,  as  deduced  irom  this 
value,  is  10.0 L  feet.     The  distance  covered  was  about  14S  miles. 

In  1877  Mr.  ().  II.  Tittman,  of  the  Coast  aiul  Geodetic  Survey,  went 
over  i)art  of  Mr.  Vose's  line,  using  i^  precise  level  instrument  and 
employing  precise  methods.  ^Ir.  Tittman  ran  to  the  bench  mark  on  the 
gristmill  at  Groenbush,  and  also  established  an  elevation  on  the  lower 
miter  sill  of  TjOcIc  No.  1  of  the  Erie  Canal  at  Albany,  and  gives  the 
elevations  as  follows:  ' 

Foet. 

Boiich  iiiiirk  ou gristmill It.  728 

Lower  miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  1 -(i.  M5 

In  1891  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  ran  a  line  of  precise  levels 
along  the  Hudson  iUver,  starting  I'rom  the  bench  mark  at  Dobbs  Ferry. 
The  superintendent  gives  the  elevation  of  the  bench  mark  ou  the  grist- 
mill as  13.015  feet,  with  the  following  note:  "The  dilTerence  between 
the  above  (13.645)  and  any  former  results  is  probably  due  to  the  more 
perfect  determination  of  tidal  level  than  to  any  other  cause." ' 

The  following  table  shows  the  elevation  of  the  bench  mark  o  irist- 
mill  at  Greenbush,  as  determined  at  different  times: 


Diito. 


1H75... 
1877... 
188!)... 
18U4... 


Authority. 


Air.  J.  T5.  Vosp,  Const  ami  Ooodotic  Survej' 

Lieut..!.  15.  Williinl,  TnittMl  States  KnKJiu'cr.s.. 
Mr.  ().  U.  Tittiiiim,  Coast  anil  (Jcodetic,  Survey. 
Deduceil  IVom  West  Sliore  Railroad  levels..... 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 


Klevation. 


Fei't. 
l,^  37 

15.  37  I  0.50 
14.728 

16.01  ! 

13.  64,') 


The  elevation  (11.73  feet)  for  the  above  bench  mark  has  been  adopted 
by  the  United  States  i3eep  Waterways  Commission,  for  the  following 
reasons: 

The  Lake  Survey  used  the  value  14.73  in  deducing  the  elevations  of 
the  Great  Lakes,  and  all  [)ubli8hed  elevations  are  based  on  this  value. 

The  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  used  14.73  in  deducing  the  elevation 
of  Lake  Champlain,  ami  all  published  elevations  are  based  on  this 
value. 

Less  confusion  was  likely  to  arise  by  adhering  to  the  value  hereto- 
fore accepted  until  such  time  as  the  entire  system  of  levels  could  be 
systematically  redetermined.  Meantime,  elevations  can  be  reduced  to 
the  latest  determinatioii  of  the  bench  mark  at  Grceubush  by  subtract- 
ing 1.08  feet. 

'Keport  Cliiof  of  Enginoora,  1870,  part  3,  pago  71,  ct  ,so(|. 
•Keporfc  Chief  of  Eiif^iiicers,  18!)0,  part  1,  page  Oill. 
•'Report  tJoast  and  (joodetic  Survey,  IHHi),  Appendix  7,  page  171. 
liottor  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Diinicld,  Siiperiiitoudout  United  States  Coast  and  C!eodeti(5 
Survey,  dated  March  30,  18'J6. 


72 


REPORT    OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


ELEVATIONS   AT   ALBANY   BASIN. 


The  elevation  of  the  lower  miter  sill  of  Lock  Xo.  1  (west  lock),  Vlvie 
Caiiiil,  lit  Albany,  has  been  determined  as  follows: 

In  1875  Lieut.  J.  B.  AVillard  determined  the  difference  of  elevation 
between  the  miter  sill  and  the  bench  mark  on  jj^ristmill  as  20.80  feet; 
elevation  of  miter  sill  is,  therefore,  14.73— L'().81)  feet,  or  — G.IG  feet.  At 
the  same  time  tlie  lake  survey  determined  the  dilferen(!e  as  L'0.9i>  feet, 
and  elevation  of  miter  sill  14.73-20.99  feet,  or  —0.2(5  feet.' 

In  1877  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  determined  the  elevation  as 
-0.145  feet.  This  is  equal  to  a  diflereiice  of  14.728+ ().145,  or  20.873 
feet  between  the  miter  sill  and  bench  mark.'^ 

Using  the  Ijench  mark  as  determined  in  1894,  or  13.045  feet,  aiul  the 
ditteren<!e  as  established  in  3877,  or  20.873  feet,  the  resulting  elevation 
.•f  miter  sill  is  13.045-20.873,  or  -7.228  feet. 

In  regard  to  any  i)robable  (ihange  of  this  miter  sill,  the  following 
V'lte  is  given  in  the  report  of  the  United  States  Lake  Survey,  Profes- 
si  inr«l  Papers,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  No.  24,  page 
610; 

The  miter  sill  of  west  lock  has  reniained  nnchaugocl  siiico  1831). 

The  observations  for  inean  low  water  as  established  in  1873  by  the 
United  States  engineers  at  Albany  Jiasin  give  the  Ibllowing  (lei»ths 
on  miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  1: 

The  arithmeticial  mean  of  six  points  taken  in  1874  is  7.448  feet.  (This 
is  0. 18  foot  below  the  low  water  established  in  1807  by  Assistant  Engineer 
Talcott,  from  relatively  few  observations.')  The  State  engineei-  and 
surveyor  of  ]Sew  York  has  adopted  a  value  of  7.443  feet  as  the  plane 
of  mean  low  water,  to  be  use<l  as  canal  datum.'  This  appears  to  be 
a  fair  mean  for  the  miter  sill  as  determined  by  the  United  States 
engineers. 

The  ibllowing  elevations  of  mean  low  water  at  Albany  are  deduced 
by  combining  the  foregoing  elevations  of  miter  sill  and  depth  of  mean 
low  water  as  adoi^ted  by  the  State  engineer: 


From  railrofid  levels  used  by  United  States  enfjinpers,  1800-1894  , 

Used  on  Hudson  Itiver  iiiiprovcnicntso 

Combining  miter  sill  — (i.Uf)  iind  dciitli  of  mean  low  water.  7. 4-13. 
Conil)ininn'  miter  sill  -~().2(i  and  depth  ol'  mean  low  water,  7.443. . 
(Combining  miter  sill  —6.10  and  de])tli  of  mean  low  water,  7.443.. 
Combining  initer  sill  —7.228  and  deptli  of  mean  low  water,  7.443 


Elevation. 


Feet. 
2.58 
1.44 
1.  298 
1. 183 
1.  283 
.215 


alleport  Stati'  engineer  and  surveyor,  Xew  VorU,  1891,  page  29:). 
from  Taleott's  determination  of  mean  low  water  in  1807.) 


(Tlii.s  value  probably  deduced 


In  all  tl'.e  deductions  made  for  proliles  or  tables  for  the  United  States 
Deep  AVaterways  Conunission  the  elevation  of  mean  low  water  at 
Albany  has  been  taken  as  1.30  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 
This  value  is  used  as  agreeing  with  the  value  14.73  feet  for  the  bencii 
mark  on  gristmill,  and  the  mean  low  water  de])th  as  established  by  the 
State  engineer  and  surveyor,  or  7.443  feet,  and  the  elevation  of  sill  as 
determined  by  Mr.  Tittman,  or  —0.145  feet. 


'  Report  Chief  of  Engineers,  1870,  ])art  15,  pa;io  72. 

2  Report  Coast  and  (Jeodetic  Survey,  1887,  Appendix  7,  page  171. 

=' Report  State  engineer  and  surveyor,  New  York,  1875. 

*  Report  State  engineer  and  surveyor,  New  York,  1888. 


! 


Party 
Party 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


73 


m* 


fJREENBUSII   TO   LAKE    ONTARIO. 

In  1875  the  United  States  Lake  Survey  ran  a  line  of  levels  from  the 
bench  mark  on  j-ristmill  at  Greenbush  to  bench  mark  A  at  Oswogo, 
Lake  Ontario.'  The  instruments  used  Avere  ordinary  Avye  levels,  and 
the  method  was  to  run  two  lines  by  two  ])ra'ties,  the  second  ]>arty 
checking  on  benches  established  by  the  lirs  md  eliminating  ditt'er- 
ences,  as  far  as  possible,  by  rerunning. 

The  difference  of  elevation  between  the  ben  \i  mark  on  gristmill  and 
bench  mark  at  Oswego  as  established  by  the  two  i)artie8  is  its  Ibllows: 

Feet. 

Party  No.  1 2S0.  76 

Party  No.  2 237.71 

For  the  first  70  miles  from  Greenbush  the  total  discrei)ancy  between 
the  two  lines  was  but  +  ^^l^  foot.  But  for  the  remainder  of  the  dis- 
tance to  Oswego,  117  miles,  the  plus  sign  predominates,  and  the  total 
discrepancy  increases  to  +  U.Uo  foot. 

The  value  adopted  "'  <8  a  mean  of  the  tw(j,  or  237.2^5  I'eet,  with  a  prob- 
able error  of  J   0.32  IV  /£. 

The  resulting  elevatiou  ^"  bench  nuirk  A  at  Oswego  is  237.23  +  14.73, 
or  251.96  i  0.32  fe<  :.  and  this  is  the  value  adoi)ted  by  the  Lake 
Survey. 

From  this  value  of  l»ench  nnirk  A  (251.90)  the  elevation  of  the  lower 
miter  sill  of  Lock  Nc.  18,  Oswego  Canal,  at  Oswego,  has  been  deter- 
mined by  Mr.  W'Uam  Fierson  Judsou,  G.  K.,  as  2"^7.07  leet.- 

LAKE   ONTARIO   TO    LAKE   ERIE. 


From  bench  mark  A,  at  Oswego,  elevations  were  carried  by  water 
levels  to  bench  mark  B,  at  Port  Dalhousie. 

The  water  leveling  comprised  a  connection  between  the  zero  of 
gauges  and  the  bench  marks,  and  rea<liugs  of  water  surface  for  a  certain 
period.  The  United  States  Lake  Survey  observations  on  all  the  lakes 
for  this  purpose  covered  the  period  from  May  11  to  August  31,  1875, 
inclusive. '  From  the  comparison  of  gauge  records  the  relative  i)ositious 
of  the  zeros  were  established. 

The  elevation  of  bench  mark  B  at  Port  Dalhousie  was  determined  as 
258.05  feet.  This  bench  mark  is  the  zero  of  gauge  at  that  point.  l^Ie- 
vations  were  also  established  at  several  other  points  about  the  lake  and 
are  noted  in  table  of  elevations. 

The  line  of  spirit  levels  from  bench  mark  B,  Port  Dalhousie,  to  a 
bench  mark  on  the  custom-house  at  Port  Golborue,  by  United  States 
Lake  Survey,  was  run  with  wye  levels,  and  the  same  method  followed 
as  from  Greenbush  to  Oswego.  The  two  parties  differed  but  0.03  foot 
at  i'ort  Golborue  and  the  mean  of  the  two  results  was  adopted. 

The  difference  of  elevation  between  bench  mark  I],  at  Port  1  )alhousie, 
and  the  bench  mark  at  Port  Golborue  as  adoi)ted  is  320.59  feet;  hence 
the  elevation  of  bench  mark  on  custom-house  at  i'ort  Golborue  is  258.05  4- 
320.59,  or  584.61i0.32  feet.    This  elevation  of  bench  mark  is  3.87  feet 


'Report  United  States  Lake  Survey,  Professional  Papers,  Corps  of  Eugiuoers, 
United  States  Army,  No.  21,  page  595  et  seq. 

-LetttTMr.  William  Pierson  Jiidson,  C.  E.,  dated  Ai)ril  22, 1896. 

■'Ri^port  L'nited  .States  Lake  .Survey,  Professional  Papers,  Corps  of  Engineers, 
United  States  Army,  No.  24,  page  595  et.  sec^. 


74 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


above  zero  of  ;;auj;e,  .and  the  elevation  of  tlie  zero  of  gauye  i.s  therefore 
684.04-3.87,  or  580.77  feet.' 

From  these  levels  the  mean  surface  of  Lake  Erie  (1800-1875)  Avaa 
determined  as  at  an  elevation  of  572.80  feet  and  the  bench  mark  on  the 
lighthouse  at  Bulfalo  as  10.05  feet  above  mean  surface,  or  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  580.81  feet.- 

GREENnrSH  TO  LAKE  CHAMPLAIN. 

From  the  bench  mark  on  gristmill  at  (Jreenbush  the  Coast  and  Geo- 
detic; Survey  carried  elevations  by  a  line  of  precise  levels  to  Putnam 
Station,  Lake  Champlain,  and  then  by  water  level  to  a  bench  mark  on 
the  Chapman  block  at  House  Point,  culled  iiiternationiil  bench  mark. 

The  levels  were  run  in  1882,  by  Mv.  O.  If.  Tittman,  starting  from  the 
miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  1,  at  Albany,  as  determined  by  him  in  1877.  The 
elevation  of  the  bench  mark  at  House  Point  was  determined  as  110.00 
feet,  and  a  probable  error  of  :L0.30  foot  deduced  for  the  water  levels 
"exclusive  of  error  due  to  secular  change." '' 

In  1800,  Mr.  Albert  J.  Ilimes,  resident  engineer,  New  York  (tanals, 
established  the  elevation  of  the  lower  miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  2.'),  Cham- 
])lain  Canal,  at  Whitehall,  from  Coast  and  Ceodetic  bench  mark  No.  30, 
and  gives  the  elevation  as  85.02  feet.^ 

CANAL   LEVELS. 

In  connection  with  the  construction  and  nuiintenance  of  the  canals 
of  New  York,  lines  of  levels  have  been  run  from  Lock  No.  1  at  Albany 
through  tr  Oswego  on  Lake  Ontario,  Jiutt'alo  on  Lake  Erie,  and  White- 
hall on  Lake  Champlain.  In  1870  a  rerunning  of  the  bench  marks 
along  the  several  canals  was  ordered.  The  work  was  done  with  ordi- 
nary wye  levels  by  the  several  division  engineers  and  great  care  was 
taken.  The  elevations  of  the  bench  marks,  as  determined,  have  been 
l)ublislied  in  the  various  annual  reports  of  the  State  engineer  ami  sur- 
veyor." The  zero  or  datum  used  in  all  these  levels  is  the  i>lane  of  mean 
low  water  at  Albany  Basin.  In  using  canal  levels  elevations  have 
been  reduced  to  mean  tide  at  New  Y^ork  City  by  adding  1.30  feet,  as 
heretofore  determined. 

From  the  canal  bench  marks  the  lower  miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  IS  at 
Oswego  has  been  determined  as  230.43  feet  above  canal  datum  or 
230.43  +  1.3  feet  =  237.73  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.'' 

The  mean  surface  of  Lake  Erie  (18G0-1875)  and  of  the  upper  and 
lower  miter  sill  at  Llackrock  have  been  determined  from  canal  levels 
and  their  corresponding  elevation  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  are  as 
follows  :^ 

Feet. 

Upper  miter  sill  of  guard  lock  at  Black  Rock 501. 59 

1^0 wor  niitcr  sill  of  guiird  lock  at  Black  Rock .'501.(53 

Mean  surface,  Lake  Ih-ie,  1800-1875 573.53 

Beuck  mark  ou  Butt'alo  light-liouso 590. 48 

'  Report  Uuited  .States  Lake  Survey,  Professional  Papers,  Corps  of  Engineers, 
United  States  Army,  No.  24,  l)ago  595  et  seq. 

-  Letter  Capt.  T.  W.  Symons,  Corps  of  Engineers,  l-nited  States  Army,  dated 
Buffalo,  March  25,  1896. 

''Report  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  1887,  April  7,  page  171. 

^Letter  from  .Mr.  A.  .J.  Himes,  C.  E.,  dated  April  9,  1896. 

(■'Reports  of  State  engineer  and  surveyor  of  New  York,  1888, 1889,  and  1892. 

•^Letter,  Mr.  A.  J,  Driscoll,  first  assistant  eiiginoer  New  York  canals,  dated  August 
25,  1896. 

"liCtters,  Mr.  (>.  \V.  h'aftor.  ('.  !•].,  engineer  Xew  York  canals,  and  of  ,J.  L.  Little, 
division  engineer,  dated  Rochester  (Feljruary  (o  March),  1896. 


Tl 


\ 


1 


REPORT   OF    IT.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    OOMMTSSTON. 


7n 


mi 


\ 


The  elcvfitiou  of  the  lower  miter  sill  of  Lock  2.'J  at  Whitohiill,  as  deter- 
mined from  canal  levels  by  Mv.  Albert  ,\.  Ilimos,  resident  engineer, 
New  York  canals,"  is  84.081  ieet  above  canal  datum,  or  8 1.0S+l.;i=.S0.28 
feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  Vork  City.  Tliis  value  8(5.1*8  is  conected 
by  the di8cre])ancy  discovered  inreviewinjj^  the  Champlain  ('anal  levels, 
as  noted  by  Mr.  Ilimes. 

On  the  Welland  (.'anal  there  are  no  data  at  hand  to  show  any  line  of 
levels. 

The  general  rejmrt  of  tlie  minister  of  public  works  for  Canada,  1807 
to  18S2,  page  29!>,  gives  the  absolute  ditterence  between  miter  sills  of 
the  locks  at  Port  Dalhonsie  and  J'ort  Colborne  as  327.90  feet. 

IVlr.  Thomas  Monro,  engineer  Soulanges  Canal,-  gives  the  (devation 
of  the  sills  of  the  two  locks  as  follows: 

Lower  miter  sill  now  lock  at  Tort  Dalhonsic 230.  20 

Lower  iiiitt!i'  sill  new  lock  at  I'ort  Colliorne 557.03 

This  makes  the  difference  .'i27.4.'5  feet.  These  elevations  of  miter  sills 
are  deducted  from  tiie  United  States  Lake  Survey  elevations  of  bench 
marks. 

In  the  letter  mentioned  above,  jVlr.  IVlonro  gives  a  depth  of  13.40  feet 
on  the  sill  of  old  lock  at  Port  Dalhousie  as  corrcsimnding  to  the  mean 
lake  surface  (18(iO-1875)  as  established  by  the  United  States  liake 
Survey.  The  old  lock  sill  is  2.02  feet  above  the  new,  hence  the  sill  of 
new  lock  is  24(J.G1— (13.40  +  2.92)  or  230,20  feet  above  mean  tide  at 
New  York. 

RICHELIEU   AND    ST.   LAWRENCE    RIVERS    (ROT'SE    POINT,  LACHINE, 

AND    CiUEIJEC). 

In  1883-84  Mr.  1?.  Steckel,  C.  E.,  engineer  iu  charge  of  geodetic 
leveling  for  the  deijartment  of  public  works,  Canada,  ran  a  line  of  pre- 
cise levels  from  the  bench  mark  on  tlie  ( Miapman  block  at  Pouse  Point 
to  Sorel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hichelien  lvi\er,  and  continued  the  line  in 
188a-8()  to  Lachiiie  and  (Quebec  on  the  St.  Lawrence  Piver.  Mr.  Steckel 
refers  all  his  elevations  to  an  assumed  mean  tide  at  thedulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  as  established  by  him  from  tidal  observations  at  (Quebec  iu 
1881-82.-'  The  bench  mark  on  (Jhapmau  block,  liouse  Point,  N.  Y.,  is 
common  to  Mr.  Steckel's  and  the  Coast  and  Ceodetic  levels,  and  its 
elevation  as  established  by  the  two  lines  is  as  follows: 

Feet. 
By  tlie  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Snrvoy,  ahovo  mean  tidoatNow 

York 110.06 

Hy  tlie  department  of  iinblic  works,  Canada,  above  mean  tide  (Jult'of  St. 

Lawrence 1 14.  .'50 

As  shown  by  the  comjiarison,  iMr.  Stecikel's  datum  ]»lane  is  4.44  feet 
below  mean  tide  at  New  York,  and  all  his  elevations  should  be  reduced 
by  this  amount.  In  the  following  table  all  elevations  arc  given  in  two 
columns,  one  referred  to  mean  tide  at  New  York  and  the  other  to  Mr. 
Steckel's  datum  plane. 


'Letter  of  Mr.  A.  J.  lliiiies,  C.  E.,  dated  September  S,  18U6. 
'^  Letter  of  Mr.  Thomas  Monro,  C.  K.,  dated  September  2,  1896. 
3  Reports  minister  of  public  works,  Canada,  18S1-85  and  1S90-91. 


ssc 


Eaca 


!  i 


76  REPORT    OF    r.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 

JCleriilioiis  on  the  SI.  I.awrince  Rirrr  at  l.achinc,  Mmilriitl,  utiii  <>iiv.h(C 

VuHcriptioii. 


Lowor  miter  hIII  I.ook  Xo.  6, lit  Larliiiio: 

New,  iii>rlli  sidn 

Old,  .south  Hjilo 

Lower  miter  hiII  Locli  Nii.  1,  iit  Moiitrciil: 

New 

Old 

Zero  i>r  hurlxir  roriimi.ssioncru'  umit;"  "t  Sonl,  iicai  ly 

/(TO  of(^iioli('c  ImrlHjrciimiiii.sstoiicrH'  K-'i'S" 

y.vrn  of  Levis,  (iraviiitf  Dock  L'aii^io 

Mean  tidolovcl  at  (^tiiclico  I'or  low  water  Heason  tt 

Mian  lii^htiilo  level  at.  (^>iiel>e(!  lor  low- water  season 

Lowe.st  Ironuh  ol'  tides  at  (Quebec,  (siirinjis  or  neajis)  at  time  of  lowest 
'  I  I'eet  oil  miter  Hill  Look  No.  I) 


Mr.  Sto(!k()rs 
diitnui. 


normal  water  (lU  I 


Mean  tido  at 
Now  York. 


5;i.  34 
58.  :'.9 

5. 17 
7.10 

—  4.  U 

—  I.  10 

—  i:i.  (10 
I    'J.  .'•.5 

+  1)..'')0 

—  G.  11 


((Keiiort  minislei'dl'  imlilie  works,  Canada,  18110-91. 

Mean  amplitude  of  tides  at  (^)nebec  (low-water  season),  l.'i.SS  feet; 
and  half  tide,  ().!)4  feet. 

The  elevations  of  tides  at  Quebe<^  and  at  A 11  >aiiy,  referred  to  mean 
sea  level  at  New  York,  are  as  follows: 


Tid.s. 

<^Ua'l)(c. 

Albany. 

Moan 

2.55 
—  4.:iO 

2.46 

Aleaii  low 

1.30 

Moap  liigli 

Amplitude  ol" 

1H.<!S 

2.32 

ST.  LAWRENCE   RIVER  (ROUSI<:   POINT,  VALLEYEIELB,  AND  KIN(iSTON). 

In  1891  Mr.  Thomas  Monro,  enjifineer  Sonlangea  Canal,  ran  a  lino  of 
levels  from  Ronse  Point  to  Valleylield  at  Lake  St.  I'^rancis.  The  instru- 
ment used  was  an  ordinary  V  level,  and  the  method  employed  was 
to  run  several  liiuis  and  obtain  a  mean.  jVlr.  JNIoni  o  used  the  Coast  and 
(leodetic  elevation  of  IIO.OO  feet  at  House  Point,  and  his  elevations 
are  therefore  in  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  This  line  of 
levels  gives  the  mean  surface  of  Lake  St.  Francis  at  Valleyfield  an 
elevation  of  154.80  feet.'  The  miter  sill  of  the  lock  at  \"alleyheld  is 
given  as  142.52  feet.^ 

From  liake  St.  Francis  at  Valleyfield  to  Prescott,  and  thence  to  Kings- 
ton, Mr.  ]\[onro  ran  a  line  of  levels  in  1894-95.  Concerning  this  line, 
(Kingston  to  Prescott)  Mr.  Monro  says:  ^ 

Tho  iu.striini(>iit8  woro  of  the  ordinary  kind,  and  no  attempt  ^vaa  luatlc  at  proriae 
levcliufj,  but  there  were  three  through  lines  run,  Honietiines  ,six,  between  bench  marks 
■where  there  was  any  considerable  discrejjancy. 

Concerning  the  balance  of  the  line  from  Prescott  to  Lake  St.  Fran- 
cis, Mr.  Monro  says: 

Continuiuo;  the  levels  to  T.ake  St.  Francis,  we  make  tho  total  inll  to  bo  about  91.50 
feet  (fall  from  Luke  Ontario  to  Lake  8t.  Francis  at  Valleylieldj.  Thus  l."4.80  + 
91.50--— 240.30  feet  instead  of  L'Ki.Ol  feet(21C.0L  feet  is  tho  mean  level  of  Lake  Ontario 
for  tho  period  1800-1875),  This,  under  the  circumstances,  is  a  fairly  accurate  close, 
and  it  ])ro('hides  the  possibility  of  serious  error. 

The  above  comparison  is  between  mean  water  surfa<*es  for  ditt'erent 
periods  and  exhibits  the  general  result  only. 


'Letter Mr.  Thomas  Monro,  engineer  Soulangcs  Canal,  dated  September  2,  1890. 
-Profile  St.  Lawrence  Kiver,  by  Thomas  Monro,  engineer  SouLmges  Canal. 
■'Letter  dated   September  4,  i895,  through  .Mr.  .John  Keuuedy,  chief  engineer, 
Montreal  harbor  eouimissiouers. 


orlld 


"*! 


Ul 


REPOUT    OF    r. 


DKEI'    WA'l'KKWAY.S    COMMISSION. 


77 


I 


wM 


■^^im 


Under  date  of  SepltiiulxT  i],  189(),  .Mr.  Monro  Siiys: 

'I'lio  lines  coutiuuod  I'roiu  Itoiiso  I'oint  to  KinjjHton  Hhowcd  Iho  zero  of  the  ganj^e 
at  tln)  tlry  dock  thoroto  bo  "Jl  1.81  ffct  over  iiicaii  title  at  New  York.  A  eoiuieetion 
was  luado  ltet\v(!Oii  this  point  and  both  Charlotte  and  Oswego,  as  shown.' 

The  zero  of  yauge  at  Kinj^ston  dry  dock  i.s  j^iven  as  liH.'Sl  feet  above 
mean  tide  at  ^cw  York.  A  mean  of  the  water  level  of  i^ake  Ontario 
for  fonr  years,  18{)1-1.S!H,  at  Kingston,  as  furnislied  l»y  Mr.  Monro, 
gives  an  average  reading  of  0.02  foot  above  zero  of  gange.  Tiie  same 
period  at  Oswego  gives  an  averages  reading  <»f  !.(»!>  feet  above  zero; 
lienee  the  Kingston  zero  of  gange  is  l.(»9  —  U.tL*,  or  0.77  foot  above  tlio 
zero  of  gauge  at  Oswego,  and  is  at  an  elevation  of  244.21+0.77  = 
211.U.S  feet  by  United  States  Lake  Snrvey  le\-els.  The  elevation  as 
determined  from  Oswego  is  0.17  foot  higher  than  given  by  the  St. 
Lawrence  levels. 

The  slope  in  river  snrface  from  Kingston  to  Prescott  is  given  by  ^Ir. 
Monro  as  0.25  foot.'- 

The  elevations  used  by  the  United  States  Deep  Waterways  Connnis- 
sion  iov  the  St.  Lawrence  River  from  Ogden.sburg  to  Lake  St.  Louis 
are  based  on  INlr.  Monro's  determination,  and  from  Lachine  east  the 
elevations  depend  on  Mr.  Steckel's  levels  corrected  by  the  ditlereuce  iu 
datum  i)lan<'S,  or  4.41  feet. 

LAKE   ERIE   TO   LAKES   HURON   AND   MICHIGAN. 

From  J*ort  Colborne  the  Lake  Survey  carried  elevations  by  water 
level  to  the  Avcst  end  of  liake  Erie  to  a  gauge  at  Kockwood,  and  trans- 
ferred to  bench  mark  2  at  (lil)raltar  (about  2  miles)  by  spirit  level. 
Elevations  were  also  established  at  several  otlier  [)oiuts  about  the  lake 
and  are  noted  in  table  of  elevations.' 

For  the  purpose  of  eliminating  wind  eft'ects,  observations  were  made 
as  to  the  direction  and  force  of  prevailing  winds  during  the  period 
May  to  August,  1875,  in  order  to  determine  a  correction.  The  results 
deduced  are  given  by  the  Lake  Survey  as  probably  correct  within 
±  0.10  foot. 

From  bench  mark  2  at  Gibraltar  the  Lake  Survey  ran  two  lines  to 
bench  mark  2  at  Lakei)ort,  Lake  Huron ;  the  first,  a  double  line  in  1875 
with  ordinary  Avye  levels;  the  second,  in  1877  by  precise  leveling.  The 
results  obtained  iu  1877  have  been  adopted,  and  the  elevation  of  bench 
mark  2  at  Lakeport  is  500.8(i  i  0.35  feet.  Bench  marks  were  established 
at  Detroit  and  are  given  in  the  table  of  elevations  appended. 

From  Lakeport  the  elevations  were  carried  by  water  level  to  bench 
mark  I  at  Escanaba,  and  the  elevation  determined  as  51)3.01  feet. 
Bench  marks  were  also  established  at  several  other  i)oints,  and  are 
noted  in  the  table  of  elevations. 

In  transferring  by  water  level,  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan  were 
assumed,  for  reasons  given  in  the  hnal  report  of  United  States  Lake 
Survey,'  to  be  level.  In  regard  to  this  assumption  it  should  be  noted 
that,  taking  the  twenty-five  years — 1871-1895 — the  average  of  the 
monthly  means  for  the  two  lakes  shows  Lake  Michigan  to  be  from  0.04 
to  0.11  foot  above  Lake  Huron  for  the  mouths  September  to  January 


'See  Part  II. 

'-8ee  letter  Seiitember  2,  1896;  also  "  WatCi.  levels,  Great  Lakes,"  etc. 

•\Reitort  United  States  Lake  Snrvey,  rrofessional  Papers,  Corps  of  Engineers, 
United  States  Army,  No.  21,  page  5!J5  et  see], 

^  Report  United  States  Lake  Survey,  Professional  Paper.s,  Corps  of  Engineers, 
United  States  Army,  No,  24,  page  595  et  seq. 


~"''-"'"'""^""" 


78 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


inclusive;  at  about  the  same  level  I'or  February;  from  0.0a  to  0.12  foot 
below  from  March  to  June  inclusive,  aud  at  about  the  same  level  during 
July  aud  August.' 

LAKE   3[I0ni(lAN    TO   LAKE    STPEUIOR. 

From  bench  mark  1  at  Escanaba  a  double  line  of  ])recise  levels  was 
run  in  1877  to  bench  mark  I  at  Mar(inette.  The  resulting  elevation  ot 
bench  mark  I  is  given  as  (JOO.OSI-  0..'iG  feet.  From  the  bemth  mark  at 
jMarcjuette  the  elevation  was  carried  by  water  levels,  as  on  the  other 
lakes,  to  several  points  alxmt  the  lake  and  to  St.  JMarys  IJiver  at  Sanlt 
Ste.  Marie.  The  transfer  of  elevations  from  jManjuette  to  the  canal  at 
Sanlt  Ste.  Marie  was  nnule  on  the  assuini)tion  that  there  was  no  slope 
in  tlui  rivei'.  This  assnniption  is  now  known  to  be  in  error,  and  the 
sh)pe,  at  the  time  the  elevations  weie  established,  has  been  determined 
as  0.r>.S  foot.  (See  "  Water  Levels  of  the  ( ireat  Lakes,"  ete.)  This  cor- 
rection of  — 0.58  foot  ai)plies  to  bench  marks  established  al»ont  Sault 
Ste.  Marie  by  t]w,  Lake  Survey,  and  to  all  deductions  for  water  levels, 
elevations,  aud  planes  of  references  nuule  ther;  from. 

GULF   OF   MEXICO   TO    LAKE   MICIIIOAN   AT    CIIICAOO. 

In  188;>  the  Mississii)|)i  IJiver  ( 'ommission  continued  its  line  of  precise 
levels  to  Chicago,  111.,  and  established  bench  nmrks.  The  lesults 
obtained  are  comi)ared  with  the  results  of  the  Lake  Sui-vey  at  .Alil- 
waukee  by  the  following  method: 

A  bench  mark  designated  l>.  ^I.  No.  90  was  established  by  tiie  Missis- 
sippi Kiver  Commission  levels  on  the  stone  freight  depot  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Ivailroad  at  Chicago,  with  an  elevation  of  (ilLlf)  feet  above 
Cairo  datnni.  The  mean  level  of  the  Gulf  of  INIexico  at  I»ih)xi,  Miss., 
above  Cairo  datum  is  given  at  LJl.LMi  feet.  (This  is  to  be  taken  as  a  pre- 
liminaryvalue.)  Hence,  bench  mark  No.  09  at  Chicago  is  011.45  —  21.20, 
or  590.19  feet  above  mean  (inlf  level. 

The  plane  of  reference  for  water  levels.  Lake  3Iichigan,  or  observed 
high  water  of  18.'>8  at  3Iilwaukee,  has  been  determined  as  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  584..'M  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  (See  "' Water 
levels  of  the  Great  Lakes,''  etc.) 

The  water  h'vels  observed  on  the  United  States  engineers'  gauge  at 
Chicago  are  compared  with  the  recorded  ol)servations  at  iMihvaukee 
for  the  years  1892  to  1895,  inclusive.     The  records  are  as  follows : 


1802. 


I  ( 'liirii)j;o. 


Milwau 
kee. 


1893. 


1804. 


1895. 


Chi 


cup). 


Milwau- 
kor. 


Cliicugo. 


Milwau- 
kee. 


CMiic 


iTaiiuiiiy  ... 
i'l'tiruary . . 

March 

April 

May 

Juiie 

Jnly 

AtlgUHt 

September . 
Octolier  ... 
Noveiuber  . 
Dereuiber  . 

Mean 


12 

4.87 

0.05 

4.75 

10 

4.08 

.09 

4.01 

00 

4.78 

.17 

4.  !:m 

08 

4.  V2 

.48 

4.  (14 

ar. 

4.:io 

.88 

;t.74 

72 

:i.85 

i.2;t 

3.41 

95 

;t.84 

i.r) 

3.  ;i9 

Oli 

;}.  70 

i.:ii 

:i.  30 

70 

;).  or, 

1.01 

3.88 

54 

4.2(1 

.7n 

4.02 

;u 

4.47 

.:i4 

4.41 

(18 

4.74 

.10 

4.48 

0.21 

4.47 

.29 

4.  44 

.42 

4.18 

.74 

4.  (i:i 

1.17 

3.  49 

i.r. 

3.  33 

1.47 

3.  ,30 

1.33 

3.  38 

.05 

3.81 

.00 

4.(12 

.49 

4.29 

.20 

4.04 

-  0.  02 

-  .10 

-  .24 
.02 
.07 
.08 
.02 

^  .08 

-  .28 

-  .59 

-  .84 

-  .93 


Milwau- 


4  82 
4.  93 
4.90 
4.70 
4.00 
4.  5.-. 

4.  00 
4.78 

5.  05 
,'..  42 
5.  04 
5.  75 


J 

mt*, 


En  gin 


enee 


.1 


.41 


.  05 


4.07 


.77 


3.  95 


—  .24 


4.  99 


Zero  of  I'niled  Slates  euKiiieer.s  hiimkc  at  ('hicat;ii  helow  hluli  water,  1838:   In  1892,4.70  I'eet  ;  in  1893, 
4.72  feet;  in  1894,  4.72  feel  ;  in  1895.  4.75  feet. 
Mean  for  the  lour  year.s,  1892  1895,  1.74  leet. 


'Seo  "  Water  levels  of  the  Groat  Lakes,"  etc.,  aud  diagram  No.  3 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMxMISSION. 


79 


Taking  the  mean  of  tlic  four  years,  the  zero  of  the  I'liited  States 
engineers'  gauge  at  Chieago  is  4.71  feet  below  tlio  high  water  of  1838,  and 
its  elevation  is  584:..''»4 — 4.7-4,  or  57'.».<J()  feet  above  mean  tide  at  Xew 
York  City.  From  information  furnished  by  MaJ.  William  L.  Marshall, 
Coj'ps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  at  Chieago,  the  zero  of  the 
gauge  is  14.G22  feet  below  bench  mark  No.  91).  Hence  l)en('h  mark  Xo.DO 
is  570.00 +11.022,  or  591.222  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 
The  comparison,  therefore,  is: 

I'eet. 
BeufL  mark  No.  99,  Chicago,  by  Lake  Snrvoy,  iihovo  moan  tide  at  Nmv  York.   '>'.)\.'22 
JJciich  murk  No.  99,  (Jliicago,  l)y  Mi8si8sii)](i    lviv(M'  ('ommisHioii,  iilmvo  mean 
level,  Gulf  of  Mexico ' '. ','M).  19 

GULF   OF   MIJXICO    TO   LAKE   SUPERIOR    AT    DrUTII. 

The  line  of  precise  levels  by  the  Mississip])i  liiver  Commission  was 
continued  to  St.  J*aul  in  1891.  A  line  was  thcni  run  from  Duluth,  on 
Lake  Superior,  to  St.  Paul,  connecting  with  the  main  line  of  levels 
there.' 

A  comparison  of  the  elevations  of  bench  mark  I  at  Duluth,  as  estab- 
lished by  the  Lake  Survey  and  by  the  ]\Iississii)pi  IJiver  Commission, 
is  made  as  follows:  Jn  a  letter  from  Maj.  Clinton  B.  Soars,  Cor])s  of 
ICngineers,  U.  S.  A.,  dated  March  0,  189(5,  tlie  low-water  datum  is 
described  as  25.528  feet  below  beiudi  nuirk  I  at  Duluth,  and  tlu>  "  High 
water  of  18;58,"  as  used  tor  plane  of  reference  by  the  Tiake  Survey  alter 
1874,  is  given  as  3.57  feet  above  the  low-water  datum;  henc(>,  bench 
mark  1  at  Duluth  is  25.53  —  ;}.57,  or  21.9(i  feet  above  the  i)lane  ol'  refer- 
ence, or  "  High  water  of  18;58,"  as  established  by  the  Lake  Survey. 

The  "  riigh  water  of  IS.'JS"  is  described  (See  "Water  levels  of  Great 
Lakes,"  etc.)  as  being  5.17  feet  below  bench  mai-k  I  at  JNIariiuette,  or  at 
an  elevation  of  G09.9.'{  — 5.17  =  004.7(5  feet.  IScTich  mark  1  at  Duluth  is, 
therefore,  at  an  elevation  of  004.7(5  +  21.90  feet,  or  020.72  feet  above 
mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

From  the  line  of  precise  levels  by  the  Mississipj)!  River  Commission, 
the  elevation  of  bench  mark  1  at  Duluth  is  given  as  (i J  7.09  Icct  above 
Cairo  datum,  and  as  Cairo  datum  is  21,2(5  feet  (preliminary  value)  above 
mean  Gulf  level,  bench  mark  I  at  Duluth  is  047.09  -  21.2(5  feet,  or  (525.83 
feet  above  mean  level  of  Gulf  of  Mexico.- 

The  comparison,  therefore,  is : 

Foet. 

Bench  mark  I  at  Dnluth,  by  Lake  Survey,  .ibove  me.nn  tide  at  \o^  York tIL'li.  72 

Bench  mark  I  at  Duhith,  hy  Miasissi])})!  River  CommiHsion,  abovo  moan  level 
(ulf  of  Mexico G25.83 

DISCUSSIONS  OF  DIS(!1{KPAN(UES. 

All  the  work  of  the  Commission  is  based  on  the  elevation  of  the 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  bench  mark  on  the  gristmill  at  (rreenbush, 
N.  Y.,  which  is  taken  as  14.73  feet  above  nuian  tide  at  New  York  City, 
as  adopted  by  the  Lake  Survey  aiul  as  used  by  the  Coast  and  (Jeodetic 
Survey  in  their  Chami)lain  line.  The  Canadian  levels  have  been 
reduced  to  correspond  to  this  elevation.  It  will  be  usel'ul  to  compare 
the  determinations  by  diiVcrent  lines. 

The  latest  determiiuition  of  the  Greenbush  bench  mark  (1894)  by  the 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  is  by  methods  of  precision,  and  lowers  the 
elevation  by  1 .08  feet. 


'Report  of  MiHsissippi  River  (.'omiiiiHsidii,  IHitl. 
•ReporfM  ol' Chief  of  Jingiueers,  1883,  1884,  and  188".. 
CouuiiiHsiou,  18U1. 


ivoport  (if  Mississippi  River 


'iifmnfrr 


80 


REPORT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


I       i 


The  lines  of  the  Mississippi  River  Conmiission  from  the  fhilf  of  ]\[oxico 
at  Hiloxi,  Miss.,  lo  Lake  Michifjan  at  (Chicago  and  to  l^ake  Superior  at 
])uhith,  are  by  methods  of  precision.  The  reference  to  mean  {•ulf  kn-el 
is  provisional,  hut  it  is  not  anticii)ated  that  it  will  be  materially  changed 
by  the  final  determination. 

The  com])arisoii  heretofore  made  gives  elevations  at  (Chicago,  referred 
to  mean  gulf  level,  as  1.03  feet  lower  than  when  referred  to  tlie  plane  of 
the  Lake  Survey.  If  the  Lake  Survey  plane  is  corrected  by  the  latest 
determination  of  the  (ireenbush  bench  mailc,  then  the  comparison  is, 
1.03  — 1.08  =  — 0.05  foot,  or  elevations  at  Chicago  are  0.05  ibot  higher, 
referred  to  mean  gulf  level. 

A  second  (*()nii)arison  may  be  made  at  Duluth.  This  is  less  direct  as 
the  Lake  Survey  determination  involves  two  stretches  (  ^'  water  levels, 
Chicago  to  iOscanaba  and  iMarquette  to  Duluth,  aggregiiing  4(10  miles, 
and  levels  of  i)re(!isiou  between  Escanaba  and  Mar(|uelte,  105  miles; 
while  the  levels  of  precision  of  the  Mississippi  Eiver  Commission  from 
Chicago  to  Duluth  extend,  via  Savanna  and  St.  Paul,  5S5  miles.  The 
comi)arison  gives  elevations  at  Duluth,  referred  to  mean  gulf  Icxel,  as 
0.8!)  foot  lower  than  wlieu  referred  to  the  plane  of  the  Lake  Survey.  If 
the  ])lane  of  the  l/.vke  Survey  is  corrected  by  the  latest  determination  of 
the  (Ireenbush  bench  mark,  then  the  comparison  is0.8!>  — 1.08  =  — 0.1!) 
foot,  or  elevations  at  Duluth  are  0.19  foot  higher,  referred  to  mean  gulf 
level. 

Considering  the  two  lines  as  originating  at  Chicago,  the  close  at 
Duluth  is,  L03  —  0.80=0.11  foot;  or  tlie  water  and  hind  line  of  the  T^ake 
Survey  gives  an  elevation  of  0.14  foot  less  <it  Duluth  than  the  land  line 
of  the  i\Iississipi)i  'liver  (Jommiasion.  Tliis  is  a  remarkable  result  and 
])recludes  the  possibility  of  serious  error  in  the  level  of  Lake  Superior 
with  res])ect  to  Lake  INIichigan. 

The  comi)ariRon  at  (Jhicago  is  to  be  considered  as  most  valid,  as  it 
involves  less  length  of  line  and  fewer  transfers  between  land  and  water 
lines.  It  app<'ars  that  if  the  plane  of  the  Unit  1  States  Lake  Survey 
is  lowered  by  1.08  feet  to  correspond  with  the  itest  detern.ination  of 
the  bench  mark  at  (rreenbush,  tln^  mnv  (^levatio  will  be  witliin  0.05  foot 
of  the  determination  from  gulf  level  at  Chicag(». 

The  investigation  of  water  levels  (see  "Water  Levels,"  etc.  and  Dia- 
gram No.  3)  shows  that  Lak«^  Michigan  and  Lake  Huron  stand  at  the 
same  level  for  oidy  three  months  of  the  average  year.  It  so  happens, 
however,  that  the  water-level  (!om])arison  iiia«l(^  by  the  Lake  Survey  is 
a  fair  mean  for  the  twe.ity-iive  years  (1871-1895)  and  no  discrepancy 
ap])ears  in  the  relative  level  of  Lakes  .Michigan  and  Huron  as  hereto- 
fore adopted. 

Between  T^ake  Huron  and  Lake  Erie,  two  lines  of  levels  were  run 
over  a  distance  of  88  miles  from  (hbraltar  to  Lake|)ort;  the  lirst  in  1875 
by  ordinary  wye  levels,  the  second  in  1 877  by  levels  of  |)recision.  These 
lines  agree  within  O.LMJ  foot,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  distrust  the  accu- 
racy of  the  determination  by  ])recise  levels. 

Between  Gibraltar  and  Port  ('olborne  the  determination  by  water 
levels  is  to  be  taken  with  caution.  Mr.  \V.  T.  Blunt  in  his  paper, 
"Etl'ects  of  dales  on  Lake  Erie,"  has  drawn  attention  to  the  unstable 
surface  of  this  lala^  and  the  ])robability  t  hat  the  average  level  is  actually 
higher  at  the  easterly  end  than  at  (lie  westerly.  Atiy  such  condition 
would  make  the  ajjparent  elevation  at  Gibraltar  higher  than  the  actual 
with  respect  to  Port  Colborne. 

The  Lake  Survey  in  ils  water  levels  considered  wind  ell'eets,  and 
these  appear  to  have  been  eliminated  in  the  records  used  iu  thecompar- 


1 


f 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


81 


ison  of  1875.  In  this  connection  it  is  interestiuf;'  to  note  that  the  mean 
reading  it  (Tibraltar  for  June  and  July,  180."),  as  furnished  by  the  United 
States  engineer  office  at  Detroit,  is  0.19  foot  liigher  than  the  mean  for 
the  same  period  as  recorded  at  (3hn'eland. 

Any  final  correction  of  the  water  levels  of  Lake  Erie,  if  reciuired, 
will  probably  reduce  the  adopted  elevation  at  Gibraltar  with  respect 
to  l\)rt  Colborne. 

Between  Lake  Erie  at  Buffalo  and  Lake  Ontario  at  Oswego  the  Lake 
Survey  line  by  A\  ater  level  from  Oswego  to  Port  Dalhousie,  ordinary 
wye  levels  along  the  Welland  Canal  and  water  levels  from  Port  Col- 
borne to  Buffalo,  (ihecks  closely  with  the  canal  levels  by  Oswego  Canal 
to  Syracuse  and  I'hie  Canal  thence  to  Buffalo,  the  disctrepancy  being 
only  0.01  foot.  This  is  better  than  is  to  be  expected  from  methods  of 
I)re(;ision. 

The  work  between  Lake  Ontario  and  the  bench  mark  at  Creenbush, 
N.  Y.,  is  far  less  satisfactory  than  any  poition  of  the  levels  under  con- 
sideration. Starting  from  (ireenbush  as  a  i)oint  of  origin.  Lake  Ontario 
may  be  given  four  values  by  the  several  lines  and  combinations  of  lim»s. 
In  the  following  comi)arisons  th(^  h.vels  are  also  given  from  the  lower 
miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  I  at  Albany  basiii  to  tlie  lower  miter  sill  of  the 
terminal  lock  at  Oswego: 


^ns. 


iter 
her, 
Ible 
jilly 
ion 
lual 

lind 
]ar- 


1.  By  Krio  iind  Oswego  Canal  levels 

2.  IJy  Lako  Survey,  Lino  No.  2 

3.  liy  Lake  Survey,  Lino  No.  1 

4.  Hy  Coast,  and  Giodctic  Survoyto  Rouho  Point  and  tliencc  by  department 

'  of  railways  and  canals  ot'Cauuda  to  Kingston 


Above  li.'iicli    Dillen^nee 
mark  al         of  miter 
Greenbnalj.  |       sills. 


223  I 
222.  H2  I 
221.87  j 

222.17  ! 


243.  875 
243.81 
242. 86 

243. 045 


The  Tjake  Survey  lines  make  the  miter  sill  at  Albany  basiii  lower  by 
0.12  f,)ot  Avhi(!h  accounts  for  the  relative  discrepancy  in  the  second 
column. 

The  Tiake  Survey  adopted  the  mean  <>f  its  two  lines,  or  222..'J4  feel 
for  difference  of  bench  mark  and  miter  sill  aiul  24.'i..'{3  for  difference  in 
miter  sills. 

If  the  canal  line  be  regarded  as  having  equal  weight,  the  mean  of  the 
three  Mohawk  \  alley  lines  Avould  be  222.5(1,  an  increase  iu  elevation  at 
Oswego  of  0.22  foot. 

Between  Albany  and  Little  Falls  several  bench  marks  have  been 
identified  as  on  the  copings  of  the  same  locks  as  canal  bench  marks,  and 
although  these  are  not  known  to  be  identical,  they  probably  do  not  dif- 
fer more  than  a  lew  hundredths  and  may  be  used  for  an  ai)proxiinate 
comparison.  The  following  t  ai)le  gives  tlu^  discrepancy  of  the  two  Lake 
Survey  lines  in  relation  to  the  canal  line: 


No.  2. 


No.  1. 

Mnon. 

-0.02 
—  .78 
-1.  13 

-O.nn 

-  .  57 
_  .08 

M.ixinium  diacrejiancy,  Looks'*,  r>ii  inilen  I'roni  (JroenbuRli —0.88 

Discrepaney  al  Loek  illi,  87  miles  (lasteommon  H.  M.) !  —  .30 

lHscrei>aney,  miter  sill,  Oswego I  —  .18 


The  'wo  Lake  Survey  lines  chock  closely  to  Lock  28,  where  they  differ 
only  o.Ol  foot,  but  tliey  have  sysleniatically  diverged  frotn  tln^  canal 
line  until  the  mean  discrepancy  has  reached  0.00  foot.    The  two  lines 

H.  Doc.  102 G* 


Ji 


m 


REPORT    Ol-'    r 


DI.E;'    WAIERWAIS    CO^L^fTSSIOX. 


continue  to  dieck  closei}-  nn*  20  luiies  I'ai  tlipr,  will-  u  uillerenco  of  0.13 
foot  when  tliey  show  ii  system)  i^ic  dive  grnco  amounting  to  O.-ID  foot  at 
Lock  3(5  and  0.05  i'oot  ;  ;  Oswcg  ?.!;!; Dtiiiie,  one  of  tlie  lines  (No.  2 
above)  has  very  nearly  conic  buck  lo  she  canal  elevation  at  Oswego 
( — 0.18)  and  the  otiier  has  increased  its  discrepancy  by  0.21  foot  but 
has  held  more  nearly  parallel  to  the  canal  determination. 

The  canal  levels,  Oswego  to  Syracuse,  arc  part  of  a  circuit  elosing 
with  the  Lake  Survey  at  Bulfalo,  and  are  assumed  to  be  correct.  No 
material  error  should  exist  in  the  canj  1  levels  over  tlie  long  reaches 
between  Syracuse  and  Franki'ort,  14  miles  Avest  of  Lock  3(1,  the  last 
common  benchmark.  It  maybe  as-nmed,  therefore,  th;it  the  canal 
levels  are  more  nearly  correct  from  th  s  ])()iiit  at  whicli  the.  lines  of  tlie 
Lake  Survey  diverge.     The  following  com])arisons  may  be  made: 

1.  ]\Ieaii  of  Lake  Survey  lines  to  Lock  28  and  canal  line  thence  to 
Oswego,  223  —  0.90  .   :  222.10  feet. 

2.  JVleau  of  Lake  Survey  lines  to  Lock  28  and  mean  of  Lake  Survey 
No.  1  and  canal,  thence  to  Oswego,  223  - .]  (0.!)0  +1.11 )  =222  feet. 

The  lirst  result  lowers  the  adopted  i)lane  at  Oswego  by  0.24  foot  and 
the  second  by  0.34  foot. 

The  ])re(*ise-level  line  from  (Ireenbush  to  Lake  Ciiamidain  gives  the 
miter  sill  at  Whitehall  0.3(>  foot  lower  than  by  canal  levels.  No  reason 
a])pears  for  questioning  the  d(  termination.  Any  effect  of  southerly 
winds  on  the  water  levels  l)etween  I*utnam  Station  aiul  Itouse  I'oint 
would  give  the  Kouse  J*oint  elevation  ap])arently  too  low.  From 
House  I'oint  to  Kingston  ordinavv  methods  ^yvY^i  used,  but  discrei)au- 
cies  were  eliminated  by  rerunning.  The  Chamidain-St.  Lawrence 
chain  of  levels,  as  an  individual  line,  would  seem  to  be  entitled  to  more 
confidence  than  any  one  of  tliC  Mohawk  Valley  lines. 

These  determinations  ma;\  be  c(mii»are<l  as  follows: 

Coiiil)iiU!(l  lino,  T^ako  Siirvoy  iind  raiiu! '2'SJ.  10 

(Jli!iiiii>liiin-St.  Liiwrenco  liui! 222.  17 

J>ake  Survey  mean  line — adopted  value U2'i.  31 

It  Avould  seem  as  if  the  Lake  Survey  determination  had  l»een  taken 
too  high  No  sullicient  reason  api)ears  for  ado]>ting  a  new  value,  and 
a  liuai  '■  UMUiination  is  not  likely  to  greatly  change  the  result. 

<;f)N('LITHl()N. 

The  foregoing  discussion  indicates  the  levels  between  (ireenbush 
and  LakeOntaiio  and  through  Lake  lOrie  as  the  weakest  links  in  the 
chain  of  levels  extending  by  the  Lakes  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  at 
Sandy  Hook  to  the  (rulf  of  Mexic.i  at  lUlo.xi.  To  give  the  line  e(iual 
valuer  throughout,  levels  of  ])recision  are  reciuired  between  (ireenbush 
and  Lake  Ontario  and  between  Lake  Ontaiio  and  (ieorgian  Hay. 
Until  final  determinations  are  closed  it  will  n(»t  be  known  how  far 
results  ari^  ap])arent  only,  and  how  far  they  luay  be  actual. 

."..'eaiitime,  if  the  i)lane  of  reference  adojtted  by  the  Ijake  Survey  and 
as  used  in  the  investigalions  of  the  Deep  Waterways  (Commission  is 
lowered  by  an  even  foot,  it  will  be  O.OS  foot  higher  than  the  latest  deter- 
mination of  (heOoast  and  (ieodetic  Survey  at  (ir<'enbush,  N.  Y.,  0.03 
foot  higher  than  thedeterminationof  the  Mississip))i  IJiverCommission 
at  (Chicago,  and  0.1 1  foot  lower  than  the  <letermination  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  (Jommission  at  Duluth,  and  is  as  likely  to  be  correct  as  auy 
other  value  iu  advauce  of  linal  results. 


Jn 

hi< 

th 

th 

let 

Mi 

wa 

rei 


(l^i     1 


2Li2. 10 
'2-22.  17 


')•)•) 


lukcii 
and 


Biibnsli 

ill  tlu', 

eaii   at 

ociual 

'iibusli 

Hay. 

o\v  far 

\v  and 

Hion  is 

(loter- 

nssioii 
^lisais- 
|is  auy 


REPORT   OP    U.  S.  DEEP    WATEK\.'AVS    (  ('MMISi^iilON. 


Part  II.  Special  Disciit'SK)^!-.. 


S3 


MEAN    LEVEL,  UlTLF    OI     'U;  lU  O. 

Mean  level  was  establislied  by  observati-;:  s  at  'iiloxi,  Miss.,  Iroiu 
Jiuic  to  Septeiiiber,  1882,  "  Mliicli  porio<l  is  li.  iV'^iu  (he  oltbcts  of  tIio 
liij;li  iiortlierly  winds."'  According'  to  tlio  line  oL  iirecisc  levels  ^  vnn  by 
tlie  Mississijipi  Hiver  Comiuissioii  in  ISSJ  IVoiuKew  Orleans  to  lUloxi, 
this  mean  level  is  21.2o8  feet  above  Cairo  datiini.  This  value  fi'l.'-Mi 
feet)  is  to  be  taken  as  provisional  only.  Cairo  datum,  as  used  by  the 
.Mississippi  liiver  Commission,  is  a  iilane  .'iUO  feet  below  ordinary  low 
water  of  the  Mississi[(])i  IJiver  at  Cairo,  or  a  staye  eorrespondinj;'  to  u 
reading'  of  9.10  feet  above  zero  of  f;'an{ie.' 

Vs  observed  I'roni  Septend^er  7,  18S1,  to  November  24,  1882,  and  eon- 
neeted  by  a  line  of  precise  levels  by  the  Coast  and  (ieodetie  Survey  in 
188(5,  from  New  Orleaus  to  Biloxi,  the  mean  level  is  20.840  feet  above 
Cairo  datum.'* 

The  mean  8taj>:e  of  the  gulf  for  sixteen  lunations,  Sei)tember  S,  18!)1, 
to  October  10, 1SU2,  reads  o.'oo'A  feet  above  zero  of  the  Port  Eads  .u'auge, 
and  according  to  JVlississijipi  lliver  Commission  precise  levels  of  18'.>2 
and  181)3,  the  zero  of  the  Tort  Kads  gauge  is  17.7.'{;>  fei^t  above  Cairo 
datum.  Hence  the  mean  gulf  level  at  Port  ICads,  La.  (mouth  of  the 
Mississipi)i  Elver  at  South  Pass),  is  ir.7.'5.>  +  .'{..i.^o,  or  21,080  feet  above 
Cairo  datum.'    The  three  determinations  comp-are  as  follows: 

I'lCt. 

18SL',  lit  IJiloxi,  Miss.,  by  Mississippi  Rivi'V  Commission LM.LTtS 

ISSl-HJ,  iit  Biloxi,  Miss.,  by  Coast  and  (U'udctif  Siu'vcy 2(1.81(1 

18;tl-92,  at  Port  Ea«ls,  La.,  by  Mississippi  Rivei.  Coiumis  ion      ^ 2L(iS(i 

The  lirst  result  (21.258  feet)  has  been  used  as  a  provisional  value  in 
reducing  the  levels  of  the  ]Mississipi)i  'iiver  Corvmissioii.  Some  uncer- 
tainty lias  atta<;hed  to  the  value  ot  ihese  '.  ^terminations  owing  to 
instability  in  the  Mississippi  delta. 

TIDES   OP   Tin;  ST.   i..\VRENOE   RIVER. 

From  tidal  observfitions  made  in  i,;>.-^3  at  <i»n<''lH;c,  Mr.  11.  Steckel 
determined  ap[)roxiinately  the  mean  level  i  t  rhe  <lulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
and  used  that  level  ii  I  he  datum  jdane  ^)r  ail  elevations  determined  by 
him.  The  method  eiii|»loye(l  was  as  foliows .  Assuming  a  tideless  river, 
a  slope  was  figured,  and  the  water  suria;e  ai  (Quebec  (with  1<»  feet  on 
the  miter  sill  of  old  Lock  No,  1  at  Montreal)  detin'mined  as  l.l.'i  fett 
above  mean  gulf  level.  From  the  tidal  obsei-Nal-ionsitwas  deter'ained 
"that  wlieii  the  tidal  undulat'on  ]>asses  opprjsite  the  ancient  caiiital,  it 
partakes  already  much  mor''ortlie  nature  of  a  wav(M)f  translation  (lian 
of  that  of  oscillation,  considering  that  on  an  average  al)out  ten  eleven  tiis 
of  its  total  amplitude  are  above  the  level  which  tlie  river  would  assume 
if  abstracted  from  ridal  inlluence,  o^-  say  the  level  of  the  tidcle.>s  river, 
and  only  one-elev«'nth  below  it.'" 

Mr.  Steckel's  datum  is  1,11  feet  below  that  of  the  Pniiecl  States  Lake 
Survey  as  used  in  these  investigations  and  r».."i2  feet  below  mean  tide 
at  New  York  aecoit' 'ng  to  the  lutest  determination  of  the  United  iritates 
Coast  and  Ceodotic  ourvey. 

'Report  Mississijipl  Kivor  Commission,  ISKi. 

''  lU'jtnrt  Coast  and  '  looilftic  Snrvi\\ ,  1S87,  Appondix  Jl. 

•'Roporl  Chit'Cor  l';nKin<'<'!'s,  ('nit^'d  Slatt's  Army,  iS'tt,  pafj" -'Till  ot  sou. 

'AiiiM.il  report  ol  Iho  iiiijijsttu- "f  piililic  works,  Camda,  18i,tO-',U. 


84 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


The  following  record  of  the  tides  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Iviver  is  taken 
from  a  report  by  Mr.  It.  Steckel,  engineer  in  charge  of  geodetic  level- 
ing, and  published  inlleport  of  the  Minister  of  Tublic  Works,  Canada, 
181)0-91 .  Two  series  are  given :  Daring  a  low-water  season,  October  lli 
to  November  10,  .1887,  and  during  a  high- water  season.  May  4  to  June 


3,  1888. 


The  average  depth  of  water  on  miter  sill  of  old  Lock  No.  1  at  Mon- 
treal during  the  tidal  observations  of  188 7-S8  at  (Quebec  was  as  follows: 


October,  1887. 
May,  1K88  .... 


Loto-waler  ncasoti. 


Mile.s. 


0 

i:!.  5 
,17. 5 
48.8 
,fi4 
01.8 
60 
80.8 


Station, 


Moiin  tulu 

!lllO\  i«  St. 

l.iiwrencu 

(latum. 


(Jueljoc,  Lnvia  Crraving  Dock  . 

St.  Nidi  Ilia  s 

I'oiutc  riiiton 

Groiidint's 

SI.  .fisaii  Ues  t'liaillons 

Batiscan . 


L'liaiiii>laiii  — 
Threo  KiviTH  , 


Feet. 

0.987 

7.474 

9.  5;i9 

11.85,'') 

i;t.2Ul 

1,5.  149 

16.  (191 


^loan  tide 

abovo  iiiiian 

lido  at  Now 

YoiU. 


Ffct. 
2. 546 
:t.  033 
5.098 
7.414 
8.  760 
10.  708 

il.nso 


Aloaii  am- 
iditude. 


13.  877 

13.413 

1 1  706 

7.  499 

.5,  333 

2.  532 

1.887 

0.  ,50-1,  20 


Iligh-waler  season. 


iles. 

1 
0 

13,5 

37,5 

48.8 

54.  0 

61.8 

69,0 

80.8 

Station. 


Qnobpr,  Levis  Grarlng  Dock. 

St,  Nit.li<.la.s 

Pointo  riatoii 

Grondiiie.s 

St,  Joan  Do.s  Cbailloiis 

Hat is<  an 

Olianiplain 

Throe  K' vers 


Mean  tido 

ISI 

oan  tido 

al)ovt<  SI. 

ab 

)vo  nil  an 

Moan  am- 

Lawronco 

till 

0  at  New 

plitude. 

datum. 

York. 

Feet. 

Feel. 

Feet. 

8,955 

4.514 

13. 279 

10.352 

5.911 

12,  766 

13,688 

9.  247 

10.  438 

18.13(1 

13.589 

4.753 

19,  900 

15.459 

2.980 

22,  529 

18.(188 

1,  275 

23.  750 

19.  :io9 

.900 
0, 15-0, 58 

_, 

...^_ 



T| 

belt 
on  H 
plaij 
and 
A 
at  \i 
for  i| 


mg 


Maximum  amplittido  at  Quebec:  Foot, 

Low-\vat!»r  snason 17,  f)H8 

Higli-wiitor  NOiison It;,  111 

Miniiimiii  aniitlitiulo  at  Quebec: 

Low- water  .season 10,  !»!!l 

J  Fifjb-wator  season 10,  751i 

These  results  (excepting  that  at  Three  liivers)  are  deduced  from 
observations  of  114  tides,  57  during  the  low-water  season,  and  57  dur- 
ing high  water.  Tlie  results  have  been  corrected  for  diurnal  inetiuali- 
ties.  A  comparison  of  the  tides  at  Quebec  and  those  at  Albany  is  given 
in  Tart  1. 


II         \ 


•et. 

13. 279 

12.  7fi6 

10. 438 

4.753 

2.980 

1.  275 

.900 

-0. 58 

'I'Ot. 

,(;s8 

,111 

,  !llf) 

,752 

oin 

Ml'- 

laii- 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


KATTLT   HTK.    MARIE. 


m 


The  plane  of  reference  at  Sault  Sic.  Marie  has  heeu  reduced  0.58  foot 
below  that  heretofore  in  use  for  reasons  described  in  full  in  the  paper 
on  "Water  levels  for  the  Great  Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  liiver."  This 
plane  was  orijifinally  established  by  the  Lake  Survey  by  water  levels 
and  assumed  tlie  St.  Mary's  liiver  above  the  canal  to  be  without  slope. 

A  line  of  jirecise  levels  had  been  carried  from  the  canal  to  a  fi'auge 
at  Waiska  Bay  at  the  head  of  the  St.  Maiys  IMver,  and  the  gaii}>eread 
for  ninety-six  consecutive  days  in  1802.  The  averaj;e  of  these  rcadiuj^s 
was  compared  with  the  averajje  for  the  same  ])eriod  at  Marquette. 
Thus  by  means  of  the  water  line  and  precise  levels  a  complete  connec- 
tion was  made  between  the  beiudi  mark  at  Marquette  and  the  hench 
mark  on  the  coping  of  the  lock  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  and  it  was  found 
that  the  latter  bench  mark  had  been  taken  0.5S  foot  too  high. 

In  regard  to  this  determination  the  following  extract  is  from  a  letter 
by  Lieut.  J.  B.  (Javanaugh,  lTnite<l  States  engineer  oflice,  Detroit,  under 
date  of  August  10,  1800:  "I  have  to  say  that  a  thorough  investigation 
has  convinced  me  that  your  conclusions  in  reference  to  the  matter  are 
correct." 

CHICAGO    CITY   BATUMI. 

This  is  of  special  interest  as  being  the  "low  water  of  1847,''  so  often 
referred  to  as  a  reference  plane  in  place  of  the  high  Mater  of  1838. 
This  plane  was  established  by  the  trustees  of  the  Illinois  and  ^lichigan 
Canal  (opened  in  1848)  by  a  bench  mark  on  the  entrance  lock  at  Bridge- 
port where  the  (uinal  Joined  the  Chicago  Biver  in  the  southwest  portion 
of  the  ])resent  city  of  Chicago.  Mr.  Horace  ]\I.  Singer,  who  was  on  the 
engineering  statfof  the  canal  during  its  construction,  from  18;i6  to  3848, 
and  wassubsecjuently  superintendent  of  rei)airs,  states  that  canal  da<^um 
was  in  reality  est.'iblished  in  18;}(),  when  construction  was  begun,  and 
that  the  relation  of  this  datum  to  the  "low  Avater  of  1847"  is  merely  a 
coincidence.  This  bench  mark,  however,  was  the  origin  of  all  bench 
marks  for  the  city  of  Chicago,  it  was  destroyed  in  1882,  but  previous 
thereto  its  elevation  was  transferred  to  the  (;anal  collector's  oflice  and 
to  two  auxiliai'y  benches,  one  at  the  West  Side  Pumping  Works  and 
the  other  at  the  canal  i)umping  station. 

The  sanitary  district  i»recise  levels  start  with  the  bench  mark  on  the 
canal  collector's  ollice  and  extend  down  the  Illinois  Valley  for  HO  miles. 
When  this  was  adopted  in  1800-01,  it  checked  with  the  bench  mark  at 
the  West  Side  I'umping  Works  within  0.00.')  foot  and  with  canal  pumi>- 
ing  works  within  0.019  %)t.  The  latter  has  doubtless  suffered  some 
settlement  owing  to  the  green  masonry  on  which  it  was  originally 
taken.  This  plane  may  therefore  be  considered  as  the  original  canal 
datum. 

Th(^  bench  marks  generally  about  Chicago  are  subject  to  many  dis- 
crepancies, due  in  ])ait  to  the  unstable  substrata  of  the  city.  Other 
than  those  above  described,  the  most  reliable  are  the  group  at  the  lake 
shore,  at  and  near  the  Chicago  Avenue  Bumping  Station,  which  have 
been  checked  on  the  bench  mark  on  shaft  of  tlie  crib,  2  miles  from 
shore,  by  water  levels  determined  by  hook  gauges  through  the  water 
tunnels.  Originally  the  crib  bench  was  carried  from  the  shore  by 
s|)irit  levels  tlu-ough  the  tunnel.  The  elevation  was  not  checked  from 
the  West  Side  I'umping  Works  by  hook  gauges  in  1878,  as  was  done 
between  the  shore  and  the  crib. 


_^j 


I 


:ii 


80 


KEPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


The  bench  marks  jit  tlic,  Chicaft'o  Avenue  I'umping'  Station  were  nsed 
by  tlie  Mississi])))!  I'iver  ( 'oniiiiissiou  in  their  bnc^  of  ])reci.se  levels  as 
tbo  deteiinination  of  city  datum  and  in  comparison  witli  JMilwaukoo 
for  a  connection  with  the  plane  of  the  Lake  Survey.  In  this  compari- 
son the  gauge  readings  as  taken  inside  tbo  cril)  were  given  a  constant 
correction  due  to  the  iniinx  of  watci' tbrougb  tbe  ports.  This  correc- 
tion is,  however,  very  uncertain,  owing  to  tbe  variation  in  tbe  volume 
of  water  pumped  at  different  bours  of  tbe  (lay  and  on  dilferentdays  of 
tbe  week.  Tbe  comparison  berein  made  (see  Tart  1)  is  free  Iroiii  tbe 
above  error  and  is  to  be  taken  as  a  more  reliable  (b'ternn'nation. 

Jt  ap])ears  from  tliis  comparison  (see  Water  Levels,  etc.)  tbatCliicago 
datum,  or  "low  water  of  1817,"  corresjwnds  to  tlio  mean  of  eiglit 
montbs,  April  to  Novend)er,  inclusive,  of  1817,  as  observed  by  Dr.  I. 
A.  La])ban)  at  Milwaukee. 

Tlie  precise  levels  of  tbe  sanitary  district  of  189()-!)1  develops  a  <lis- 
crepancy  between  tbe  datum  of  tbe  sanitary  distri(!t  as  a<lo])ted  from 
tbe  original  benches  and  Cbicago  datum  as  used  at  tbe  crib  and  tbe 
Cbicago  Avenue  Pumping  StJition  and  as  ado])ted  in  tbe  levels  of  tbe 
j\Iississippi  Kiver  Commission.  Tbis  discrepancy  at  bench  mark  No. 
09,  used  in  setting  the.  I'nited  States  engineers'  gauge  and  in  tbe  iNIil- 
waukee  comparisons,  is  0.018  foot.  Tbe  nu'an  discrepanciy  in  eight 
beiuib  marks  common  to  the  two  lines  is  0.010  foot. 

As  the  precise  line  of  tbe  sanitary  district  checked  back  on  tbe  orig- 
inal bench  nuirk  within  0.011  foot,  tbis  discrepancy  (witbin  allowable 
limits  on  precise  levels)  can  not  be  ascribed  to  tbe  leveling  of  1800-91. 
Sanitary  district  datum  aiul  original  city  datum  is,  tberefore,  to  be 
taken  as  (KOIS  foot  lower  than  the  value  beretofore  used  by  tbe  Missis- 
sippi Kiver  Commission  and  by  tbe  United  States  engineers  in  harbor 
imjnovement,  and  as  used  in  tlie  comparisons  made  in  the  work  of  tbis 
Commission. 

Tbe  matter  lias  been  deemed  worthy  of  extended  comment  on  account 
of  tb<^  new  outlet  proposed  by  tbe  works  of  tbe  sanitary  district  and 
further  extension  of  a  line  of  precise  levels  tbrougb  the  Illinois  Valley. 

WELLANl)   CANAL. 

The  miter  sills  and  coping  of  tbe  entrance  locks  of  the  Welland  Canal 
are  referred  to  mean  level  ol'  Lakes  lOrie  and  Ontario  for  tbe  years  1800- 
1875.  Tbe  following  infornmtion  is  furnisbcd  by  IMr.  Tliomas  Monro, 
engineer  Soulanges  Canal,  who  was  for  many  years  ui)on  tbe  work  ot 
enlarging  tbe  Wellau<l  Canal: 

Feet. 
Miter  sill,  old  lock,  Port  Dalhonsie,  hclo^r  inenn  lov<'l  Lako  Ontario,  1860-1875.  13.  49 
("opiiii;-.  old  lock,  Port  Dalhonsie,  ahovo  inoau  level  Lake  Ontario,  1860-1875. . .   11.  11: 

Miter  Hill,  old  lock.  Port  Colhoriif,  lielow  mean  level  Lake  Krie,  18(;()-1875 1-'.  23 

Coi)iiij>',  old  lock,  Port  Coll)orii(>,  aboV(>  nican  level  l-ake  Krie,  1860-1875 8.  15 

Datinu  oC  Wei  land  Canal  survey  above  mean  surface,  of  Lake  ( )ntaiio,  1860-1875.     0.  05 

The  elevations  of  tbe  mean  level  of  Lakes  Krie  and  Ontario  for  tbe 
years  18(10-1875  are  as  follows: 

Fcot. 

Lake  Ontario , 216.  (il 

Lake  Erie 572.86 

The  elevations  of  tbe  new  miter  sills  at  tbe  entrance  locks  are: 

Foi't. 

Lock  No.  1,  Port  Dalhonsie  246. 61  —  (13.40  -f  2.02) 230.  20 

l'',n trance  lock,  i'ort  ( 'oil torn e 557.  61! 

Datum  of  Welland  Canal  survey  is  (246.61  -j-  0.05) 24f',(iti 


Tb 

minal 
bcncl 


Tlul 
at  tb( 
neersl 
ThomI 


Ml 


.Tiinii.iryl 

Febrim'ti 

Mmvli 

Ai)ril . 

Miiy.. 

.fio'io  ... 

.Inly.... 

All^illHt  . 

.SeptiniilK 
Octdlicr. 

NllVIMIliiC 

Ucceinbi'i 
M( 


Part 


KEPOUT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMIHSION. 


87 


These  elevations  :ne  all  based  on  United  Stales  liai<e  Survey  deter- 
mination of  llencli  Maik  l>,or  zero  of  yaiijic  at  I'ort  Dallionsie,  and  of 
beueli  niarlc  on  eustoin-house  at  INtrt  Colborne. 


lal 
lo- 
re, 
ot 

■I. 
ly 
u 
2'^ 

.15 

,  ().-) 
lie 


8(i 


It'll) 


]ClN(iSTON   (lAU(iK    (COMPARISON. 

The  following  comparison  is  made  to  establish  the  zero  of  the  j;aufje 
at  the  Kinjiston  diy  dock  relatixe  to  the  zero  of  United  States  enyi- 
neers' gauj^e  at  ()s\vej;<).  Tiie  record  at  Kingston  is  furnished  by  Mr. 
Thomas  Alouro,  engineer  Soulauges  Canal. 


Mouth. 


Jiinnary 

FebniaVy 

March 

April 

May 

.IllllO 

July 

Aiiy:iiHt 

Si'iitoniher 

Octolpcr 

Niivcinhur 

Uecemher 

Mian 

DiH'ereiico 


1891. 


1892. 


189;!. 


1894. 


Oswego.  Kingston.  Oswoffo.   Kiii^islon.  Oswcijo.    Kiii;;sli)n.  Oswchk.    Kiiii;Htou. 


Fi'vt. 
'J.  07  \ 
•l.X\  ' 

•1.  87  j 

;i.  i:t  I 

2.7!   I 
•.>.-i:t  i 

1.911    : 

1.50 
.9'J 

.29 


IWI. 
1.2:1 

1  ;;o 

1.8l> 
•J.  M) 
2.  1:1 
1.91 
1.7'. 


.  ;t2 
.  911 
.17 
.19 


IWt. 

(I.  ao 

.  M) 
.19 
1.07 

1.  1;! 
1.09 

2.  20 
2.12 
1.92 
1.48 
1.21 
1.08 


.00 


1.24 


1.  2ti 


0.70 


Fi'ct. 

-  0.  02 

.12 

--  .  07 

.02 

.28 

.84 

1.47 

l.:!!l 

1.  1:1 

.02 

.40 

.27 


(».  .'■)4 


0.72 


r,rt.      I 
0.7.'. 
.04 

I   12  1 
1.87  I 
3.0:! 
I!.  2r. 

2.  99 
2.  45 
2.  18 
l.«0 
1.25 
1.10 


Fat.     I 

0.  10  I 

.20  I 

.28 

.01 

l.fiU  I 

2.  ;i4 

2.20  I 
t.Ot  I 

i.:to 
1. 10  I 

.85 

.;w 


1.44 

1.02 
1.92 
1.97 
2.  1.'. 

2. 1)8 
2.  48 
1.90 

i.:;9 

I.  14 
.81 
.40 


ft. 

(i.4:t 
.07 

1.00 
1.28 

i.:i8 

1.77 

l.UO 

1.17 

.59 

.  :i5 

.14 

-.25 


1.80 


1.  05 


1.00 


0.85 


0.81 


0.81 


Mean  ol'  the  four  years,  0.77  It. 

As  the  elevation  of  the  zero  of  the  Oswego  gauges  is  244.21  feet,  the 
elevation  of  the  zero  of  the  Kingston  gauge  is  244.21  +  0.77,  or  244.98 
feet. 

Part  III. — Notable   Elevations — Planes   of  Kefekence  and 

Bench  Marks. 

The  following  elevations  have  been  used  in  the  work  of  the  Commis- 
sion, and  are  assembled  for  convenient  reference,  as  they  are  the  i)rin- 
cipal  planes  for  reference  in  considering  questions  pertaining  to  the 
Great  Lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Hudson  rivers. 

The  plane  to  which  all  elevations  are  referred  is  tiiat  adopted  by  the 
Lake  Survey,  and  corresponds  to  an  elevation  of  14.73  feet  above  mean 
tideatNew  York  forthebench  mark  on  the  gristmill  at(lrcenbush,N.  Y. 

This  plane  is  l.OS  feet  above  average  sea  level  at  New  York,  by  the 
last  determination  of  the  Greenbush  bench  mark  by  the,  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey,  1.03  feet  above  averages  Gulf  level  (preliminary 
value)  as  determined  at  Chicago  from  the  level  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver 
Commission,  and  0.89  foot  above  mean  Gulf  level  as  determined  at 
Duluth. 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


LAKK  Sni'KltlOU. 


Stanilard  Invr  wnter 

Slaixlnril  hi{,'li  wiittT  (I-aku  Survey  iilaiio  of  rd'ort'iiuo  I'oi'  watrr  IovcIb) 

Mj'Uii  liiko  level,  1H(1()-I«i(5 ." 

Mean  lako  level,  1871-lHi),'-. 

I'lano  (if  roleience  lor  harbor  iiiiitrovoiiiontB;  low-wator  (latum,  25.5;i  feet  bulow  lieiich 

mark  No.  1  at  Uuliitli 

Diiliilli  and  Superior  City  datum  (same  us  low-water  datum) 

lieneli  marks: 

No.  ].  Dululli  (by  Lake  Survey  lovelw) 

Js'o.  I.  M  arq  net  t(3  (1871),  southeast  eorner  of  the  ti)i>  of  the  foundation  stone  of  (r  race 

fmiuieti 

No.  2.  Mari|Ui  Mo  (1874),  (TOMS  on  the  window  Hill  of  llie  Man|uette  eity  wattTwork.s, 
north  side  cei  ter  window,  west  .side  of  building '. 


Klevation. 


Feet. 

000.  09 
U04  70 
(iOl.r.'.t 
(iUl.  57 

001.  m 

001.  I'J 
C'JO.  72 
r.0!».  93 
60«.  43 


ST.  MARYS  RIVEK. 

Standard  low  water: 

Above  the  lock. s 

Ilelow  the  locks 

Mean  surface,  1K71-18'J5: 

Above  tim  locks 

Held \v  t  h(^  locks 

Standard  liiKh  water: 

Above  the  locks 

Iiclow  the  locks 

I'lane  of  reference  for  water  levels: 

Above  the  locks 

Melow  the  locks 

ITiiiled  States  eamil  datum  (120  feet  below  bench  mark  2  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie) 

I'lane  of  reference  for  I'nited  Slates  Channel  Imitrovements,  .selected  so  as  to  };ivo  20  or 
21  Icet  uavij^alion  at  a  mean  stajje  of  water: 

20  feet  in  May  Iiak(!  Channel,  water  at  the  locks 

21  feet  in  chuunel  improvements,  water  above  locks 


fiOO.  O) 
581. 08 

(iOO.  05 
583.  27 

004. 18 
580.  71 

604.18 
-0.58 
485. 20 


583.  79 
001.29 


ST.  MARY'S    CANAL. 


American  lock,  1881 
American  lock,  1897 
Canadian  lock,  1895 


Upper 
sill. 


Feet. 
.')H3. 116 
677.  79 
576.  54 


Lower 

sill. 

Feet, 
rm.  90 
501. 42 
561.37 


I'latfonn. 

Fei't. 
507.  40 
511.79 


Floor. 


Feel. 
505. 79 
500. 29 
561.54 


Benchmarks:  Feet. 

No.  1.  Sault  Sto.  Marie  (1807),  a  cross  on  stone  near  Indian  ajrency 588.02 

No.  2.  Saull  Ste.  !Marie,  on  the  coping  of  the  south  wall  of  the  ^nard  gates  of  St.  Marys 

Canal 005.29 

The  coping  of  the  Oiinadiau  lock  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  American 
lock,  viz,  005.139  feet. 

LAKES  AIIdlKiAN  AND  IIUKON. 


Standard  low  wat/^r 

Staiulard  high  water  (Lake  Survey  plane  of  reforonco  for  water  levels;  observed  high 

water  of  1838) .' 

Mean  lake  level: 

1800-1H75  

1 800-1 H95 , 

1871-1895  

I'lane  of  reference  for  Harbor  Improvements : 

For  Chicago  and  Calumet  (iilaiui  1  foot  above  Chicago  city  datum) 

Harbor.s  on  west  side  of  lake  (plane  4  feet  ladow  hinh  water,  183K)  

Harbors  on  east  side  of  lake  (plane  3.00  feet  below  high  water  1838,  or  mean  lake 
level,  18(iO-1875) 

Chicago  city  datum  (low  water  of  1847;  see  I'art  II) , 

Illinois  and  Mioliigau  Canal,  and  Chicago  Sanitary  and  Ship  Canal  datum.  (See 
Part  II) ■ 

Milwaukee  city  datum  (low  water  of  March,  1836) 

Bench  marks: 

United  States  bench  mark  No.  99,  Chicago  (11.022  above  Chicago  city  datum) 

Bench  mark  No.  1,  on  Dr.  I.  A.  Lapham  s  bouse  at  Milwaukee  (now  destroyed) 

Bench  mark  No.  5  (1870),  Kilbourn  gristmill.  Milwaukee 

Bench  niaik  No.  2  (1H75),  cross  on  stone  at  Lakepoit,  T,ak(\  Huron 

Bench  mark  No.  1  (1H74).  at  Escanaba,  Lakt^  .Michigan 

Bench  mark  (1873)  at  I'ort  Austin,  Lake  Huron 


Elevation. 


Feet. 
579. 00 

581. 34 

581.28 
581.  20 
581.  20 

580.  00 
580.  34 

581.28 
579.  00 

579.  55 
580. 34 

591.22 
5!)2.  07 
590.  19 
590.  86 
593.01 
590. 53 


rhiil 

21  feef 
The 
The 
ia  obtii 
(leten 


f 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION.  89 

ST.  CLAIU  UIVEK. 

Piano  of  reference  for  channel  improvements,  selected  so  as  to  give 
21  feet  in  channel  at  foot  of  Lake  Ilnron. 

The  correspondinj--  stage  in  Lake  Huron  is  581.17  feet. 

The  standard  high  and  low  water  of  the  St.  Clair  \l\\vv  at  Port  Huron 
is  obtained  by  deducting  1.33  feet  (estimated  value)  from  tlie  elevations 
determined  for  Lake  lluron. 

LAKK  ST.  CLAIR. 


Stnmlard  low  wator  (drrtiirprt  from  T)ptroit  Rivor) 

Stniulanl  high  water  (drduccil  t'rmii  Detroit  River) 

Mean  hlkl^  level,  1H71-18K5  {dtuluoed  from  Helroit  River) 

Plane  of  reference  for  channel  iniprovenientH  corrreHpomlH  to  a  stage  of  water  in  Lake 
St.  Clair  at  au  ulevatiuu  uf 


DETROIT  RIVKR. 


Standard  low  water  (foot  of  Mount  KUiott  avenue,  Detroit) 

High  water  (Lake  Survey  i)lane  of  reference  for  water  levels) 

Mean  level,  IStK)  1895  (loot  Mount  Elliott  avenue)  deduced  from  Lake  Krie 

Mean  level,  1871-1895  (fool  Mount  Elliott  aveuue)  deduc<'d  from  Lake  Erie 

riano  of  reference  for  channel  improvumeutB  is  the  equivalent  of  water  levels  in  Lake 
Erie  at  the  following  elevations : 

Limekiln  Crossing,  20  feet  depth  (Lake  Erie  surface) 

Aloulh  of  river,  21  feet  depth  (Lake  Erie  surface) , 

Bench  marks: 

United  States  honch  mark,  Detroit,  1871,  at  Detroit,  on  new  light-bouse  depot 

United  States  bench  mark,  Detroit  Junction  (1877),  Detroit,  on  Michigan  Central 
Railroad  shop 

Detroit  city  datum 


LAKE  ERIE. 


Standard  low  water 

Standard  high  water  (Lake  Survey  plane  of  reference  for  water  levels) 

Mean  lake  level : 

1860-1875  

1860-1895 , 

1871-1895  

riaue  of  reference  for  harbor  improvements,  mean  lake  level,  1860-1875 , 

Cleveland  city  datum  (observed  high  water  of  1838) 

"Wolland  Canal,  upper  mit«ir  sill,  entrance  lock.  Port  Colborue , 

Erie  C/'anal,  upper  miter  sill,  guard  lock.  Black  Rock 

Beuch  marks : 

B('nch  mark  2  (1875),  at  Gibraltar,  on  doorsill  of  ligbt-house 

Bench  mark  on  custom-house  (1875),  stone  foundation  of  cuHtom-bouse,  Port  Colborue 

Bench  mark  at  Hud'ah),  on  light-house 

IVmicIi  mark  at  Cleveland,  on  top  ot  wall  of  Ohio  Canal, lock  at  juuctiou  canal  and 
river 

Benchmark  1  (1873),  Erie,  Pa.,  ou  top  of  stone  post 


Elevation. 


Feet. 

571.  20 
r7H.  M 
575. 75 

575.  U 


573.  84 
577.  d'i 
■575.  4-J 
575.  34 


57'J.  (18 
572.  58 

584.78 
59:'  68 

480.  30 


571. 35 
375. 20 

572. 86 
572.  88 
572.  7i» 
572. 80 
57.").  20 
557. 03 
560.  06 

584.  97 
584.64 
589.  81 

581.  !,0 
575.  60 


NIAGARA  RIVER. 


20 


;i4 


28 
iO 


Plane  of  reference  for  channel  and  harbor  improvements  below  Ship- 
lock  at  Black  Hock  is  taken  as  1.04  feet  above  standard  low  water  as 
estimated  for  the  Niagara  lliver,  and  is  the  equivalent  of  mettu  water 
(1800-1875)  for  Lake  Erie. 


.i* 


'W. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


,    /.Q 


4^0 


1.0 


I.I 


l^|2£    125 

■so  ■^~     III^H 

Ui  Uii   12.2 

lu   ...      MB 

ui 

lU 

i!S 

U 


140 


12.0 


R  i'-^  ii^ 

< 

6" 

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WCBSTH.N.Y.  USSO 

(716)  •72-4503 


90  REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

I.AKK  ONTAUIO. 


Stniiilnni  "low  water 

StaiKlai'il  liifili  watiT  (mean  (or  May.  1870) 

Lakf  Survey  iilaiic,  of  rcl'crencti  Cor  water  Icvt'ls: 
Mraii  lake  level — 

1«(JU  187r> 

IHliO  IHltS 

iHTi-iH'.ir) 

Plane  of  refereiiee,  I'liited  States  harbor  iniprovumenta,  the  zero  of  eugineer's  gauso  ut 

Oswe 
I'liiiie 
liur  ( 
D.iliiii 
l.iiwer 
Lower 
r.inver 
I'leiieli 

lie 

l!e 

He 

lie 


Elevation. 


of  refereiiee  for  Cauadian  harbor  improvcinuiitH,  tak<m  as  tliu  zero  of  Toronto  bar- 

•oiiimisMioiiers'  jtaiijso  (hoo  water  levels  for  the  (Jreii'^  Lakes,  etc.)  a 

I  used  ill  Wetland  ( 'anal  eonstruction.  13.54  feet  on  miter  sill,  old  lock,  I'ortJ>alliousie. 
•  miter  sill.  Lock  18,  Krio  (,'aiinl  at  0»wej;o 

iiiiter  Bill,  entraiieo  lock,  Well.ind  (Janal  nt  Port  Ualhousie 

Ill il(-r  sill,  entraiieo  loek,  Uideaii  Canal,  Kingston  (approximate) 

liiark.s: 

neli  mark  A,  Oswojio 

neli  mark  at  Charlotte,  on  liglithuuse 

iieli  mark  J5,  Port  Ualhousie,  name  as  zero  of  gauge 

mil  mark  1  (1874/   Sacketts  Harbor,  N,  Y 


Feet. 
244. 53 
■J49,  U4 


240. 01 
240,  48 
24»J,  20 

244.  21 

24.S,  40 
240. 00 
237.  07 
230. 20 
237. 81 

251.90 
283.  23 
2..8,  05 

252. 02 


II  III  a  letter  dated  September  2,  1890.  Mr.  Thomas  Monro  gives  the  elevation  of  the  zero  of  this  gauge 
a.M  LM5.:iO  deduced  from  a  eomparisuii  of  sixteen  years,  1800-1875. 


ST.  LAWKKNCK  UIVKli. 


Stniuliiid  low  and  high  water  and  the  miter  sills  for  the  several  points 
between  Lakes  Ontario  and  INlontreal  are  ;i8  foHows: 


Ogdonsbnrg,  N.  Y 

(■alojis  ('anal: 

Oldlotk'27 

Old  loek'J5 

Kajiide  I'lat  Canal: 

Old  lork  '-'4 

Oldli.ek  23. 

FariMiis  Point  Canal,  old  lock  '.'2 

Cornwall  ('anal: 

Old  lock  21 

New  lock  15 

Vallevlield,  Province  of  (j)uebec,  lock  14 . 

Meloeheville,  hiek  0 

Laeliiiie,  old  lock  f' 

Montreal,  old  lock  1 


Standard 

low 

water. 


Vert. 
244.  28 

243.  40 
228.01  I 

•224.51  I 
212.81 
201.72  I 

201. 13  I 

183.00  i 

153.50 

70.00  i 

07. 80  i 

'J3. 10  i 


.Standard 

high 

water. 


Feet. 
•248. 57 

247. 82 
234. 10 


218. 40 
204.  00 


157,  28 
155, 04 


35,78 


Plane  of 
reference. 


Feet, 
a  '245. 33 

ft  235. 15 
b  218. 52 

6  217.33 
6  •205, 82 
b  193, 77 

6192,53 

b  139,  28 

b  142.  52 

f»00.83 

b  58,  30 

6  7,10 


a  Zero  of  gauge,  h  Miter  sill. 

The  standard  planes  are  also  referred  to  the  tbllowinff  points: 


PI 

bnrg 
245.; 

PI 
sills 

P 
the 
Locli 

P 
R.  S 

Low 
Zero 


Lake  Ontario,  Kingston,  sill  of  tiraviiig  Dock 

( ialops  Canal,  iipiier  eiitraiiee,  new  sill 

Kapide  Plat  Canal  t 

Upjier  eiit  rniii'o,  new  sill 

Lower  ent ranee,  new  sill 

Cornwall  Canal,  upper  entrance,  new  sill 

Sonlanges  Canal : 

I'pper  eiil ranee,  new  sill 

Lower  entranee,  new  sill 

Lnchine  vJaiial,  upper  entrance,  new  sill 


Keading, 

standard    Plane  of 

low       reference. 

water. 


IS,  33 
14,75 

16.18 
15,03 
15. 02 

10,18 
10,  18 
14.40 


2'29,  20 
228.71 

209.  fa 
100.  88 
188,11 

137,  32 
63,  82 
63.34 


K.  5:1 

:i9.  28 

r>.  52 

GO.  83 

5S.  ;m 

i7.10 

■of 
'life. 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


91 


Plane  ofreference  for  chaunel  and  harbor  improvenuMits  near  Ofjdena- 
bnrg  is  taken  as  the  zero  of  the  Ogdeusburg;  gaujie.  The  elevation  is 
245.33  feet. 

Plane  of  reference  from  Ogdensbnrg  to  Montreal  is  taken  a.s  the  miter 
sills  of  the  several  locks. 

Plane  of  reference  nsed  by  the  harbor  conunissioners  at  Montreal  is 
the  water  surface  having  a  depth  of  10.33  feet  on  the  miter  sill  of  old 
Lock  No.  1. 

Plane  of  reference  or  low  water  at  (Quebec  has  been  det«!iniined  by  Mr. 

E.  Steckel,  C.  E.,  and  the  following  elevations  are  given: 

i-'ft-t. 

Low  water —  fi.  1 1 

Zero  of  harbor  ('oiuinissiuners'  gaujje  at  Levis  Oraviny  dock ~  13. 00 

.  LAKK  C'l£  AM  PLAIN. 


Standard  low  water 

Standard  lii||;h  water  (May  4,  1809) 

Mean  liiko  level  (1871-189.^) 

Mean  lake  level  (1871-1882),  by  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey 

Plane  of  reference  of  harbor  iuiprovemcntH ;  low  water  taken  an  tlio  y.eru  of  the  engineer's 
gauge  at  Fort  Montgomery 

LAKE  tmAMPLAIN  AND  KICHELIEU  KIVER. 

International  benrli  mark  on  Chapniaii  B'ork,  Honnon  Point 

Lower  miter  Bill,  Lock  No.  23,  Champlain  Canal  (Coast  and  (ieiKletic  Survey)  at  Whit.' 

hall : : 

I'pper  miter  Hill,  Lock  No.  1,  Chanibly  Canal 

Coping,  Loek  No.  1,  (niainbly  Canal 

Lower  miter  sill,  Lock  No.  9^  Cbambly  Canal  at  Chanibly  Kasin 

Ijower  miter  sill  of  St .  Ours  Lock,  Kielielieit  J{i ver " 

(.'oping,  St.  Ours  Lock,  Kicheliuu  River 

HFTDSON  RIVEK. 

Standard  low  water,  mean  low  tide,  Albany  basin 

Erie  Canal  datum,  mean  low  water 

Miter  gill  of  Lock  No.  1  at  Albany 

Reuch  mark  on  gristmill  at  Ureenbush,  N.  Y 


Elevation. 


Fivt. 

i>5.  (13 

103.  7H 

(•".  20 

97.17 

1)4.53 


110.06 

85.  02 
H7.  41 
102.  t!i 
111.  .->8 
8.  22 
33.  tiS 


1.30 

1.30 

-0.  14.-. 

14.  7M 


Part  I  V.~Keference   Planes  and   Depths  for 

Channel  Improvements. 


UAUBoK    AND 


The  following  notes  give  the  i)lanes  of  reference  to  which  tle]»ths  are 
referred  in  the  improvements  of  the  harbors  and  channels  of  the  (ireat 
Lakes,  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  TTiidson  rivers;  the  tlcpths  ni'  the 
several  harbors  and  eluannels  below  these  reference  planes,  and  also 
the  depths  referred  to  standard  low  water. 

Tlie  relative  dejith  available  in  harbors  and  channels  is  properly 
exinessed  at  standard  low  water,  as  this  is  so  tlediiced  as  to  Inive  an 
ecpiivalent  value  for  all  the  bodies  of  water  considered. 

It  will  be  seen  that  there  are  diverse  jilanes  of  reference  in  use,  some 
lakes  having  as  many  as  three,  t)r  a  separale  plane  for  each  harbor 
district,  while  main  8hi|)  channels  are  variously  referred  in  dillerent 
localities. 

These  notes  nrv  made  up  from  the  latest  oflicial  reports.  The  dejiths 
given  have  not  been  secured  in  all  cases,  but  represent  the  adopted 
project  iu  accordance  with  which  wtuk  has  been  or  is  being  <:iiiie<l  on. 


*.? 


li, 


4 


I  I 


^'i 


92 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


LAKE  SUPERIOR. 


Vniled  Slateii  harhom. 

[Piano  of  rofereiice,  low  water  tlatiini,  3.57  foet  ImjIow  Lake  Knrvoy  plaue  of  rnference,  or  assumed 

high  water  of  1838.] 


Diilntll.MiTin. 

Superior  JSiiv,  Minn 

Afato  Hay,  Minn 

(irand  MaraiH,  Minn 

A!4lilanil,  Wis , 

(>ntonai;on,  Mirh 

Kiifilt!  i  I  arbor,  Mich 

M an|MOt t«\  Mi»ih 

(irand  Maraia  (harlior  of  rofiiKe) 

Waterway  from  Keweenaw  IJay  to  J^aku  Suiiuriur,  Mich 


Depth  he- 
low  |dano 
of  refer- 
ence. 


Depth  he- 
low  stand- 
ard low 
water. 


Feet. 
15.50 
15.50 


15.50 

10.50 

11.50 

1».50 

14.50 

15 

15.5 


a  Ample  depth.  fi  Approximate. 

CanaiUan  harbort. 

[Plane  of  reference,  taken  the  same  as  for  the  United  States  harbors.] 


1  ort  Arthur,  Ontario 

Kaiuinit,ti(|uia  River,  Ontario. 


10 
10 


lu.6 
15.5 


LAKES  MICHIGAN  AND  HURON. 

XJnited  Utaiet  harbort. 

[Plane  of  reference,  mean  lake  level  (1800-1875),  3.00  feet  belnw  high  water,  18.18,  as  ubserveil  at 

Milwaukee.] 


Itlack  River,  Port  Huron 

Snnd  Heach  (har)>or  of  refuge) 

(;heboy(;an,  Mich 

Charlevoix,  Mich 

I'Yaukfort,  Mich 

Miinisteo,  Mich 

I.iidin);lon,  Mich 

Pent  water,  M  ich 

White  Lake,  Mich 

M UHkef;on.  Mieh 

Holland,  Mieh 

Saugntuck,  Mich 

Soulli  Haven,  Mich 

St.  Joacidi,  Mich 

<irand  Haven,  Mieh 

Mieliigan  City,  Ind.  (inner  liarbor) 

AljH'na,  Mieh 

Saginaw  Hivcr,  Hay  City,  Mich 

Saginaw  River,  Hay  City  to  Saginaw,  Mich 

Autialile,  Mich 

Petoskcy,  Miuli 

Portage'Lake  (harbor  of  rcfugo),Mich 


[Plane  of  reference,  Milwaukee  city  datum,  or  4  feetlielow  high  water  of  IR38,  an  (dtserved  at  Milwaukee.] 

Milwaukee,  Wis 

RiM'ine,  W;s 

Oreenliny,  Wis 

Mcnoniineo,  W'-in.  and  M  ich 

Shelioygan,  Wis 

Manitowoc.  Wis 

Kenosha,  Wis 

Kewaunee,  Wis 

(;edar  River,  Mieh 

Stiirgc<iii  I'.r.y  and  Lake  Michigan  Canal,  Wis 

Harbor  of  Refugo,  Win 

a  Approximate. 


18 

17.20 

10 

15.  •-•0 

10 

15.20 

10 

15.20 

n 18-14 

17.20-13.20 

(1 18  14 

17. 20-13. 20 

15 

14.20 

14 

1,1.  20 

14 

13. 20 

i;) 

12.20 

a  10 

16.20 

I 


[Plane! 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


93 


15.50 

10.50 

11.50 

1».50 

14.50 

15 

15.5 


LAKES  MICHIGAN  AND  lirRON-Coiitinued. 

I'niled  Statex  harlior.i^Cont'muml. 

[IMaii(«nf  rpfereiir<>,  Milwaukee  city  (latum,  ur  4  feel  Wlow  IiikIi  wuterof  1838,  asobserve<latMihraukco.] 


Manistiqnp,  Mich 

A  linapee.  Win 

T w<»  Kivers,  Wis 

I'ort  Washinutun,  Win 

Waukeean,  111 

I'ensaukee,  Wia 

Oconto,  Wis 


Depth  lie- 
low  plane 
of  refer- 
euce. 


feet. 


12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
10  I 
8 


Deptl  lie. 

low  Hhdld- 

ar<l  lotv 
water. 

Feet. 
11.26 
ll.2(i 
11.20 
11.20 
11.20 
«.  2« 
7.20 


[I'lane  of  reference,  1  foot  above  Chicago  city  datum,  <ir  3.74  feet  below  high  ivater  of  1838,  as  oliBorvetl 

at  Milwaukee.] 


Chicago,  111. 


16 


15 


15. 6 
15. 5 


The  harbor  of  refuge  has  a  deptli  of  from  18  to  32  feet,  the  greatest 
part  of  the  outer  harbor  16  feet,  and  river  entrance  18  feet. 

The  Chicago  River  or  harbor  proper  is  maintained  by  the  city  and 
the  limiting  depth  is  determined  by  the  crown  of  the  three  tunnels, 
which  are  giveu  by  the  assistant  city  engineer  as  follows : 


14.32 
1U.32 
10. 32 
10.32 
10.  32 
13.32 
11.32 
10.  32 
10.  32 
12.32 
10.  32 
10.  32 
10.  32 
14.32 
12.32 
11.32 
14.  32 
12.32 
10.32 
8.32 
10.  «2 
10.32 


ukeo.] 


17.20 
15.  20 
15.20 
15.26 
-13.20 
-13. 20 
14.20 
13. 20 
13.  20 
12.20 
15.20 


Below      '      Uehiw 

plane  of       Htandaril 

reference,    low  water. 


Main  River,  La  Salle  street  at  centner 
South  branch,  Waahing^^n  street. ... 

South  branch.  Van  ISuren  street 

Calumet,  1 11 


Feet. 

Feet. 

18.5 

17.5 

18 

17 

10 

18 

16 

16 

Canadian  harbors. 

(Plane  of  reference,  low  water,  taken  na  equivalent  to  14  feet  on  miter  still  of  Kntrance  Lock  at  Port 
Colborne,  Lake  Erie,  or  0.28  foot  above  standard  low  water.  ] 


Meaford 

I'ort  Albert 

'I'liornbury 

Owen  Sound,  Georgian  Hay 

CollingwotKl,  Georgian  l!uy 

Goderich,  Georgian  Bay 

Clappertoii,  North  (y'liiinucl 

Little  Current,  IJorth  Channel. 

Mt.  Innis  Bank 

Si  luthaiupton 

Kincardine 

Port  Elgin 

Lions  Head 

Midland 

Peuetaugnlahene 

Dyers  Bay 


Depth 

below 

plane  of 

reference. 


Depth 

below 

Hlandard 

low  water. 


Feet. 


14 


Feet. 
13. 72 


14 

10 
10 
IH 
18 
13 
13 


13.72 
15. 72 
15.72 
17.72 
17.72 
12.72 
12.72 


10 
15 


0.72 
14.72 


94 


KEPOUT    UF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION, 

LAKH  EKIB. 

I'nitrd  State*  harbors. 

[Plane  of  referefire,  mean  lake  level  (1860-1875),  (ir  2.34  fool,  below  liiRh  water  1838.] 


Clevoland,  Ohio 

TdUmIo,  Ohio 

SaiKliiskv,  (Hiio 

AHlitiiliii'la,  Ohio 

llunm,  Ohio 

lUiK'k  Kiver.  Ohio 

Knirport,  Olii" 

ConiK'iiut,  Oliio 

I'nit  Clinton,  Ohio  — 

Monroe,  Mich 

\'fniiilliou,  Ohio 

Smitliisky  Kiver,  Ohio 

Ki...  Pa 

Dunkirk.  N.  Y 

Uiillulo,  N.  Y , 


Depth  be-  I  T>epth  be- 
low plane    low  Htand- 


of  refer- 
ence. 


ard  low 
water. 


Feet. 
a  16 
17 
17 
rt20  ' 
al7 
n  18 
re  18-1 5 
n 17-11 
10 
10 
12  , 
0  I 
18 
13 
a  19 


Feet. 

14.49 

15.49 

15.40 

18.49 

15.49 

16.49 

49-13.40 

4»-  9. 40 

8.40 

8.49 

10.49 

7.40 

16.40 

11.40 

17.40 


a  Ap])roxin)ate. 
Canadian  harbors. 

I  PliMU'  of  refereikcc,  low  water,  taken  as  14  feet  on  miter  sill  of  entrance  lock  at  Port  Colbome,  or  0.28 

foot  above  standard  low  water.] 


Kinssville 

Port  Rowan 

Port  Stiinley 

Port  Doveri 

I'oil  Maitland 

iiiiudcau  (harlior  of  refuge). 


12 


11.72 


12 


11.72 


LAKK  ONTAKIO. 

United  Slates  harbors. 

[Plane  of  reference,  extreme  low  water,  taken  as  the  zero  of  engineer's  gauge  at  Oswego,] 


Oswo-.o.  N.  Y 

CharlcUe,  N.  Y 

Sncketts  Hiirbor,  N.  Y. 
Little  Sodus  Hay,  N.  Y 
(ireat  .Sodus  Hay,  N.  Y 
Piiltnevville,  N.  Y 


15.32 
16.32 
10.32 
15.32 
16.32 
10.32 


[Plane  of  refereuce,  mean  lake  level  (probably  from  1860-1875),  or  2.43  feet  below  Lake  Survey  plane 

of  reference.] 


■Wilson,  N.Y 

OliotI,  N.  V 

Oak  Orchard,  N,  Y 


12 
13j 
13 


9.02 
11.42 
11.42 


Canadian  harbors. 

[Plane  of  n-ference,  low  water,  taken  as  zero  of  harbor  commissioner's  gauge  at  Toronto.    Tnia  piano 
may  imt  be  absolutely  correct  for  the  entire  lake,  but  is  taken  as  approximately  correi-t.  | 


Trenton 

Toronto 

K i ii^st on  ti rav ing  Dock 

KingHtiiii 

Hownian  villo 

Ke  wcast  le 

Port  Hope 

N  apancn 

Itellcvillo 

Cobourg  

a  Approximate. 


10 

0.13 

16 

15. 13 

10 

15.13 

oil 

10.13 

14 

13. 13 

14 

1.1. 13 

12 

11.13 

10 

9.13 

11 

10. 13 

12 

U.13 

. 


Feet. 

14.49 

15.49 

15.49 

18.49 

15.49 

16.49 

11.40-13.49 

'>.  4»-  9.  49 

8.49 

8.49 

10.49 

7.49 

16.49 

11.49 

17.48 


11.72 
'ii.'72 


15.32 
16.32 
10.32 
15.32 
16.32 
10.32 


rey  plane 


9.02 

11.42 

11.42 

iiiH  piano 

t.| 

9.13 

15.  i:« 

15. 13 

10.13 

13.13 

11).  13 

11.13 

9.13 

10. 13 

11.13 

REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


95 


LAKK  ON  rAUIO-Coiitiiiiied. 

Canadian  harbors — CoDtiiiuoI. 

[Piano  of  reforoncp,  low  water,  taken  as  /.ore  of  liarhor  coniniis.sinnor'n  rinugo  at  Toronto.    Tliin  plane 
may  nut  he  absolutely  rorrect  fur  the  entim  hike,  but  in  taken  ?..■•  uppruxiMiatoly  rorn><'t.J 


Norl'.iport 

Uath 

Wolfe  Island,  Xwtnl  St.  Luwienco  liiver. 

(ianano<|iie,  St.  Lawrence  Ki vur 

I'ic'lon 

I'ort  Credit 

AVhitl.y 

Hamilton  or  Kurlin^^ton  Bay  Channel... 

Pickering 

Oakville 


Depth  lie- 

Depth  Ito- 

low  plane 

low  Htand- 

»     r.f.r- 

anl  low 

ont'L'. 

water. 

F,H. 

F,rt. 

9 

8.13 

1 

n.  13 

H 

T.n 

ii; 

11.13 

10 

it.  i:t 

10 

it.  13 

I 'J 

li.  i:t 

14 

i:i.  Ill 

11 

10.  i:i 

12 

11.13 

I.AKK  CHAMPLAIN. 

[Plane  of  reference,  extreme  low  water,  taken  a.s  the  zero  of  I'nited  States  Kn^iiueern'  ;;an(;e  at  Kort 

Montgomery.] 


Plattsbnrg,  N.  Y 

Great  Chazy  liiver,  N.  T 

Ticonderoga,  N.  Y 

Burlington,  Vt 

Otter  Creek,  N.  Y 

Narrows  of  Lake  Champlaiu,  New  York  and  Yerniont . 




-    -         -■       - 

8 

8.50 

5 

a.M 

8 

8.50 

H 

8.50 

8 

8.  .SO 

12 

12.50 

CHANNEL  IMPROVEMENTS. 
ST.  MAUYS  KIVER. 


Above  the  locks 

New  Uay  Lake  Channel. 


wio..„*i«n  '  Depth  be-  Depth  be- 

fclexation  ,„,;     |„„„  Uns- Hf.nul- 

reference.  |  ^^^,^  ^^,,„.^ 

Feet.  Feet.  IWI. 

601.29  -11  lit.  76 

683.79  2U  I              17.89 


ST.  CLAIR  UIVKK. 


At  foot  of  Lake  Huron 

Belle  Uiver,  Marino  (Mty,  Mich,  (harbor). 
Pine  Kiver  at  St.  Clair,  Mich,  (harbor)  . . . 


581.17 


21  I  10.43 

10  8.07 

10  8.07 


LAKE  ST,  CLAIK. 


Sliip  channel  and  canal 

Clinton  Kiver,  Mich,  (harbor). 


575. 44 


DETROIT  KIVER. 


Limekiln  Crossing 
At  mouth  of  river  . 


572.  08 
572.  58 


20 
10 


20 
21 


CANADIAN  H.\RB()RS. 
[Plane  of  reference,  same  as  by  the  United  States  at  Limekilns. 


Anderson 

Amherstburg. 


.1. 


12 
16 


18. 82 
8.82 


lit.  27 
19.77 


11.87 
15.27 


NIAGARA  RIVEK. 
[Plane  of  reference,  taken  as  1.04  feet  above  the  estimated  plane  of  standard  low  water.] 


Bntfalo  to  Tonawauda... 
Touawanda  tu  Port  Day. 
Tonawandii  Harbor 


505.  :o 


18  ;  1(1.  U6 

12  I  10.90 

10-18  '  14.!I0  Itl.M 


I 


96  REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION. 

UPPER  ST.  LAWRENCE-. 
(Plane  of  reference  taken  aa  tlie  zero  of  the  OgJcnsburK  gauge.] 


Chnnnel,  Lake  Ontario  to  ()Ki1nnsburg . 

UgdeiiHbiirg  Harbor,  ^N'ew  yl  rk 

Waddington  Ilurbur,  New  York 


Elevation 
of  plane  of 
reference. 


Feet. 


Depth  be- 
low plane 
of  refer- 
once. 


Feet. 
18 

16.5 
12 


Deptli  be- 
low Htaud- 
ard  low 
water. 


Feet. 
10.95 
15.45 
10.95 


CANADIAN  HARBORS. 
[Plane  of  reference,  low  water,  estiuiatcd  an  1.50  feet  below  Rtandard  low  water.] 


Cliateaugny  Itasin,  Lake  St.  Louis. 
Dorvul 


9.50 
8.5U 


LOWER  ST.  LAWRENCE. 
[Plane  of  referonco,  low  water,  10.33  feet  on  miter  sill  of  old  lock  No.  I.Montreal.] 

The  harbor  improvements  at  Montreal  appear  to  have  lowered  the 
water  about  1  foot  with  respect  to  the  stage  below,  or  the  present 
equivalent  of  16.33  feet  on  the  gauge  is  about  15.33  feet. 


Montreal  Harbor 

Channel  iniiirovement,  St.  Petera  Flats. 


Deptli  belov 
plane  of  ref- 
erence. 


Feel. 

'i7.50 
27.60 


Depth  below 

standard 

low  water. 


Feet. 
27.17 
a  2l  17 


aikpproximate. 

HUDSO.J  RIVER. 

[Plane  of  reference,  mean  low  tide,  or  standard  lov  water  elevation  is  1.30  fee£  at  Albtiny.    Channel 
improvemeutH,  from  Troy  Dam  to  Uudso-i  City,  12  feet  below  standard  low  water.] 


Canals. 


Sault  Stfi.  Mario : 

Amerif'nn  ^oM , 

Aiiiuricaii,  1897 

Canadian,  1895 

AVclland : 

Port  Colliorne 

Port  DaDioiisiu 

St.  Lawreuci)  canals : 

Galops 

KapidoPlat 

Cornwall  

Soulanges 

Lachino 

Erie  and  Oswego 

Chuniiilain 

(-"Iiambly 

SI.  < lurs  Lock 

Kidoau -Trent,  nn  v i K»t  ion 


Depths. 

I  At  stand- 
Nominal.  I    ard  low 
I      water. 


Feet. 


10 
21 
21 

14 

14 

a  14 
a  14 

14 

14 

14 

7 
G 
7 
7 
5 


Feet. 
14.22 
10.89 
20.14 

13.72 
14;  33 

14.75 
15.18 
15.93 
15. 02 
14.71 
10.18 
16.18 
14.40 
17.93 


Dimension  of  lock. 


Feet. 
515  bv   8P 
800  by  100 
900  by   60 

270'by   45 


270  by 
270  by 

270  by 

270  by 


45 
45 


45 
45 


270  by 

110  and  220  by  18 
110  bv    18 

118-125  by  22;  5-24 
200  by  45 
184  by   33 


Lower  Ottawa  navigation,  Uom  Ottawa  to  Lachino,  comprising  the  Greenville  and  CariUou  canals, 
and  St.  Anut'M  Lock.    Depth,  U  teet;  dimensions  of  locks,  200  by  45  feet. 
a  Present  depth  9  feet,  but  enlargement  to  14  feet  in  progress. 


Depth  bo- 
low  Htnnd- 
ard  low 
water. 


Feet. 
10.95 
15.45 
10.95 


9.50 
8.50 


J, 


I 


EXTIIBIT  B2. 

WATER  LEVELS  FOR  THE  GREAT  LAKES  AXD  ST.  LAWRENCE 
RIVER  FOR  THE  YEARS  iHOo  TO  1805,  IXC\USIVE.' 


Notes  liy  Ai.E.x.  E.  Kastl,  C.  K. 


i 


il.) 

ered  the 
I  present 


)epth  below 

standard 

low  water. 


Feet. 
27.17 
0  27.17 


y.    Channel 
\r-] 


■ion  of  lock. 


Feel. 
515  bv   80 
800  by  100 
900  by    60 

270'by   45 

270  by   45 
270  by   45 

270  by    13 

270  by    45 

I  270  by   45 

220  by  18 
110  bv  18 
by  22: 6-24 
1 200  by  46 
184  by   33 

Ion  canals, 


NOTES  TO  ACCOMPANY  TAHLKS  AND   DIAOKAMS. 


Talile  No. 
Table  No. 


Table  No. 
Table  No. 
Table  No. 
Table  No. 
Table  No. 
Table  No. 
Table 'No. 


1— L.oko  MirhiRan  at  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  1800-1895. 

2 — Lake  Huron  at  Point  Aux  liartiueH,  J'ort  Austin,  an«l  Sand  Reach,  Mich., 
1 860-1 85».'>. 

3 — Lake  Superior  at  Superior,  Wis.,  and  Marqnetto,  Midi.,  18nfl-lh9,'). 

4 — St.  Marys  Kiver  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich.,  altove  the  locks,  1871-189."). 

5— St.  Marys  Kiver  at  Sanlt  Ste.  Marie,  Mich.,  below  the  locks,  1871-1895. 

6— Detroit  River  at  Li^ht-house  Dejiot,  Detroit,  Mich.,  18G7-1881. 

7— Lake  Erie  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  1860-1895. 

8— Lake  Erie  at  Erie,  Pa.,  18«)0-1895. 

9— Lake  Ontario  at  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  1860-189.5, 
Table  No.  10— Lake  Ontario  at  Charlotte,  N.  Y.,  1860-1895. 

Table  No.  11— St.  Lawrence  Kiver  at  Valleyfiold,  Province  of  Quebec,  1860-1895. 
Table  No.  12 — St.  Lawrence  Kiver  at  Montreal,  Province  of  Quebec,  1860-1895. 
Table  No.  13— Lake  Chaniiilain  at  Port  Montgomery,  N.  Y.,  1871-1895. 
Table  No.  13a — Kiver  Kicheliea  at  St.  .Johns,  Province  of  Quebec,  1863-1870. 
Table  No.  14 — St.  Lawrence  Kiver  at  Montreal,  Province  of  (Quebec,  18  0-189.'. 
Table  No.  15 — St.  Lawrence  Kiver  from  Prescott  to  Montreal,  provinces  of  Ontario 

and  Quebec,  for  the  years  1870  and  1895. 
Supplemental  table — Water  record  for  1896, 

Diagrams  No.  1  and'Na.  la — Water  levels  for  the  Great  Jjakcs  and  St.  Lawrence  River. 
Diagram  No.  2 — Water  levels  and  slopes— rivers  connecting  the  lakes. 
Diagram  No.  3 — Mean  annual  var». at  ion. 
Diagram  Ntfi  4— Varii.^tiou  of  annual  means. 


IJfTRGDUCTION. 

The  folioTvHnff  notes  have  been  prepared  to  accompany  the  "  Tables 
of  water  levels  for  the  Grsat  Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  lliver,"  numbered 
from  1  to  15,  and  the  diagrams  in  illustration  of  the  same. 

The  tables  are  compiled  from  official  sources.  Every  etlort  has  been 
made  to  make  the  record  complete  and  reliable  for  the  i)criod  of  thirty- 
six  years,  from  1860  to  1895,  inclusive,  and  to  make  sure  that  no  errors 
have  been  introduced  in  the  planes  of  reference.  The  notes  give  the 
authority  for  all  data  used. 

The  tables  are  based  on  the  monthly  mean  readings.  The  yearly 
means,  the  means  of  tthe  months  for  the  thirty-six  years,  18(»0  to  1895, 


'By  Assistant  Alex.  V,.  KasM,  under  the  direction  of  L.  E.  Coolej,  C.  E.,  for  the 
United  States  Deep  Waterways  Commission. 


H.  Doc.  192 7* 


97 


98 


REPORT   OF   IT.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


and  lor  Ivoiity-fivo  years,  1.H71  to  ISJ)5,  and  the  mean  level  for  each 
period,  are  {iiven.  Certain  dednetions  are  made  in  rejjard  to  stan<lard 
iii^iii  water  and  standard,  low  water,  for  the  imrpose  of  fnrnishin}; 
e<inivalent  wafer  planes  tlironjjliont  tlie  lakes  and  St.  Lawrenee  lor  the 
several  proliles.  The  (diaracteristie  elements  in  the  lluctuations  of  the 
l>eruid  are  also  noted. 

All  elevations  j>iven  herein  depend  on  the  bench  mark  atdreenbush, 
N.  v.,  as  determined  by  the  (^oast  and  (Jeodetic  Survey  and  adopte<l  by 
the  Lake  Survey  in  ISSO.  The  elevation  of  this  bench  mark  is  taken 
at  14.7.'{  feet  abov(^  mean  tide  at  New  York  ( -ity. 

The  <liagiams  are  desijjned  to  repeal  tin* record  grajdiically  and  show 
the  annual  Ihu^tnalions,  the  lluctuations  in  yearly  nu'ans,  and  the  curves 
of  monthly  means.  A  spi><'ial  diajjram  is  compiled  to  show  the  varia-. 
tion  in  sIojjc  throufjh  the  St.  Marys  l{iv<u-  between  liukc^  Superior  and 
J.ak«>  Huron,  and  thron<;h  the  St.  Clair  and  Detroit  rivers  between 
Lak(^  Huron  and  Lake  ilrie. 

The  water  icnels  from  18(10  to  1S71,  for  the  several  lakes,  as  kept  by 
the  Hniled  States  l^ake  Survey,  are  not  <'onsidered  as  reliable  as  those 
of  subseciuent  years.  The  rei)ort  of  the  Chief  of  I'higineers,  l).  S.  A., 
for  l.STli  states: 

Botwceii  1S()0  and  1X71  luif,  lit.tln  attoiitioii  was  paid  to  llie  <'liockiiijj  of  zoroH  ftinl 
lioiich  inarlvK.     Siiico  1S71  it  li^is  Iic(m>  ('ai-cfiiliv  att(Mid«Ml  to  and  IuvoIh  run  t^acii  yoar. 

The  twenty-live  year  means  cover  the  most  authenti«'  ])art  of  the 
record. 

l.AKK  MKMIIOAX  (TAHLK  No.  1). 

The  data  for  the  table  of  monthly  nutans  of  water  levels  for  Lake 
Michigan  at  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  were  obtained  as  follows:  From  danu- 
ary,  18(»(>,  to  June,  ISDl,  from  the  annual  reports  of  tlui  (!hief  of 
Engineers,  i'.  S.  A.,  187(1  to  18!>4,  inclusive;  from  .Inly,  1804,  to  Decem- 
ber, ISiJi"),  fr<un  imuiuscript  furnished  by  Capt.  (Jeorge  A.  Zinn,  Corps 
of  lOngineers,  U.  S.  A.,  at  Milwaukee,  AVis.  The  table  has  been  checked 
Mith  the  original  record  in  the  ollice  of  ('aptain  Zinii. 

The  ])lane  of  reference  for  the  water  levels  is  that  adopted  by  the 
ITnited  States  Lake  Survey  in  ]87(i,  and  is  the  plane  of  the  high  water 
of  duly,  18.58,  as  observed  at  Milwaukee..  This  jilane  of  reference  is  4 
eet  above  the  IMilwankee  city  datum,  which  is  the  low  water  of  JVIarch, 
18M(J.  According  to  the  United  States  J^ake  Survey,'  the  jdane  of 
reference  is  i^.'Mi  feet  below  the  old  bencli  mark  (now  destroyed)  on  Dr. 
1.  A.  Lai)liam's  Inmse.  The  eh^vation  of  this  bench  mark  was  r)02.(J7 
feet-  al)ov(^  nu'an  tide  at'bfew  York  City.  The  elevation  of  the  ]dane 
of  reference  is,  therefore,  .')02.<t7  — 8..'».'{,  or  58i.;54  leet  above  mean  tide 
at  New^  York  City.  The  i)lane  of  refereiu^e  has  been  referred  to  a  num- 
ber of  other  bench  marks  in  Milwaukee,  which  nmy  be  found  in  the 
reports  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  1 1.  S.  A.,  187(i  and  1877. 

Tlu'  jdane  of  standard  high  water  for  Lake  Michigan  has  been  t.'dvcn 
as  the  Ingh  water  of  duly,  18.'J8,  that  being  the  higliest  of  W'hich  there 
is  anv  re(rord.  Its  elevation  is  584..'{4  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New 
York' City. 

'j'he  ])lane  of  stamlard  low  water  for  liake  Michigan  has  been  taken 
as  the  mean  of  the  monthly  mean  water  levels  during  the  season  of 
navigation  in  the  year  1847,  as  ol)serve<l  at  Milwaukee  by  Dr.  I.  A. 
Lapham.    The  following  is  the  record. 


'  8»«>  Koport  of  Chiofof  F,!i}iin<'ora,  I'.  S.  A.,  IS7(>,  part,  It.  ])a;j;(>.s  H'.l  and  SI. 
•S('«  Final   l»«port  of  Uiiili'd  Statrs  J>ako  Survey,  ProfcHsional  Papers,  Corps  of 
Engineers,  IJ,  S.  A.,  No.  2i,  page  G17. 


REPORT   OF    IJ.  S.  DKEP   WATERWAYS   (.'D.MMlSyiON. 


JM) 


MUtraiikct^  monlUhj  iiicnn^  it/  iniltr  Ui'vln  Mow  tlif  pitiiif  uf  ivfin  tuf  or  h'tiiU  inilir  of 
July,  JS.IS, J'rom  AfirU  ^»  SHi'iinhir,  /s'/,\  hi<lu»iri\ 


Miiiitli. 


April .. 
Miiy  . . . 
iliiiiti... 
July... 

All^tlHt 


l''cet. 


.1.  Il» 
■\.m 
.».  r.7 
i.r.i 
4.  su 


Muiilli. 


Sr|>lt'liili(>l'. 
OlIollIM- 

NdVfiiilii'r  . 
Mciiii 


l''«et. 


4.45 

J.  77 
4.H8 

4.74 


Tlio  cloviitioii  of  the  plilIH^  of  staiidiird  low  Wiitcr  is,  tluMt'foic, 
nSL.tl— I.TI,  or  r.TJMJO  feet  above  mean  tide,  at  iNew  VoiU  ('ity.  Tlii.s 
plane  is  0.71  feet  below  Milwaiiiiee  city  «latmn,  and  is  tlu'  same  as 
ridea^'o  eity  (httnm  and  the  (bitiim  of  tlu^  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal 
and  of  tlio  Cliicafjo  Sanitary  and  Sliip  Canal.' 

An  examination  of  tlie  table  of  nu)ntldy  mean  of  wat«'r  levels  sho\\  s 
tliat  diirinj''  tlie  i)eriod  of  thirty  six  years,  from  l.S(l()  to  l>S1»5,  monthly 
mean  water  has  stood  at  or  beU)\v  this  jdane  an  aj;j;rej;ate  of  eighteen 
months,  eonntinj;'  all  the-  nninths  of  every  year;  oi*  an  ajijurej-ate  of 
t(ni  nn)nthH,  ('(Minting;  the  nu)nt1is  of  the  season  of  navigation,  which 
exeludes  the  months  of  flannary,  February,  and  IVlarch  of  every  year. 
This  statement  is  e(iually  true  for  the  period  of  twenty-live  years,  ItJll 
to  1895,    Tl;  -  foUowiug  i»  the  record : 


taken 
1 1  there 
It  New 

taken 
Ison  of 
I.  A. 


loi'ps  of 


Milwaukee  monthly  means  of  water  levels  iit  or  hehiw  a  plane  1.7 1  fei  t  heloir  the  plane  of 
reference  or  hiyh  water  of  July,  1S,'<S,  duriny  the,  period  IS((i  to  isik'i. 


Vciir. 


Muuth. 


1872 '  Uecpiubpr . 

187:< •Iiiniiiiry... 

WT,\ I  KeliriuiVv  . 

181)1 November. 

1891 l)i'(Tiiil(cr  . 


1892. 
1892. 
1892. 
1803. 


Jiiiinary 

Mitri'h 

Dccciiibor . 
Jiiuuury  .. 


Uomliiig. 


Feet. 

4.K2 
4.K'J 
4.7S 
4.  !t:t 
4. '.»!) 
4.87 
4.78 
4.74 
4.75 


Year. 


Moiilli. 


1895 Jninmrv  • 

18'.t5 '  rcl.riiiiiv 

18'.ir> Miinli  .'.. 

1895 April  .... 

1895 Ali;;u.sl  .. 


I89r>   I  Soptrinlicr 

18'.I5 !  Ocloli.r  ... 

1895 1  NdvciiiIi.t. 

1895 DocniilpiT. 


KlMclllI 


I'let. 
4  K2 
4.9;i 
4.!Mi 
■1.7li 
I.7H 
5.  (ir. 
5.  12 
5.flt 
5.75 


'I 


The  number  of  mouths  is  IS.  The  number  of  months,  exeludinji; 
January,  February,  and  JNlareh,  is  10. 

The  above  record  has  been  i)reparcd  with  a  view  of  determiuing 
equivalent  standard  low-water  planes  for  the  other  lakes. 

The  mean  surtiu^e  of  Lake  Michigan  foithe  period  of  thirty-six  years 
from  18G0  to  1805  is  ^.08  feet  below  the  i)lane  ol"  reference,  or  a81.L'0 
feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City;  for  the  jieriod  of  twenty-live 
years  from  1871  to  1895  it  is  3.14  feet  below  the  i>lane  of  reference,  or 
581.20  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  The  mean  surface  as 
determined  by  the  United  States  Jjake  Survey  ior  tlie  ])eriod  of  sixteen 
years  from  18G0  to  1875,  is  581.28  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  I'^ork 
City,  and  this  is  the  generally  accepted  value. 

As  regards  annual  variation,  the  lake  is  generally  highest  in  the 
month  of  July  and  lowest  in  the  month  of  December. 


'  It  is  found  tli:it  raiial  flatnin  dilVer.s  sliphOy  from  i\w  altovo. 
vatious  lor  the  Great  Jiake«,''  ete. — L.  K.  C. 


See  Tart  II,  "  lulc- 


100 


REPORT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


An  exaniiiuitioii  of  the  record  for  the  period  of  thirty-.six  years  from 
18G0  to  1895  develops  the  foUowiiig: 

Foot. 

Ruii^u  ill  niuitu  aiuuial  variation i).  98 

Moan  annual  ranj^o 1.32 

(injatcMt  annual  ranges  (in  1H71) 2. L'H 

Least  auunal  ruugc  (iu  1877) 57 

lligliL'st  nioutbly  mean  water,  .June,  188»>  (below  plauo  of  roCerence) 1. 1(! 

Lowest  Uioiitlily  mean  water,  iJecomber,  181)5  (below  ulano  of  refereneo)    5.75 

(IreateHt  ran;{t^  in  monthly  mean  waters 4.  .5!) 

HiKhest  annual  mean  water,  1880  (below  plane  of  reference) 1.77 

Lowest  annual  mean  water,  18!t5  (below  plane  of  reference) LDi) 

(ireuttst  raugo  iu  annual  mean  waters 3.22 

LAKE  HURON  (TABLE  NO.  2). 

The  data  for  the  table  of  monthly  means  of  water  levels  for  Lake 
Huron  were  obtained  as  follows:  From  January,  ISliO,  to  ,hiue,  1894, 
from  the  annual  rei)orts  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  8.  A.,  187C  to 
1894,  inclusive;  from  luly,  1894,  to  December,  1895,  from  table  furnished 
by  Lieut.  ,).  B.  Cavauauj,'h,  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  at  Detroit, 
Mich.  The  table  has  been  checked  with  the  mamiscdpt  table  for  the 
period  since  1871,  and  the  discrepancies  compared  with  the  original 
record  by  Lieutenant  Cavanaugh.  A  change  has  been  nuide  in  the 
record  of  one  month  as  published  in  the  annual  reports. 

For  reasons  given  in  the  final  report,  of  the  United  States  Lake  Sur- 
vey^'  Lake  Huron  is  assumed  to  be  at  the  same  level  as  Lake  Michigan. 

Therefore  the  planes  adopted  are  the  same  as  those  for  Lake  Michi- 
gan.   They  are  as  follows: 

Plane  of  reference,  high  water  of  July,  1838,  584.;{4  feet  above  mean 
tide  at  New  York  City.  This  is  also  the  jdane  of  standard  high  water. 
Standard  low  water,  579.00  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  T'ity. 

For  the  same  reasons  the  mean  surfaces  of  Lake  Huron  for  difterent 
periods  are  assumed  to  be  the  same  as  those  of  Lake  Michigan  for  the 
corresponding  periods.    They  are  as  follows: 

For  the  period  of  thirty-six  years,  1860  to  1895,  581.20  feet  above  mean 
tide  at  New  York  City. 

For  the  period  of  twenty-five  years,  1871  to  1895,  681.20  feet  above 
mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

For  the  period  of  sixteen  years,  1800  to  1875,  as  determined  by  the 
United  States  Lake  Survey,  581.28  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York 
City. 

As  the  plane  of  reference  was  transferred  from  Milwaukee  on  fjake 
Michigan  to  the  stations.  Point  Aux  Barques  and  Port  Austin,  Mich.,  on 
Lake  Huron,  and  from  Port  Austin  to  Sand  Beach,  Mich.,  on  Lake 
Huron,  on  the  assumi)tiou  that  the  lakes  are  level,-  the  Lake  Huron 
table  of  water  levels  simply  serves  as  a  check  on  the  Lake  Michigan 
table. 

For  the  period  of  twenty-five  years,  1871  to  1895,  it  Avill  be  seen  that 
the  mean  of  the  annual  means  is  the  same  as  that  for  Lake  Michigan. 
For  the  i)eriod  of  thirty-six  years,  1860  to  1895,  the  mean  of  the  annual 
means  differs  by  only  0.01  foot  from  that  of  Lake  Michigan.  It  should 
be  noted  that  from  1805  to  1870,  inclusive,  there  was  no  record  kept  on 
Lake  Huron,  and  for  these  years  the  Lake  Michigan  record  was  used. 

'  SiMi  Professional  Papers,  Corps  of  Engineers,  \J.  S,  A.,  No.  24,  pages  607  and  (508. 
« See  Reports  Chief  of  Engiueers,  1876  au^i  1892. 


Tl 
Sup( 
folloi 
the* 
toDl 
Corp 
checl 
recoi 
sam( 

ThI 
UnitI 
high 
rior 
and 
level 
level 
Unite 
bencl 
The 


high 


1871.... 
1871.... 
1872.... 
1872.... 
1879.... 
1879.... 
1879.... 
1881).... 
1880.... 


Poot. 
....  0.98 
....   1.32 

2. 1'U 

...'.   '.h 


..  1.77 

..  i.yi) 


3.22 


mean 


>y  the 
York 


that 
ligaii. 
Iiiiual 
lould 
)t  ou 
Ised. 


REPORT    OF   U.  H.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COM. MISSION. 


LAKE  8IJPERIOU  (TABLE  NO.  3). 


101 


Tho  (lata  for  tho  table  of  monthly  luoaiis  of  water  levels  for  Tjuko 
Superior  at  Superior,  Wis.,  aii<l  Marquette,  Mich.,  were  obtained  us 
follows:  From  January,  1800,  to  June,  l.S!H,  irom  the  annual  reports  of 
thoChief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  187«»tol.S{)l.  inelusive;  from  .July,  ISIU, 
to  December,  1895,  from  manuserii)t  furnished  by  MaJ.  ('linton  H.  Sears, 
Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  at  Duliith,  Minn.  Tlie  table  has  been 
cheeked  with  the  original  record  in  the  oflice  of  Major  Sears,  and  tho 
record  from  July,  1882,  to  June,  1894,  has  been  revised  and  is  not  the 
same  as  printed  in  the  annual  reports. 

The  plane  of  reference  for  the  water  levels  is  that  adojtted  by  the 
United  States  Lake  Survey  in  187(>,  and  is  the  phiiu^  of  an  as.sumed 
high  water  of  1838  found  by  comparing  Lake  .Michigan  and  Lak*'  Supe- 
rior water  levels  during  the  months  of  June,  July,  and  August,  1871, 
and  assuming  that  higli  water  of  18.'{8  was  as  mu»!h  above  the  mean 
lev'el  of  Lake  Superior  during  these  months  as  it  was  above  the  mean 
level  of  Lake  Michigan  during  the  same  months.'  Ac(!or<ling  to  the 
United  States  liuke  Survey'  the  plane  of  reference  isr).17  feet  below 
bench  mark  (1)  and  4.07  feet  below  bench  mark  2  at  Mjinjuette,  JNIich. 
The  elevation  of  bench  mark  1  is  (509.9;{  feet,^  and  of  2  009.43  feet  above 
mean  tide  at  Xew  York  City.  The  elevation  of  the  plane  of  refereiu'e 
is  009.!)3— 5.17  and  009.43—4.07,  or  (J04.70  feet  above  mean  tide  at  2sew 
York  City. 

The  plane  of  standard  high  water  for  Lake  Sujierior  has  been  taken 
as  the  assumed  high  water  of  1838.  It  is  higher  than  any  re<'orded 
high  water,  but  a  comparison  of  the  high  water  of  1870  for  Lake  Michi- 
gan and  Lake  Superior  with  that  of  July,  1838,  for  li.ake  Michigan,  indi- 
cates that  the  standard  high  water  {idoi)ted  is  a  fair  e(|uivalent  of  the 
actual  high  water  of  1838.  The  elevation  of  standard  high  water  is 
004.70  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  plane  of  standard  low  water  for  Lake  Superior  is  ecpiivalent  to 
that  for  Lake  Michigan,  and  is  the  ])lane  at  or  below  whi(rh  monthly 
mean  water  li.as  stood  not  more  than  an  aggregate  of  ten  months  during 
the  season  of  navigation  out  of  the  aggregate  of  <Mghteen  h)west 
monthly  mean  waters  occurring  tluring  tho  period  of  thirty-six  years, 
1800  to  1895.    The  following  is  the  record : 

Eiuhlecn  lowest  monthhj  means  of  water  lei'cln  hetow  the  plane  of  reference  of  United  Slates 
Lake  Surrei/  durinfi  the  period  ISUO  to  ISD.'i. 


Year. 

Month. 

'Koading. 

Tear. 

Mimtli. 

Ut'adini;. 

]87X 

Pphniftrv 

Feet. 
4.45  1 
4.o:i 
4.08 
4.18  1 
4.al 
4.08  i 
4.12 
4.44 
4.48 

1880 

Marrh 

Feet. 
4.57 

1871     

1880 

April 

4,54 

1872      

Mnrcli 

1892 

Kt'l»ruarv  

4.18 

1872 

April 

1892 

1802 

18!t;t  

Marcli 

4.31 

1879 

Mav 

April 

4.:i0 

1879      

4.22 

1879 

December 

1893 

189;i 

Feltrtiarv 

4.31 

1880 

tTaniinrv  ... 

Manli    ■ 

4. 2B 

1880 

Februarv  ......... 

1893 

April 

4.16 

'Soo  Report  of  Cliiel"  of  Eiiffinecrs,  U.  S.  A.,  1876,  part  3,  p.  8.'.. 
-See  Fin.al  Report  of  tlie  United  States  Lake  Survey,  TrofessioBal  Papers,  Corps  of 
Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  No.  24,  p.  617. 


IJOS. 


102 


REPORT   OF    U,  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


The  following-  are  the  lowest  monthly  means  durinfj  the  reason  of 
navij^ation,  which  excludes  the  months  of  January,  February,  and 
March : 


Pi 


The  reading  4.08  of  June,  1879,  is  the  hijjhest  plane  in  tiie  series. 
The  elevation  of  this  plane  is  004.70  —  4.((8,  or  000.(58  feet  above  mean 
tide  at  New  York  City.  The  elevation  of  the  i)lane  of  standard  low 
water  has  been  taken  asi  GOO.OJ)  feet,  which  makes  it  exactly  0..5  foot 
below  plane  used  for  harbor  im])roveLiients  on  Lake  Superior  and  the 
city  datum  of  Duluth,  Mi'iu.,  and  Superior,  AVis.  , 

Tiie  menji  surface  of  Lake  Superior  for  the  period  of  thirty-six  years, 
from  ISiJO  to  1S95,  is  ^3,07  feet  below  the  plane  of  reference,  or  001.09 
feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City;  for  the  period  of  twenty  five 
years,  +Vom  1871  to  18!)o,  it  is  .'3.19  feet  l)clow  the  plane  of  reference,  or 
»;(*j.r)7  feet  above  mean  ti(h>  at  New  V(n-k  City.  The  mejin  surface  as 
determined  by  the  United  States  Lake  Survey  for  the  period  of  live 
years,  from  1871  to  1875,  is  (J01.78  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York 
City,  and  this  is  the  generally  accepted  value. 

As  repirds  annual  variation,  the  lake  is  {generally  highest  in  the 
month  of  September  and  lowest  in  th<^  month  of  March. 

An  examination  of  the  recrnd  for  the  period  of  thii'ty-six  years,  from 
ISOO  to  1895,  develops  the  following: 

Feet. 

RaiiRO  in  moan  annual  variation 0.99 

Mean  annual  ianj;o 1. 18 

Greatest  annual  ran<>-2  (in  18t)l>) 2. G7 

Least  annual  ran.ne  (in  18!! I) 0.53 

Uigliost  nrmtlily  moan  water,  September,  ISfii*  (below  plane  of  rel'erenco) 1. 13 

Lowest  monthly  mean  water,  Mareli,  ISSO  (below  plane  of  roCereuee) 4. 57 

(ircatcst  ranjje  in  monthly  mean  water 3. '14 

IlighesI  annual  mean  water,  187(5  (below  plane  of  reference) li.  2(5 

Lowest  annual  mean  water,  187!l  (below  plane  of  referenee) 3.89 

(iroatest  range  in  .innual  mean  waters 1.  C3 

.ST.    MARYS    laVKU   AHOVK   THE    L()(JKS  (TAIJLE   ^0.  4). 

The  data  fin*  the  table  of  monthly  means  of  water  levels  for  the  St. 
Marys  Kiver  above  the  locks  at  Sault  S(e.  Marie,  INlich.,  were  obtained 
as  follows:  From  .Tanuary,  1871,  to  .luno,  18!>4,  from  the  annual  reports 
of  the  Chief  of  l"]nginecrs,  U.  S.  A.,  187()  to  1894,  'uclnsive;  from  July, 
1894,  to  December,  18i)5,  inclusive,  from  table  furnished  by  Tiieut.  J.  B, 
Cavanaugh,  Corps  of  lOn^ineers,  IT.  S.  A.,  at  Detroit,  ]\Iich. 

The  i)lane  of  icference  for  the  water  levels  is  that  adopted  by  the 
United  States  Lake  Survey,  an<l  is  thei)laneof  an  sissumed  high  water 
of  18;)8  found  by  com|)aring  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  record  with  the  Mil- 
waukee record  during  the  months  of  .linu^,  July,  and  August,  1874, 
and  assuming  llmt  high  water  of  1838  was  as  nnich  above  tuo  mean 
level  of  the  St.  Marys  Kiver  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  during  these  moutlis 


as  it 
the  s| 

plane 
soutH 
ofth( 
as  (iOj 
plant 
same  l 

Itjj 
mine(| 
the  sll 
In  orJ 
referel 
mean  [ 
and  A 
rior  al 
mean 

On 


lift. 
4.54 
4.80 
4.1« 


REPORT   OV    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


103 


Foet. 
0. 99 
1.18 
2.67 
0.  .^)3 


.  1.13 
.  4.57 

.  3.44 

.  2.2(5 
.  3.«9 

Hie  St. 

liiincd 

)port8 

,Iuly, 

.1.13. 

I.V  the 

Ivator 
Mil- 
11874, 
niciin 
Wtlis 


as  it  was  above  the  lueuii  level  of  Lake  Micliijjaii  at  Milwaukee  dnriiij, 
the  same  mouths.'  According;  to  the  United  States  Lake,  Survey,'  the 
plane  of  reference  is  I.ll  feet  below  bench  mark  1!  on  the  i'oping  of  the 
south  wall  of  the  guard  gates  of  St.  jNlarys  (Janal.  In  the  linal  rei)ort 
of  the  United  States  Lake  Survey,-'  the  elevation  of  bench  mark  li  is  given 
as  005.87  feet ;  >ve  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  The  elevation  of  the 
plane  of  reference  would  be  005.87 — 1.11,  or  001.70  feet,  which  is  the 
same  as  that  of  Lake  Superior. 

It  appears  that  when  the  elevations  of  the  bench  nnirks  were  deter- 
mined by  the  United  States  Lake  Survey,  no  allowance  Avas  made  for 
tlie  slope  in  the  St.  JNlarys  Uiver  from  Lake  Snperior  to  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
lu  order  to  get  the  true  elevations  of  the  bench  marks  and  plane  of 
reference  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  it  becomes  necessary  to  determine  the 
mean  slope  in  the  St.  IMarys  liiver  during  the  months  of  .Line,  .Inly, 
and  August,  1871,  when  the  comparison  was  made  between  Lake  Supe- 
rior at  Manpiette  aiul  St.  Marys  Kiver  at  Sault  Ste.  JNlarie,  and  this 
mean  slope  has  been  determined  as  follows: 

On  page  3427,  part  0,  of  the  lte[)ort  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S. 
A.,  for  1804,  is  given  the  elevation  of  the  mean  level  of  Lake  Superior 
at  Waiska  l>ay  from  June  0  to  September  0,  1802,  inclusive,  as  001.82(5 
feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City,  the  elevation  of  the  zero  of  the 
water  gauge  at  Waiska  liay  being  determined  by  alineof  pre<ise  levels 
from  bench  mark  A,  the  elevation  of  which  is  given  as  <>().■). 872  feet. 
I'roni  information  furnished  by  Maj.  Clinton  15.  Sears,  Corps  of  Engi- 
neers, U.  S.  A.,  the  mean  reading  of  Lake  Superior  below  the  ])lane  of 
reference  at  Marcpiette  for  the  period  June  0  to  September  t»,  1802, 
inclusive,  was  3.51  feet,  or  004.70  —  3.51  =  001.25  feet  above  mean  tide 
at  New^  York  City.  Combining  the  foregoing  results,  it  appears  that 
the  jnean  slope  in  the  St.  j\Iarys  Uiver  liom  Lake  Superior  to  above  the 
locks  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  during  the  njonths  of  June,  July,  and  August, 
1874,  was  001.820  —  001.25,  or  0.58  feet.  Therfcue  it  is"  assumed  that 
the  plane  of  reference  of  tlie  United  States  Lake  Survey  at  Sault  Ste. 
Marie  is  0.58  feet  lower  than  that  at  Manjuette.  Now,  the  elevation 
of  the  plane  of  reference  at  Marquette  being  004.7(5  feet,  then  the  ele- 
vation of  the  plane  of  reference  at  Sault  Ste.  Maiie  is  (501.7(5  — 0.5S,  or 
004.18  feet  above  mean  tide.  All  the  elevations  usually  yiven  at  the  St. 
IVIarys  Falls  Canal  and  vicinity  are  corrected  by  the  arbitrary  td"— 0.58 
feet. 

The  jdane  of  standard  high  water  for  the  St.  Marys  Kiver  above  the 
locks  at  Sault  Ste.  ^larie  has  been  taken  the  same  as  the  i)lane  of  ref- 
erence.    Its  elevation  is  004.18  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  plane  of  standard  low.water  loi-  the  St.  .Marys  liiver  above  the 
locks  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  is  equivalent  to  that  for  Lake  Michigan,  and 
is  the  plane  at  or  Ixdow  which  monthly  mean  water  has  stood  not  more 
than  an  aggregate  of  ten  months  during  the  season  of  navigatitm  out 
arate  of  nineteen  h)west  moni 


JVfiJ 


»iy 


during  the  period  of  twenty-live  years,  1871  to  1805.  Although  the 
Sault  Ste.  Marie  record  does  not  begin  until  January,  1871,  it  was 
deemed  safe,  tor  the  puri)Ose  of  deriving  stainlard  low  water,  to  use  the 
record  as  if  it  began  in  18(50,  because  the  Lake  Superior  and  Lake  Mich- 
igan records  do  not  show  any  monthly  mean  waters  lower  than  their 
standard  low  water  previous  to  1871.    The  following  is  tlu'  reconl. 


'  Sf,^  I{«'j)<)rt  of  ('liit'f  of  l'".i)fj;iiic('iH,  V .  S.  A.,  lH7t>.  jmrt  W,  \n\\i,i\  Kk 
•PlofuBsiouul  ruiiers,  Corps  of  Euyiiiccrs,  U.  S.  A.,  No.  21,  pagu  018. 


t 


104 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


Niitelicn  lowest  monthhj  means  of  water  levels  below  the  plane  of  refeirnce  of  United 
/States  Lake  Survey  dnriny  the  period  187 1  to  1805. 


Year. 

Month. 

Reading. 

Veet. 
4. 13 

Toar. 

1 

Mouth. 

Kujidiuj^. 

1872 

1  1888 

February  

Feet. 
4  17 

April  

K'ibriiiirv 

4.18 

4.;u 

4.58 
4.45 

18!tl 

April 

4  i:i 

1379 

Murcli 

4  13 

Mfircli 

Iij92 

Kebrnary  

4  31) 

\|)ril 

March 

4.48 

4.24 

April 

4.33 

1880 

4.4:{ 
4.47 
4.  5*i 
4.53 

1893 

4.  17 

4.37 

4.30 

April 

Properly,  the  above  table  slionld  contain  only  eighteen  months  in 
order  to  make  it  correspond  with  that  of  Lake  Michigan,  but  inasmuch 
as  1.13  would  be  the  next  reading  to  reject,  and  as  there  are  three  such 
readings,  therefore  nineteen  readings  make  the  nearest  approximation. 

The  following  are  the  lowest  monthly  means  during  the  season  of 
navigation  which  excludes  the  mouths  of  January,  February,  and 
March : 


Year. 

!Mouth. 

Keadiug. 

Year. 

Mouth. 

Reading. 

1872 

April 

Feel. 
4. 18 

1880 

April  

Feet. 
4. 53 

1879        

April 

4.45 

4.24 

1 

18HH 

April 

4. 13 

December ......... 

1802      

April 

4  33 

The  reading  4.13  of  April,  1888,  determines  the  ])lane  of  standard 
low  water,  and  its  elevation  is  (104.18  —  4.13,  or  600.05  feet  above  meau 
tide  at  New  York  City.  This  plane  is  16.09  feet  above  the  upper  miter 
sill  of  the  American  Canal  lock  of  1881 ;  22.26  feet  above  the  upper 
miter  sill  of  the  American  Canal  lock  of  1897,  and  23.51  feet  above  the 
upper  miter  sill  oi'  the  Canadian  Canal  lock  of  1895.  The  depths  on 
structures  are  deduced  from  data  furnished  by  Lieut.  .1.  B.  Cavanaugh, 
Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  tS.  A.,  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  and  Thomas  Monro, 
engineer  Soulanges  Canal,  Coteau  Landing,  Quebec;. 

The  mean  surlace  of  St.  Marys  Kiver  above  the  locks  at  Sault  Ste. 
Marie  for  the  period  of  twenty-five  years,  from  1871  to  1895,  is  3.23  feet 
below  the  plane  of  reference,  or  (J00.95  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New 
York  City. 

A  table  giving  elevaticms  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  has  been 
coinjiiled  by  the  United  States  engineer  oilice  at  Detroit,  and  is  i)ub- 
lished  in  the  annual  re])<>rts  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  IJ.  S.  A.  This 
table  contains  many  minor  variations  from  Table  No.  4,  njost  of  which 
are  within  the  limits  of  ditt'erent  methods  of  reduction.  These  varia- 
tions are  both  plus  and  minus,  ami  six  of  them  exceed  0.10,  the  largest 
being  0.22.  None  of  the  results  given  in  the  foregoing  discussions  are 
aflected  except  the  mean  level,  which  would  be  3.25  feet  below  the  i)lano 
of  reference  in  i)la('e  of  3.23  feet.  No  explanation  for  the  discrepancies 
has  been  found. 

ST.  MARYS  RIVER  BELOW  THE  LOCKS  (TAHLE  NO.  5). 

The  data  for  the  table  of  monthly  means  of  water  levels  for  the  St. 
]\larys  Hiver  below  the  locks  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  ]\Iich.,  were  furnished 
by  Lica I.. 1.1{.  Cavanaugh,  Corps  of  I-higineers,  U.  S.  A.,  at  Detroit,  Mich. 


Retiiliuur. 


Feet. 
4 
4 
4. 


17 
i:< 
i:i 

4.  ;io 


Readiug. 


Feet. 
4.53 
4.13 
4.33 


This 

which 

vaiiu- 

;cst 

Ins  are 

])lano 

tiucies 


lie  St. 
lisliod 
iMich. 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


105 


Thi.s  table  agrees  with  tlie  record  as  printed  in  the  annual  reports  of  the 
Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A. 

The  plane  of  reference  for  the  water  levels  is  a  plane  0.58  foot  below 
the  plane  of  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  On  the  original  table  the 
plane  of  reference  was  given  as  mean  tide  at  New  York  City,  but  for 
reasons  given  under  the  head  of  "St.  Marys  River  above  the  locks,"  all 
elevations  usually  given  at  the  St.  Marys  Falls  Canal  are  corrected  by 
an  arbitrary  of  —  0.58  foot. 

The  plane  of  standard  high  water  for  the  St.  Marys  Kiver  below  the 
locks  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  has  been  determined  by  taking  the  standard 
high  water  (high  water  of  July,  18;}8)  of  Lake  Michigan,  which  is  r)84.34 
feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  Y'ork  City,  and  adding  thereto  L'.37  feet, 
which  was  the  mean  slope  in  the  St.  Marys  Hiver  from  below  the  locks 
to  Lake  Huron  in  Angust,  1870,  when  the  waters  of  both  Lake  Superior 
and  Lake  Huron  were  simultaneonsly  the  highest  during  the  period, 
1800  to  1895,  which  ai)pears  to  have  been  the  case  in  1838.  An  exami- 
nation of  the  tables  of  water  levels  will  show  that  in  the  summer  of  1870 
lalies  Superior,  Michigan,  Huron,  Erie,  and  Ontario  wore  all  high,  aiul 
such  was  the  case  in  the  summer  of  1838.  The  elevation  of  standard 
high  water  is,  therefore,  584.31  +  L'.37,  or  580.71  feet  above  mean  tide  at 
New  Y^ork  City. 

The  plane  of  standard  low  water  for  the  St.  Mary's  Kiver  below  the 
locks  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  is  equivalent  to  that  for  Lake  Michigan,  and 
is  the  plane  at  or  beh)w  which  monthly  mean  water  has  stood  not  more 
than  an  aggregate  of  ten  months  during  the  season  of  navigation  out 
of  the  aggregate  of  eighteen  lowest  monthly  mean  waters  occurring 
during  the  period  of  twenty-live  years,  1871  to  1805. 
the  record : 


The  following  is 


Elijhhen  lowcxt  monthhi  mcaim  of  watet'  leneh  ahore  a  jihiiie  of  trference  C.-'iS  fvui  bvlow 

Ihv plane  of  mean  tide  at  Xetv  York  City. 


Year. 

Month. 

Ituuding. 

Year. 

Month. 

Uvadiug. 

1891 

Feet. 
.582.  :)5 
582.  21 
581.79 
582.  04 
582.  25 
581.81 
.581.09 
582.  (15 
582. 16 

1893 

April 

May       

Feet. 

5H2. 11 

nt't'**iiibtjr 

1894 

582  2(1 

1802 

April 

April 

Aiiril 

582.  ;t9 

Mny 

1895 

582.  20 

Novoiubrr 

Mny 

582.01 

DpotMuhrr 

,1  lino 

582.  28 

1893 

tlniiuarv 

.Tilly 

582  42 

I''«l>rimry 

Murch 

N<>yomlMT 

582,  03 

Docciiibiir 

581.  89 

The  foUowing  are  the  ten  lowest  monthly  means  during  the  season 
of  navigation  which  excludes  the  mouths  of  January,  February,  and 
March; 


Yiar. 

Month. 

Koading. 

Year. 

Month. 

Kuadiug. 

1801 

Feet. 
.582.  21 
.581.79 
582.  04  1 
582.  25  ' 
581.81 

1893 

April 

Feet. 

■582.11 

1892 

April 

1895 

Mny 

5K2  20 

May 

May 

.582.01 

N(»y*'Mil>or 

NnyoniluT 

682. 03 

DeceiubiT 

Doci'iiiber 

.581.80 

The  reading,  582.20,  of  May,  1893  (also  of  April,  18!)5),  determines  the 
plane  of  standard  low  water,  and  its  elevation  is  582.20— 0.58,  or  581.08 


/. 


f 


10(1 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


feet,  ahove  mesiii  tide  .at  New  York  City.  Tiiis  i)liviio  is  14.22  feet  above 
tlie  lower  ])lii.tforin  Jiiul  14.72  feet  above  the  lower  miter  sill  of  the  Amer- 
ican Canal  lock  of  1881;  V.).H\)  feet  above  the  lower  i)latrorm  and  20.2(i 
feet  above  the  lower  miter  sill  of  the  American  Canal  lock  of  1S«)7,  and 
20.14  feet  abovci  the  iloor  and  20.3 1.  feet  above  the  lower  miter  sill  of  the 
Canadian  Canal  lock  of  ISOo.  The  depth  on  struct  ares  are  deduced 
from  data  furuished  by  Lieut.  .1.  IJ.  Cavaiiau};ii,  Corps  of  Kngineers,  at 
I  )etroit,  and  Thomas  Monro,  engineer  Soulauges  Canal,  Coteau  Lauding, 
Quebec. 

The  mean  surface  of  St.  INIarys  Kiver  below  the  locks  at  Sault  Wte. 
IVhirie  for  the  ])eriod  of  twenty  livt>  years,  from  1871  to  18t)r»,  is  583.85 
-0.58,  or  583.27  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  <'ity. 

DETROIT  RIVHR,  AT  DETIIOIT,  MlClf.  ('I'AniJ';  No.  ti). 

The  data  for  the  table  of  monthly  nunin  of  water  levels  Ibi-  the  Detroit 
LMver  at  the  light-house  depot,  at  foot  of  Mount  IClliott  avenue,  Detroit, 
Mi»'h.,  were  obtained  as  follows:  Vvom  May,  18(;7,  to  September,  1881, 
from  the  annual  reports  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  187G  to 
1882. 

The  plane  of  leference  for  the  water  levels  is  that  adopted  by  the 
Cnited  States  Lake  Survey  in  1870,  and  is  the  i)laiie  of  the  high  water 
of  1838.'  According  to  the  Ihiited  States  Lake  Survey,' this  plane  is 
7.10  feet  beU;\v  the  benc^h  mark,  U.  S.  U.  M.  Detroit  (1871),  on  the  new 
light  house  depot  at  Detroit.  The  elevation  of  this  bench  mark  is 
584.78  feet  ^  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  The  elevation  of  this 
bench  mark  was  determined  by  a  branch  line  of  ]>recise  levels  from  t  he 
main  line  of  i)reciso  levels  between  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Huron.'  The 
elevation  of  the  jtlane  of  reference  is,  therefore,  584.78  —  7.10,  or  577.02 
feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  plane  of  standard  high  water  of  the  Detroit  lliver  at  the  loot  of 
Mount  I'illiott  avenue,  Detroit,  has  been  taken  as  the  high  water  of  1838. 
Its  elevation  is  577.02  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  plane  of  standard  low  water  for  the  Detioit  Kiver  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  l^jlliott  avenue,  Detroit,  has  been  taken  as  eijuivalent  to  the 
standard  low  Avater  for  Lake  lOrie,  and  is  equal  to  the  standard  low 
water  for  Lake  Erie  increased  by  the  mean  slope  mi  the  Detroit  Kiver 
from  the  foot  of  INIount  lOUiott  avenue,  Detroit,  to  Lake  ICrie  during 
the  mouths  of  June  and  July,  I8!)5,  when  the  mean  level  of  Lake  Erie 
was  at  about  standard  low  water.  The  mean  level  of  the  Detroit  River 
at  foot  of  Mount  Elliott  avenue  during  the  months  of  .lune  and  July, 
18t)5,  was  574.10  feet'  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City;  the  mean 
level  of  Lake  Krie  during  the  same  ])eriod  was  571.01  feet.  The  mean 
slope  is,  therefore,  574. 1()  —  571.01,  or  2.49  feet,  and  the  elevation  of 
standard  low  water  at  Detroit  is  571.35  (standard  low  water  for  Lake 
r'rie)  -|-  2.49,  or  573.84  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

Standard  low  water  for  Lake  St,  Clair  has  been  determined  by  adding 
to  the  standard  low  water  for  the  Detroit  Kiver  at  foot  of  Mount  lOlliott 
avenue  the  mean  slope'  in  the  Detroit  Kiver  between  the  foot  of  Mount 


'So.'  Report  of  Chief  of  EiiKinoerH,  U.  8.  A.,  1S72,  imj-c*  lOnO,  luul  1«7fi,  i»uit  '^, 
pn^^e  Ki. 

'•'S<>o  Kiiiiil  Report  of  United  StateH  Lake  Survey,  rrofessijual  rai)oi'H,  Corps  of 
Enj^ineeiH,  U.S.A.,  No.  '2\,  pajjo  (Mli. 

^Seo  Report  of  Cliief  of  KiiKiiieerH,  U.  S.  A.,  1H7H,  jiail  ■'»,  pa-je  IJOit. 

'From  letter  of  liinit.  .1.  H.  Cttvauanj;!!,  CorpH  of  Eutfiuoora,  U.  S.  A.,  Detroit, 
Mich.,  dated  Eobiuary  11, 1890. 


Lake 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEKP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


107 


Elliott  avenue  and  Lake  St.  (nairdniinfj  tlie  niontlia  of  June  and  July, 
18!)5.  The  elevation  of  standanl  low  water  for  Lake  iSt.  Chiir  is,  there- 
fore, 57.1.S4  4-  0.42,  or  r>71.-(»  feet  above  nu'an  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  mean  surface  of  the  Detroit  River  at  tiie  foot  of  Mount  I'jlliott 
avenue  for  tiie  ])eriod  of  lifleen  years  from  IS(»7  to  1.S81  is  li.L'S  feet 
below  the  plane  of  reference,  or  r>7r)..'{4  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York 
City.  The  niean  surface  ibr  the  ])eriod  of  thirty  six  years  from  liSdO  to 
ISO."*  is  eciuivalent  to  tliat  of  Lake  I'^rie  for  the  same  jieriod  and  is  (bund 
by  <'orrecting  the  elevation  of  the  mean  suila('e()f  the  Detroit  Kiver  tor 
tiltei'n  years  by  the  difference  between  the  eiiivations  of  the  mean  sur- 
face of  Lake  Krie  tor  the  periods  of  thirty  six  years,  LS(I()  to  18*.>r>,  and 
lifteen  years,  18('>7  to  1S81.  Tlie  correction  is -f  0.08  foot.  Therefore, 
the  elevation  of  the  mean  surface  of  the  Detroit  IMver  at  foot  of  Mount 
Elliottavenuetbr  the  periodof  thirty  six  years,  lS(;oto  18t>r),  is.57r».;54  -f 
(K08,  or  575.413  feet  abov«^  mean  ti«le  at  New  York  City.  The  mean  sur- 
fju'c  for  the  ])eriod  of  twenty  live  years,  deduced  in  a  simihu-  manner, 
is  575.34  —  O.OJ,  or  575.."J3  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 


1} 


s 


> 


Jake 

ling 

iott 

junt 

It  ;{, 

»s  of 


T.AIvI';   VAUV.  (TAHLKS  XOS.  7  AM)  8). 

The  data  for  the  table  of  monthly  means  of  water  levels  for  Lake  Erie 
at  Cleveh'nd,  Ohio,  were  obtained  as  IbMows:  l"'rom  .ranimry,  ISOO,  to 
flune,  18JH,  from  the  annual  rei)ortsof  the  Chief  of  I'^ngineers,  V.  S.  A., 
1870  to  1S04,  inclusive;  Irom  .July,  ISOl,  to  December,  1895,  from  nnui- 
uscript  furnished  by  liieut.  Col.  .lared  A.  Smith,  Corps  of  I'^uffineers, 
U.  S.  A.,  at  Cleveland,  Oiiio.  This  table  has  been  <'heeked  with  the 
original  recA)r<l  in  the  ollice  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Snuth,  oy  NYilliaju 
T.  Blunt,  l'nite<l  Stat«^s  assistant  engineer. 

The  ])lane  of  reference  for  tiie  wat«n'  levels  is  that  a(lo])te(l  by  the 
United  States  Lake  Survey  ii>  187(),  and  is  the  plains  of  the  high  water 
of  18;{8  as  observed  at  Cleveland.  According  to  the  I'nited  States 
Lake  Survey,'  the  plane  of  reference  is  0..'iO  feet  Ix^low  t\u\  bench  mark  on 
the  top  of  tlie  coping  of  the  lock  of  the  Ohio  Canal  between  Merwiu 
stieet  and  the  Cuyahoga  Kiver.  The  elevation  of  this  bench  mark  is 
581 .50  feet.'-  The  elevation  of  the  plane  of  reference  is  5S1..">0  —  (>..'?(►,  or 
575.20  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  This  plane  corresponds 
to  Cleveland  <ity  datum. 

The  ])lane  of  standard  high  water  for  Lake  I'^rie  haa  been  taken  as 
tlu^  high  water  of  I8;>8,  that  being  the  highest  of  which  there  is  any 
reconl.     Its  elevatioji  is  575.20  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.' 

The  plane  of  standard  low  water  for  Lake  I'>rie  is  eiiuivalent  to  that 
for  Lake  Michigan,  and  is  the  plane  at  or  below  whicrh  monthly  mean 
water  has  stood  not  more  than  an  aggregate  of  ten  nn>nths  during  the 
season  «)f  navigation  out  of  the  aggregate  of  eighteen  lowest  monthly 
nteau  waters  o(!cnrring  during  tlie  period  of  thirty-six  years,  1800  to 
1805.    The  Ibllowing  is  the  record. 


I  St'i'  l»('|)()rt  (»r('lii('r<)f  l',ii}^iii(>i'rH,  l'.  S.  A.,  1H7(),  ])art  .'5,  ))ii<j;(*  S2. 

•Sci'  I'^iiinl  K'cpord  oI'IIk^  Hiiilcd  Stiitos  Liiko  Siirvoy,  I'lolcNsioiiiil  rii])nrH,  C<)r]»Hof 
Kii^iiWM'i'H,  If,  S.  A,,  No.  21,  ]);\jii'  OIT). 

'I'lio  h\<i\\  w.iUiv  of  Jinio  lit,  lsr)K,  tlio  record  of  wliicli  Iiun  roccntly  como  to  liniid 
(NovcmlH'r 'Jl ),  is  hoiiio  0.25  loot  liiglior  tliaii  in  ISliS.  (Soo  "Water  levels,  etc., 
prior  to  18G0.")— L.  E.  C. 


>< 


% 


' 


fll-  * 


ii  I 


108 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAVS   COMMISSION. 


Eighteen  hnvent  monihhj  mcann  of  water  lei'eh  below  the  plane  .f  reference  of  United  States 
J.ake  Surveij  during  the  period  ISCOto  lSOr> 


Yi'ur. 

Montli. 

Reailing. 

Year. 

Month. 

Reading. 

1868 

Kcbninrv  ......... 

Feet. 
4.07 
3.80 
X85 
3.95 
3.U4 
3.87 
3..00 
4.01 
3.97 

1893 

tjiiniiarv. .......... 

Feet. 
3.04 

187VI 

Marrh 

181(5 

I***'briiiirv  ......... 

3.80 

l.)(!rt*iiibi'r 

(Tiiiiiiiirv.  -        ...... 

3.88 

1873 

tifiiuiiirv     ......... 

K**briiiiry         .... 

4.11 

K('l)riiurv     

Alarcli 

4. 10 

3.85 

18i)l 

OiitobtT 

4.31 

181)2 

I'V'bniary 

Novi'inbi^r 

4.  fl 

4.25 

Tlip  following  f  M'C  tlio  lowest  monthly  moans  (luring  tlio  season  of  navi- 
gation, which  excludes  the  months  of  January,  February,  and  March: 


Vi'fir. 


Month. 


1872 Itrcmnbpr . 

1891 1   Novniiber. 

1895 April 


Iteading. 


Feet. 
3. 85 
3.90 
3.85 


Y«>ar. 


1895 


Muiitli, 


Octolior  . . . 
NoveiiiliiT- 
Deccnibcr . 


liOiidiiig. 


Feet. 
4.31 
4.41 
4.25 


The  readings  3.85  of  December,  1872,  ar.d  April,  180j),  determine  the 
plane  of  standard  low  water,  and  its  elevation  is  075.20  —  3.85,  or  571.35 
feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  This  plane  is  3.85  feet  below 
Cleveland  city  datum;  1.51  feet  below  the  plane  used  for  harbor  improve- 
ments on  Lake  J'irie;  13.72  feet ;  bove  the  upi)er  miter  sill  of  entrance 
lock  of  Welland  Canal  ai  Port  Colborne,  as  given  by  Thomas  IMonro, 
engineer  Soulanges  Canal,  and  10.39  feet  above  the  upper  miter  sill  ot 
the  guard  lo(!k  of  I'^rie  ( 'anal  at  lilack  Kock,  as  deduced  from  data  by 
J.  L.  Little,  division  engineer,  and  (reorge  \V.  Itafter,  si)ecial  engineer, 
Erie  Canal. 

The  mean  surface  of  Lake  P3rie  for  the  period  of  thirty  six  years,  from 
18(10  to  1805,  is  2.32  feet  below  the  plane  of  reference,  or  572.88  feet 
above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City;  for  the  ])eriod  of  twenty- five  years, 
from  1871  to  1895,  it  is  2.41  feet  below  the  i)hine  of  referen3e,  or  572.79 
feet.  The  mean  surface  as  determined  by  the  Hnited  States  Lake  Sur- 
vey for  the  period  of  sixteen  years,  from  18(50  to  1875,  is  572.8(5  feet,  and 
this  is  the  generally  accepted  value. 

As  regards  annual  variation,  the  lake  is  generally  highest  in  the 
month  of  June  and  lowest  in  the  month  of  l^^ebruary. 

An  examination  of  the  record  for  the  period  of  thirty-six  years,  from 
1800  to  1895,  develops  the  ibllowing: 

Foot. 

Range  mean  annual  variation 1.  22 

Mean  annual  range 1.60 

Greatest,  annual  range  (185)2) 2.28 

Least  annual  range  ( 1895) 87 

Highest  niontlily  moan  water,  .Inno,  1876  (below  piano  of  roferenco) 59 

Lowest  niontiily  moan  wattr,  November,  1895  (bolow  plane  ol'rorcrouco) 4.41 

Greatest  rang«(  in  monthly  moan  waters 3. 82 

llighoHt  annual  mean  water,  1876  (below  piano  of  reference)  , 1.41 

Lowest  annual  moan  water,  1895  (below  plane  of  reference) 15. 91 

<3roatoHt  range  in  annual  mean  waters 2.53 


Tht 
Erie, 
Ohio,! 
Bluntl 
have 


The 

Oiitarj 

18(i0, 

StanttJ 

1^91, 

U.S. 

8crii)t 

pnblis^ 

ollice 

assista 

The 
llnitec 
States 
Lake 
above 

The 
as  the 
numthl 
to  1895 
gauge, 
or  249.( 

The 
that  fo 
mean  v 
ing  th( 
moiithl 
18G0  to 


1872. 

1873. 

1875. 
1891. 

1892. 


Feet. 
U.04 
8.80 
9.88 


t\ 


4.25 


J'Wt. 
4.31 

2.26 


from 
feet 
^enrs, 
2.71) 
Siir- 
jind 

the 


Foot. 
l.L'2 
1. 60 
2.28 
.87 
.  59 
4.41 

3.82 

l.Il 
H.  J»4 

2.53 


REPORT   OP   IJ.  S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMxMlSSION. 


109 


The  (liitii  for  the  table  of  monthly  mean  water  levels  for  Lake  Erie  at 
Erie,  Pa.,  were  obtained  from  the  same  sources  as  those  at  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  and  the  same  has  been  checked  with  the  original  record  by  Mr. 
Blunt.  Three  errors  in  monthly  means  as  printed  in  the  annual  reports 
have  been  corrected. 

LAKE  ONTARIO  (TABLES  NOS.  1)  AND  10). 

The  data  for  the  table  of  monthly  means  of  water  levels  for  Lake 
Ontario  at  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  were  obtained  as  follows:  From  January, 
18<!0,  io  December,  1890,  from  manuscript  furnished  by  Maj.  W.  S. 
Stanton,  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  at  Oswego,  N.  Y. ;  from  .January, 
1^01,  to  June,  1894,  from  the  annual  reports  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers, 
U.  S.  A.,  1892  to  1894;  from  July,  1894,  to  Decendier,  1895,  from  manu- 
8cri])t  furnished  by  Major  Stanton.  That  jmrtion  compiled  from  the 
published  reports  has  been  checked  with  the  original  record  in  the 
otiice  of  Major  Stanton  by  William  IMerson  Judson,  United  States 
assistant  engineer. 

The  i)lane  of  reference  for  the  water  levels  is  that  adopted  by  the 
United  States  engineer  oflice  at  Oswego,  and  is  the  zero  of  the  United 
States  engineer  gauge  at  Oswego.  According  to  the  United  States 
Lake  Survey,'  the  elevation  of  the  zero  of  the  gauge  is  244.21  teet 
above  mean  tide  at  I^ew  York  City. 

The  plane  of  standard  high  water  for  Lake  Ontario  has  been  taken 
as  the  monthly  mean  water  of  May,  1870,  at  Oswego,  which  is  highest 
monthly  mean  water  level  during  the  period  of  thirty-six  years  ISOO 
to  189.").  This  monthly  mean  water  is  4.8,'i  feet  above  the  zero  of  the 
gauge.  The  elevation  of  standard  high  water  is  therefore  244.21 4-4.83, 
or  249.04  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  plane  of  standard  low  water  for  Lake  Ontario  is  equivalent  to 
that  for  Lake  Michigan,  aiul  is  the  plane  at  or  below  which  monthly 
ini^an  water  has  stood  not  more  than  an  aggregate  of  ten  months  dur- 
ing the  season  of  navigation  out  of  the  aggregate  of  nineteen  lowest 
monthly  mean  waters  occurring  during  the  period  of  thirty-six  years, 
18G0  to  1895.    The  following  is  the  record: 

Nineteen  lowest  monthli/  mean  watrr  Ivveh  ahore  the  zvro  of  the  Oswci/o  gauge  durinq  the 

period  186(1  to  1S95. 


Year. 


1b72. 
187;!. 


187r). 
1891. 

1892. 


Mouth. 


Kebi'iiary  . . . 

Miircli 

l)oo«ml)er . . . 

tlantiiiry 

VchruiiVy 

Alai'uli 

February 

Novomlier. .. 
Dcecnibor  . . . 
.Tiiuuary 


Kemliiig. 


Feet. 
(I.  ;i9 
.23 
.23 
.10 
.26 
.38 
.26 
.32 
.29 
.39 


Year. 


1892. 
1895. 


Montli. 


February. . 
.ramiary  — 
Fobnmry.. 
Marob 

AUfJIIMt  ... 

St!i)t<'uibor 
Ocfobor  ... 
Novcnibor. 
Uecoiuber . 


Keadiiig. 


■.'/•^ 

0.36 

.;i7 

.31 
.21 
.  22 

-  !T2 

—  .46 

—  .71 

-  .ti8 


Proi)erly  the  above  table  should  contain  only  eighteen  months  in 
order  to  make  it  correspond  with  that  of  Lake  Michigan,  but  inasmuch 
as  the  next  reading  to  reject  would  be  0.39,  and  as  there  arc  two  such 
readings,  therefore  it  is  immaterial  whether  eighteen  or  nineteen  read- 
ings are  used. 


'  See  Final  Report  of  Unitpd  States  Lake  Survey,  Professional  Papers,  Corps  of 
Eugiuoers,  U.  S.  A.,  No.  24,  page  GOD. 


\ 


'\ 


i 


110 


UEPOliT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATEKVVAY8   COMMISSION. 


I; 


4 


The  followinjf  mo,  tlie  lowest  iiioiitlily  ineaiis  (luriii;;  the  season  of 
iiaviffJition,  which  excludes  tiie  months  of  .Ijiiiuary,  February,  and 
Marcli : 


SfSM. 

Miiiitli. 

DdOCWlMT 

Kxiuliiifr. 

hWt. 
0. 2;t 

.2» 
f   .1!2 

Yciir. 

Muiilli. 



SrptiMiibiu' 

Octulirr 

N'^vttiiibor 

Kcudiiii;. 

J87Sl' 

1 

!  is'.tr. 

1 

Fert. 

-  0.  12 

1881 

Novfiiilifr 

PotTiuln'r 

.  41) 

-  .71 

18!I5. . 

AULTlitil 

IJtict^iiibur ......... 

.08 

The  rejiding  +  ()..'{li  of  November,  ISIH,  determines  the  plane  of 
stindartl  low  water,  ai'.d  its  elevation  is  2M.21  +  0.3li,  or  li  14.r>;5  feet 
above  mean  tide  at  New  York  (Jity.  Tnis  plane  is  0.,'?'2  fooi,  above  the 
zero  of  tin'.  United  States  enj>ineer  water  j;ani;e  at  ()8wej»<),  N.  Y.; 
1 4.3.'{  feet  above  the  low«'r  miter  sill  of  the  eiitrar.i'i^  lock  to  the  Welhuul 
Canal  at  I'ort  Dalhousu',  as  j>iven  by  Thomas  i\b.nro,  engineer  Son- 
langes  Canal;  0.87  foot  below  the  zero  of  the  iniibor  conunissioner's 
water  gauge  at  Toronto,  as  deduced  from  «lata  furnished  by  K.  11. 
Keating,  city  engineer;  0.;{U  foot  above  tiu;  jilane  used  for  United 
States  harbor  iniprovements  for  Lake  Ontario,  and  7.40  feet  above  the 
lower  miter  sill  of  Lock  IS,  of  the  Erie  C;uial  at  Oswego,  as  determined 
by  William  I'ierson  Judson,  C,  10.,  for  the  ('ominission. 

The  mean  surface  of  Lake  Ontario  for  the  period  of  thirty-six  years 
from  1860  to  1895  is  2.27  feet  above  the  zero  of  the  Oswego  gauge  or 
240.18  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City;  for  the  period  of  twenty- 
iive  years  from  1871  to  1895  it  is  2.05  feet  above  the  zero  of  the  Oswego 
gauge,  or  24().2(J  feet  above  mean  ti<le  at  New  York  City.  The  mean 
surfjKie  as  determined  by  the  United  Stiitos  ijake  Survey  for  the  i>eriod 
of  sixteen  years  from  1800  to  1875  is  240.01  feet,  and  this  is  the  gen 
erally  accepted  value.  The  United  States  Lake  Survey  result  was 
obtained  from  the  Charlotte  water  level  record. 

As  regards  annual  variation,  the  lake  is  generally  highest  iu  the  month 
of  J  uie  and  lowest  in  the  month  of  l)e('end)er. 

An  exanumition  of  the  record  lor  the  j»er'.od  of  thirty-six  years  from 
1860  to  1805  develops  the  following: 

Foet. 

Kanjj;o  in  inoiin  annual  variation 1.15 

Mean  annual  i  anfjo 2. 02 

(itreatoHt  annual  ranjjo  (  Mil) 'A.Oii 

LeuBt  annual  range  (1872) 1 


llifihost  iuontlily  moan  water  (May,  1870  alM»v«*  zero  of  Ohw^k"  giinjio) I.s;{ 

howoMt  monthly  mean  water  (November,  IHilf)  below  /.rvo  of  Oswego  gauge)  ..       .71 


(Ireatest  range  in  monthly  mean  waters 5.54 


Highest  annual  mean  water  (1802) 8.  51 

Lowest  annual  mean  water  ( i8'J5) 17 


(ireatest  range  iu  annual  moan  waters 3.  :tt 

The  data  for  the  table  of  montbly  means  of  water  levels  foi-  Lake 
Ontario  at  ('harlotte,  N.  Y.,  were  obtained  as  follows:  From  .lanuary, 
1800,  to  .lune,  1804,  froni  the  annual  reports  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers, 
U.S.A.,  1870  to  1804,  inclusive;  from  ,Iuly,  185M,  to  Decend)er,  1805, 
from  manuscript  furinshed  by  Major  Stanton.  The  monthly  mean 
readings  from  June,  188.'{,  to  .lune,  1804,  in(;liisive,  are0.15  foot  less  than 
those  given  in  the  above-mentioned  reports  of  the  Chief  of  Eiigiueers. 


This  ( 
State 
at  Ne 


Fert. 
-(».  12 

-  .4tl 

-  .71 

-  .08 


was 


Vvat. 

1.  15 

2.  Oli 

:?.  ()5 
1 

.71 

:..  r.t 
3.51" 

.17 

3.  :m 

Lake 
uuary, 
ineors, 
1S<).~), 
mean 
s  than 
ueers. 


REPORT   OP    IT.  8.  DRIOP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


Ill 


This  correction  was  niado  b('r;,usii  previous  to  June,  IHS.'J,  the  I'nitcMl 
States  Lake  Survey  phme  01  refeience  is  L*49.0Meet  above  mean  tide 
at  Now  York  City,  and  ni'Ur  and  inehuliu};  June,  JSS.'?,  the  I'nited 
States  }>iif>ineer  oMiee  at  ()s\v<'};o  used  a  phme  ol"  reference  wiiieh  is 
24U,  19  leet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  The  <lil1erenee  in  eh: 
vat  ion  of  these  two  phincs  is  O.lo  foot.  It  was  th(Mi}jfht  best  to  rel'er  all 
the  Charh)tte  readinj^s  to  the  phme  of  reference  a<U)pted  by  tlie  I'nited 
States  Lake  Survey  in  1S7(».'  The  monthly  mean  readings  from  July, 
l.S!)4,  to  December,  18t>5,  were  reduced  to  the  United  States  Lake  Sur- 
vey ])lane  of  reference,  whose  eleviition  is  L'  19.01  feet. 

The  plane  of  reference  for  the  water  levels  at  Charlotte  is  that  a<loi)ted 
by  the  United  States  Lake  Survey  in  liS7(>,  and  is  the  plane  of  an  assumed 
hi{j:h witer of  1<S;{S.  Accordinjj  to  the  rnited  States  Lake  Survey-  this 
plaiie  «»r  reference  is  ,''.4.19  feet  below  the  upper  side  of  the  water  table 
of  the  lip-ht-lionse,  at  the  south  southeast  anyie,  east  of  the  south  win- 
<low  at  C  iiarh;tte.  The  elevation  of  this  bench  mark  is  L'H;i.L'.'{  feet.' 
The  elevation  of  the  i)lano  of  reference  is,  therefore,  liS.'{.2;i  —  .'il.l9,  or 
294.04  feet  above  mean  lide  at  New  York  City.  This  hai)pens  to  <'oiu- 
eide  with  the  elevation  of  the  plane  of  stiindard  hijj^h  water  of  Lake 
Ontario. 

Tlie  Oswej-o  water  jiaujie  was  established  in  1S.'{S  by  Mr.  John  VV. 
Ju(l.M)n,  <".  E.,  United  States  afient  in  charj^e  of  Lake  Ontario  harbors. 
Its  zero  was  set  at  the  then  extreme  low  water,  su|)posed  to  be  that  of 
IHi!).'  The  };au};«'  "  is  <'ut  into  the  vertical  face  of  tlie  cut  stone  masonry 
formin}.>'  the  breakwater.  This  masonry  was  fornded  upon  the  ledjieof 
ro(!k  formii;}>'  the  shore  from  whicl'.  the  breakwater  starts  and  has  thus 
been  free  from  any  possibility  of  settlement."  The  information  in  this 
paraj;ra]di  has  been  furnished  by  Mr.  William  IMeison  rhidson,  ('.  IC, 
Oswejio,  N.  Y.  , 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  no  question  has  ever  bean  raised  in  refjtird  to 
the  stability  of  the  Oswej^o  jjauge,  while  there  has  been  in  rej»ar<l  to 
the  Charlotte  {.jaujue,  all  deductions  for  standard  water  levels  have  been 
derived  from  the  Oswego  gaujje  record. 

ST.  LAWRKNCK   KI\KR  AT  VALLEYFIKLD  (TAHLK  NO.  11). 

The  data  for  the  tabh'  of  monthly  mean  water  levels  for  the  St. 
Lasvrence  lliver  at  Valleyti«'Id,  Trovince  ol"  (^>uebec,  were  furnished  by 
Thomas  Monro,  engineer  Sonlanges  Canal,  at(3oteau  Landing,  Province 
of  (Quebec.  In  the  original  record  the  readings  are  given  in  feet  and 
inches,  but  in  this  table  the  monthly  mean  readings  are  given  in  feet  and 
decimals  of  a  foot.  The  monthly  means  were  reduce(l  from  the  daily 
readings  and  checked  in  the  oflice  of  the  (Commission. 

The  plane  of  reference  ibr  the  water  levels  is  the  ujiper  miter  sill  of 
Lock  No.  14  of  the  lieauharnois  Canal.  The  elevation  of  this  miter 
sill  is  14l*.52  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City,  for  which  Thomas 
MoKio,  engineer  of  the  Soulanges  Canal,  is  the  authority. 

'  Soe  l\oi)ort  Cliiof  of  Knjrinoors,  IT.  S.  A.,  1870,  part  H,  p.ajjo  81,  for  ]>Iaii«  of  rcforoiice, 
and  i'iiiiil  Ix't'port.  of  riiitc.d  Stat(\,s  I,!iko  Siirv(\v,  I'rofcsHional  I'aixMH,  (!ori)Hof  Mii- 
giiioors,  IT.  S.  .\.,  No.  2\,  puf^o  (ill,  for  tikivatioii  of  bciuli  mark  at  ("linrlottc.  Also  sco 
Report  Chinf  of  Kii;;iii(!«rs,  V.  S.  A.,  18S7,  part !{,  page  l'H7,  and  Report  Cliiof  of  Engi- 
neers, II.  S.  A.,  18!»L',  part  0.  page  i:!82. 

-  Soo  Report  of  the  ('liief  of  EngiiioerH,  IT.  S.  A.,  1870,  ))art .'{,  ]»age  81. 

'See  l'rofesHi.»nal  Papers,  Corps  of  iMigineers,  11.  S.  A.,  No.'il,  j.ageOlt. 

'Re(or<ls  since  obtained  indicate  tiiat  this  was  ])robal>ly  the  sntniner  or  autumn 
water,  mh  the  lowest  water  of  181}!  aj.pcars  to  have  been  eonsiderably  lower  (see 
Water  Levels,  etc.,  Prior  to  1800)-  L.  E.  C. 


Ii 


I 


\ 


^ 


112 


REPORT  or  u.  s.  dki:p  watkrways  commission. 


'  ■<i 


1 


Tlie  i)lano  of  Rtaiidard  liifjli  water  for  the  St.  Lawrence  Kivei  at 
ValleylU'ld  lias  been  taken  as  tlie  monthly  mean  water  of  May,  1870, 
which  is  equivalent  to  that  for  Lake  Ontario.  The  monthly  mean  water 
of  May,  1870,  reads  l'.\A2  feet  on  the  miter  sill  and  the  elevation  of 
standard  high  water  is,  therefore,  142.52+ 1.'{.42,  or  155.94  feet  above 
mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  plane  of  standard  low  water  for  the  St.  Lawrence  lliver  at  V'alley- 
field  is  equivalent  t  for  Lake  Michi}<:an,  and  is  the  j)lane  at  (u* 

behnv  which  month.  .m  water  has  stood  not  more  than  an  afrgre- 
gate  of  ten  months  during  the  season  of  navigation  <mt  of  the  aggregate 
of  nineteen  lowest  monthly  mean  waters  occurring  during  the  period 
of  thirty  six  years,  18(10  to  1805.     The  following  is  the  record: 

Ninch'eii  lotvpni  vioiitlihi  mcaiiK  of  water  Irvch  ahorr  llir  iipfwr  milir  nill  of  l.oek  \<t.  II  at 

\  alUyJivUl  ditrimj  tlif  ptriud  ISilO  to  JSHo. 


Year. 


1872 Fobrnnrv 

Miircli  .".. 

187.T Mmcli  ... 

1875 Ki'in'iiiiry 

1881 Immnry  . 

February 

188r) j  Marcli  ... 

188H I  l'"c!)ruary 

181W ^  I'Vliruary 

I  March  ... 


Month. 


1 

Hon<1inK. 

tWf. 

10.  ;it) 

lU.MI 

10.i)8  , 

IO..VJ  ! 

10.08  ! 

io.7;i 

10.  o;i  ' 

10.  r>u  1 

-     10.74 

10.  Ha 

Year. 


t8»:i. 
1H!»5. 


Month, 


Kobrnary  . 
Fcliriiary  . 
March  .... 

July 

August  .. 
Scpti^nihcr 
()t'tol)or  ... 
NovcMihi'r. 
Ueceuiber . 


ItiMiiliiiK. 


Fivt. 

10.  r.;t 
10.  r.7 

10.  08 
10.00 
10.08 
I0.,''>4 

10.  :iu 

10.17 
10. 47 


Projierly  the  above  table  should  contain  only  eighteen  months  in 
order  to  make  it  corresiwnd  with  that  of  Lake  Michigan,  but  inasmuch 
as  the  next  reading  to  reject  would  be  10.08,  and  as  there  are  two  su(!h 
readings,  therefore,  it  is  immaterial  whether  eighteen  or  nineteen  read- 
ings are  used. 

The  following  are  the  lowest  monthly  means  during  the  season  of 
navigation,  which  excludes  the  months  of  January,  February,  and 
March : 


Year. 

Month. 

Kea<ling. 

Year. 

Month. 

Heading. 

1895 

July 

Feet. 
10. 96 
10.98 
10.  54 

1895 

October 

Feet. 
10.30 

i 

10. 17 

Soptenibcr 

10.47 

I. 


The  reading  4- 10.98  feet  of  August,  1895,  determines  the  plane  of 
standard  low  water,  and  its  elevation  is  142.52  +  10.98,  or  153.50  feet 
above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  Extreme  low  water  occurred  on 
November  9,  and  25,  1895,  when  the  reading  was  9.5  feet.  This  <!()r- 
responds  to  an  elevation  of  162.02  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York 
City. 

The  mean  surface  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  at  Valleyfield,  for  the 
period  of  thirty-six  years  from  18C0  to  1895,  is  12.14  feet  above  the 
upper  miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  14,  or  154.60  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New 
Yo?k  City.  For  the  period  of  twenty-five  years,  I'rom  1871  to  1895,  it 
is  11.99  feet  above  the  upper  miter  sill  or  154.51  feet  jibove  mean  tide 
at  New  York  City. 

As  regards  annual  variation  the  St.  Lawrence  River  at  Valleyfield 
is  generally  highest  in  the  month  of  May  and  lowest  in  the  month  of 
November. 


hWt. 

1(1.  r>;! 
10.  r.7 

lO.tirt 

lO.iltl 
10.(18 
10.  ,'^14 

]o.:i<j 

10.  17 
10.47 


Kemling. 


Feet. 
10.30 
10.17 
10.  47 


ll'or  the 
|ve  the 

it  New 

^895,  it 
in  tide 

leyfiehl 
luith  of 


REPORT   OP    ir.  a.  UEKP    WATEKWAVH   COMMISSION. 


113 


An  exaniiniition  of  tiie  re«'oi»l  for  the  period  of  thirty  six  vriirs,  from 
]8(K)  t«)  1805,  develops  the  fdUowiiifr: 

Raii^n  in  iiionn  iiiiniial  vuriiititui 0.  8(i 

Monn  annual  ranjj<^ 1 .  50 

(Jroatf'Ht  annual  ranj.;o  ( 18X5) 2.  K") 

liOUHt  annual  ranjjo  (ISdO) 10 

Jli^lioBt  monthly  moan  wattM-  (May,  1S(»L',  ab«»v»i  ujipor  mitor  Hill  i>('  Lork  11)..  Hi.  7(> 

LowoHt  munthly  moan  waUir  ( March.  IHH't,  alutvo  upper  iiiitor  hHI  of  l.orii  1 1 ) . .  10.  o;{ 

OroateHt  raugo  in  monthly  moan  wator 'A.T.i 

Ilighoflt  annual  moan  waior  (ISOl) IH.  07 

LowoHt  iinnuul  moan  wator  (1805) 10.  !tl 

OreatoHt  rango  in  annual  moan  wator 2.  10 

ST.  l.AWRKNCK  RIVKK  AT  MONTKKAL  (TAMI.K  NO.  IJ). 

The  table  of  monthly  nu»anH  of  water  h'veistfor  the  St.  liawreiice  IJiver 
at  Montreal,  Province  «>f  (Quebec,  was  eompih>d*from  o  table  furnislicd 
by  John  Kennedy,  chief  enjjineer  harbor  eommissioners  Montreal,  and 
wliich  is  piven  in  fnll  as  Tal)h»-  No.  14. 

The  plane  of  reference  for  the  water  levels  is  the  lower  miter  sill  ot 
old  lower  lock  of  the  Lachine  Oainil.  The  elevation  of  this  miter  sill  is 
7.H>  feet  above  mean  tide  at  >Jew  York  City.  This  elevation  is  deduced 
from  that  {jiven  by  K.  Steckel,  enfj^ineer  in  charge  of  Canadion  jieodetic 
leveling;.'  The  Canadian  gjeodetic  levels  are  referred  to  an  approximate 
mean  tide  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  which  is  4.441  feet  below  the  mean 
tide  at  New  York  City.  This  dilference  was  fonnd  wIkmi  tlie  Canadian 
levels  were  connected  with  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geixletic  Sur- 
vey levels  at  Rouses  Point,  New  York.' 

The  plane  of  standard  hi{;fh  water  for  the  St.  Lawrence  lliver  at  Mon- 
treal is  "the  highest  water  possible  during  the  season  of  navigation 
(at  springs)  with  weather  and  atinosi)herie  pressure  in  a  normal  condi- 
tion."    Its  elevation  is  35.78  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.-' 

The  plane  of  standard  low  water  for  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver  at  Slon- 
treal  corresponds  to  a  stage  of  1(5  feet  abovi^  the  lower  miter  sill  of  ohl 
lock  (No.  1)  of  the  Lachine  Canal,  and  is  the  same  as  that  deduced  by 
li.  Steckel,  engineer  in  charge  of  Canadian  geodetic  leveling.'  The  ele- 
vation of  this  i)lane  is  7.10-f  lO.OO,  or  23.10  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New 
York  City.  This  plane  is  0.33  feet  below  the  ])lane  used  in  the  Mon- 
treal harbor  and  ship  channel  improvements.  The  latter  plane  is  1(1  feet 
4  inches,  or  1(5.33  above  the  lower  miter  sill  of  old  lower  lock  No.  1.' 
Extreme  low  water  occurred  in  October,  1895,  when  the  reading  was  13 
feet  2  inches,  or  13.17  on  the  miter  sill.  This  (corresponds  to  an  eleva 
tion  of  20.27  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  plane  of  standard  low  water  is  also  0.08  feet  below  the  ecpiiva- 
lent  plane  of  standarc^  'ow  water  deduced  in  a  similar  nninner  as  the 
plane  of  standard  low  water  tor  the  several  Great  Lakes  and  the  St. 
Lawrence  River  at  Valleytield.  The  equivalent  plane  of  standard  low 
water  would  be  the  ^)lane  at  in*  below  whi(!h  monthly  mean  wat«'r  has 
stood  not  more  tlnin  an  aggregate  of  ten  months  during  the  season  of 

'  See  Annual  Report  Minister  of  Public  Works,  Canada,  1890-01,  Part  II,  pagoH  10!) 
and  8, 

'Ibid.,  pages  8  and  117,  and  Plato  XXIV. 

3Soo  Annual  ReportMinister  of  Public  Works,  (Canada,  1800-1801,  Part  II,  pagoU;. 

^Seo  Annual  Report  of  the  Harbor  Coiumissionors  of  Montreal,  1805,  page  80. 

H.  Doc.  192 8* 


I 


114 


KEPORT    OP    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


navigation  out  of  tlic  a^^frcjjatoof  oi};lit(^eii  lowest  monthly  iiioiin  wators 
occuiriiifidnrinj;  tlu'  period  of  tliirty-six  years — ISdO  tolSUa.  The  fol- 
lowing is  tho  record : 

Kightei'ti  loweal  luimthly  meariHo/  u-alcrleveh  nhoir  thv  lower  milrr  niH  of  nld  Lock  So,  /, 
l.ccliiue  (anal,  duriuij  the  period  ISiio  lo  ISU'i. 


Year. 


IHflg 
1871 

IH74 
IH7II 
1881 

1887 


Month. 


Ortolipr  ... 

NdVllllllMT 

Novoinlicr 
Novonilinr 
«)i:t(>lMT  ... 
Novoinbcr. 
I)t'(!('iiil)«r . 
S<'|il((nil>of 
Novoiuber. 


Uoailing. 


hWI. 
10.  42 
10.42 
10.42 
10.118 
I. I.  75 
10.  08 
10.25 
10.  OH 
10.    7 


I 


Ynar. 


1889.... 
1«»1.... 

181)4.... 
1805 


Miinth. 


N'ovombiir. 
Oi'tolipr ... 
Nov«'iii1h(|'. 
S«i>l<"iiilior 

•■"l.V 

AiiKMHt.  ... 
Sitpti'iiibcr 
Octobrr  . ., 
iJovoiiibor. 


UitiiiliuK- 


Vert. 
10. 
1.1. 
15. 
10. 
15. 
15. 
14. 

l.i. 


:i3 

1(2 
07 
17 
8;i 

50 

8:i 

8.'t 


Tlie  following;  are  tlie  ten  lowest  monthly  means  dnriiiy-  the  season 
of  iiiivijjfation,  which  excludes  tho  months  of  ilannary,  l-N^bruaiy,  and 
March: 


y.ur. 

Month. 

Ui'ailiiiK. 

Vciir. 

otolith. 

Keuilin;;. 

1881 

Ootobor 

VeH. 
15.  75 
10.08 
10.08 
15.02  i 
15.07 

181(5 

.Tnlv 

IWt. 
1.5.83 

Novoiuber 

15.  :i3 

1887       

Snnti'iiibor 

SrptonibiT .. 

Oi'tolicr 

11.50 

1801 

October 

i:{.  83 
13.83 

NoviMuhor 

xlie  reading  1(»,08  feet  of  November,  1881,  and  September,  1.SS7  (also 
of  November,  1879),  would  determine  the  equivalent  i)lane  of  standard 
low  water,  and  its  elevation  would  be  7.10+1<>.()8,  or  L'3.18  feet  above 
mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

As  rejjarda  annuiil  variation,  the  St.  Lawrence  liiver  at  Montreal  is 
generally  highest  in  .Tanuary  and  lowest  in  October. 

LAKE  CHAMl'LAIN  AND  JtlVEK  KICTIEJJKU  (TAHLES  NOM.  13  AND  1.1a). 

The  data  for  the  tjiblo  of  monthly  means  of  water  levels  for  Lake 
Champlain  at  Fort  Montgomery,  N.  Y.,  were  furnished  by  Oapt. 
Smith  S.  Leach,  Corps  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army,  atlUirling- 
ton,  Vt.  The  table,  as  compiled,  has  been  compared  with  the  original 
record  in  the  oflice  of  Captain  Leach  by  F.  M.  Barstow,  United  States 
assistant  engineer. 

The  plane  of  reference  for  the  water  levels  is  the  zero  of  tlu^  United 
States  engineer  gauge  at  Fort  Montgomery,  and  its  elevation  is  !>4.53 
feet'  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  plane  of  standard  high  water  for  Lake  Champlain  lias  been  taken 
as  the  high  water  of  May  4, 18G9,  which  is  tho  highest  on  record.  The 
elevation  of  the  plane  of  standard  high  water  is  1().'>.78  feet  above  mean 
tide  at  New  York  City.  This  was  obtained  as  follows:  The  records  of 
the  Central  Vermont  Railroad  show  that  the  high  water  of  May  4, 
18C9,  is  9.!>5  feet  above  the  low  water  of  October  Ki,  1880.  The  rociord 
furnished  by  Captain  Jjoach  shows  that  on  October  10,  1880.  tho  water 


'  See  Ap])oii(lix  No.  7,  Report  of  United  States  Coast  aud  Geodetic  Survey,  1887, 
page  172. 


was  a 
cry. 
fe(!t. 
Comp 
high  ^ 
The 
to  tlia 
mean 
the  N(! 
month 
187J  U 

Hii/hliri 


1870. 
1877. 

1880. 

1882. 
18811. 


1870. 
1880. 

1882. 
188;i. 


Fett. 

iti.  :i;i 
i:..ii7 

Iti.  17 
I.'..  h:i 
iri.  :i:i 

14.50 

1:1.  h:i 
i:t.  m;i 


y,'it. 

1-1.83 

1. ■..:!:! 

1 1.  .ID 

i:i.  h:i 
lit.  83 


\v  Lake 

Capt. 

furliiiff- 

niftiual 

States 


|i  taken 

The 

mean 

)rd8  of 

May  4, 

I  record 

water 

kv,  1887, 


REPORT    OF    IT.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    C0MMLS810N 


115 


was  at  the  zero  of  \\\v  riiited  Statos  enjjim'ei- jiaiij^e  at  Kort  Moiitjfoiii- 
ery.  The  elevation  of  tlie  lii;;h  water  is,  tlieret\)re,  !>4.r);;-f  J>.l'."»,  or  li>.{.7.S 
feet.  Ah  a  cheek  on  this  the  records  of  the  Oliaiiiphiiii  Tiaiispoitation 
(loinpaiiy,  kept  at  Shelbunie  Harbor,  near  lUniiii^floii,  Vt.,  show  that 
hijjh  water  of  May,  ISO'.),  is  !>.17  feet  above  h)w  water  of  Octobi'r,  18S0.' 
Tlie  i)hme  of  standard  low  water  for  hiike  ('hamplain  is  et|uivaleiit 
to  tliat  for  hake  Mieiiipin,  and  is  tlie  plane  at  or  below  whit^h  monthly 
mean  water  has  Ht(M)d  not  more  than  an  a}>^rej;ate  of  ten  months  durini; 
the  season  of  navi|?ation  out  of  the  aj;j?re};ate  of  ei;;hteen  lowest 
monthly  mean  waters  o<<'urrin;;  dnriny;  the  perio«lof  twentyli'  '  years, 
I.S71  to  1H1>5.     The  following;  is  the  record: 

Kiijhlt'en  loin  at  nioiitlih)  mei(nn  (»/"  wulfr  Icn  In  aliore  lltr  -ero  t>f  the  I'niUil  Siaiis  lu-jineer 
Haiijia  III  I'ort  Moiilijtniin'y  <liiriii;i  Ihc  in-riitd  IS7 1  lo  As'.'Ai. 


Vi'Hr. 


Month. 


IH7(! Dctt'inlipr. 

1877 ilaniiiiry . . . 

Fi'lirimiy  . 
1H8() ■  SciilciiibVr 

Octdliur  . .. 

18H'J IVcrmbcr. 

188;i .IiiiMinry  .. 

Kflinmry.. 

Orlober  ... 


Ki'iiiliii);. 


h'nl. 
0.48 
.411 

.r.j 
.ir> 

.110 
.'.'0 

.  ,'■.0 

.4U 


Vit»r. 


Moiitli. 


18811 NovcmlMT., 

Oi-n'mlicr  . . 

1884 I  .liiiiiiiiry.... 

I  Ortiilici' 

1887 OiIoIht  .... 

NovcmlHT. . 

1801 Noveiiilur  . 

181)4 S««|>lombcr 

Ovliibur ..., 


Ki'iiiliiiK. 


Feet. 
(1. 4(1 
.4(1 
.58 
.48 
.r)8 
.47 

.  r>() 
.no 

.50 


The  followiiifj;  are  the  ten  lowest  monthly  means  durin};  th  •  season 
of  navigation,  which  excludes  the  months  of  .lanuaryj  I'ebruaiy,  and 
March: 


Year, 


Moiitb. 


I 


187(i. 
1880. 


, Dt'ccmbtT . 

Sojttrmbcr 

i  OctoluT  . . . 

1882 j  DiMciiibiT. 

188;i Octobi'l'  ... 


HontUiiK. 


Firt. 
0.48 
.;il 
.  1:. 

.;io 


Yeiir. 


i88;t. 


1884. 


Mont 


Nov<iirili«r. 
KociMiiber. 
October 


'.887 Noviiinlmr. 

.40  I    18U1 1  Nov.iiibiir. 


Itftatlhig. 


Firl. 
0.40 
.41) 
.48 
.47 
.50 


The  reading;  +0.50  of  November,  1801,  determines  the  plane  of  stand- 
ard low  water,  and  its  elevation  is  M.it'A-^OSti),  or  0.").0.'{  feet  above  mean 
tide  at  New  York  City.  This  i)lane  is  9.11  feet  above  the  lower  miter 
sill  of  Lock  No.  1*3  of  the  Champlain  Caiuil  at  Whitehall,  as  di^termined 
for  the  Commission  from  a  bench  mark  of  the  United  States  Coast  aiul 
Geodetic  Survey,  by  Albert  J.  JJimes,  resident  engineer,  Erie  Canal. 

Extreme  low  water  of  Lake  (niamplain  is  that  obseived  on  October 
12,  1880,  when  the  reading  on  the  United  States  engineer  gauge  at 
Fort  Montgomery  was  —0.14  feet.-  The  elevation  of  this  extreme  low 
water  is  04.53—0.14,  or  94.30  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  incomplete  record  at  St.  Johns  (Table  13a),  prior  to  1871,  indi- 
cates that  the  standard  low- water  plane  would  not  be  materially  changed 
if  deduced  from  a  record  for  thirty-six  years,  1800-1895. 


'  Information  furnished  l»y  F.  W.  Baldwin,  goneral  snperintnndent  Central  \'orniont 
Raihoad,  St.  AlbuuH, Vt. ;  (J.  V.  Bixby,  «Mlitor  and  ^n-opiietor  of  tlio  I'lattslmrji  K«>pnl)- 
licau,  riattsburg,  N.  V.,  and  Gcorf^o  Itiishlow,  )neiieial  niaiia,oerCli!imi)laiii  Tiansitor- 
tation  Company,  Burlington,  \t. 

-See  Appendix  No. 7,  lieport  of  United  States  Coawt  aiitl  (jeodetic  Survey,  1887. 


I 


116 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


y- 


ii"i 


The  lueau  surface  of  Lake  Champlain  for  the  period  of  twenty-live 
years,  from  1871  to  1895,  is  2.07  feet  above  the  zero  of  the  Fort  Mont- 
gomery gauge,  or  97.20  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  The 
mean  surface  as  determined  by  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic 
Survey'  for  the  period  of  twelve  years,  from  1871  to  1882,  is  97.17  feet 
above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

As  regards  annual  variation,  the  lake  is  generally  highest  in  the  month 
of  May  and  lowest  in  the  month  of  October. 

An  examination  of  the  record  for  the  period  of  twenty-five  years, 
from  1871  to  1895,  develops  the  following: 

Feet. 

Range  in  mean  annual  variation 3. 59 

Mean  annual  range 1.22 

(ireatcst  annual  range  (in  If^Tti) 6. 13 

I^east  annual  range  (in  1872) 2. 36 

Highest  monthly  mean  water  (May,  1870) 6. 61 

Lowest  monthly  mean  water  (October,  1880) 0. 15 

Greatest  range  in  monthly  mean  waters 6.  IH 

Highest  annual  mean  water  ( 1890) 3, 65 

Lowest  annual  mean  water  ( 1883) 1. 80 

Greatest  range  in  annual  mean  waters 1.85 

The  data  for  the  table  of  highest  and  lowest  de]>th  of  water  on  the 
upper  miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  1  of  the  Chambly  Canal,  liiver  Itichelieu, 
at  St.  Johns,  Province  of  Quebec,  were  obtained  from  the  annual 
reports  of  the  dei)artment  of  public  works,  Canada,  1867  to  1871,  except 
for  the  "highest"  in  April,  1809,  which  was  taken  from  the  annual 
report  for  1885,  where  it  is  given  as  13.87  feet,  by  11.  Steckel,  engineer 
in  charge  of  Canadian  geodetic  leveling,  instead  of  13  feet  10  inches, 
as  given  in  the  annual  report  for  1809. 

This  table  (13a)  is  given  as  supplemental  to  that  for  Lake  Champlain, 
there  being  no  water-level  record  obtainable  for  Lake  Champlain 
l)revious  to  1871. 

The  slopes  in  the  River  Richelieu  from  Lake  Champlain,  at  Fort 
Montgomery,  to  Lock  No.  1  of  the  Chambly  Canal,  at  St.  Johns,  are 
given  by  R.  Steckel,  engineer  in  charge  of  geodetic  leveling,^  as  follows: 

Feet. 

At  extreme  low  water 0.  38 

At  extreme  high  water,  about 2.00 

The  corresponding  elevation  of  Fort  Montgomery  would  be  as  follows : 

Above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City  :  Feet. 

At  extrenie  low  wal  sr 93. 67 

At  extreme  high  water 103.  28 

The  plane  of  standard  high  water  for  the  River  Richelieu  at  St.  Johns 
has  been  taken  as  the  high  water  of  April,  1809,  and  its  elevation  is 
10L28  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  plane  of  standard  low  water  for  the  River  Richelieu  at  St.  Johns 
is  equivalent  to  that  for  Lake  Champlain  and  it  is  derived  by  subtract 
ing  the  low-water  slope  of  0.38  foot  from  the  standard  low  water  for 
Lake  Champlain.     The  elevation  of  the  plane  of  standard  low  water  is 
therefore  95.03 — 0.38,  or  91.05  feet  above  menn  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  elevation  of  the  upper  miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  1  of  the,  Chambly 
Canal  is  87/11  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  This  eleva- 
tion is  derived  from  the  Canadian  geodetic  levels,  which  give  the  eleva- 

'8eo  Ai)])enilix  \o.  7,  Report  of  United  Stat<'H  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  1887. 
■^See  Annual  Report  Miuistorof  Public  Works,  Canada,  1881-85,  Appendix  No.  7. 


tion 

Ocea 

levels 

datui 

atNe 

feet. 

Cana( 

corres 

other 

below 


year, 


Feet. 
....  3.59 
...  1.22 
....  (5.13 
....  2.36 
....  6.G1 
....  0.15 
....  6.16 
....  3.65 
....  1.80 
....  1.85 


Feet. 

93.  67 

103.  28 


JollllB 

)tra(!t 
Iter  for 
later  is 
City, 
lainbly 
lelova- 

eleva- 

1 1887. 
io.  7. 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


117 


tion  as  1)1.85  feet  above  an  approximate  mean  tide  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  Tlie  connection  between  the  Canadian  and  United  States 
levels  at  Eouse  Point,  near  Fort  Montgomery,  shows  that  the  Canadian 
datum  is  4.441  feet  below  the  United  States  daium,  which  is  mean  tide 
at  Xew  York  City. 

The  Canadian  levels  are,  therefore,  corrected  by  subtracting  4.441 
feet.'  In  the  annual  report  of  the  minister  of  public  works,  ( 'anada,  the 
Canadian  levels  are  referred  to  another  datum  100  feet  l)elow,  which 
corresponds  to  94.63  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City,  or,  in 
other  words,  the  elevation  of  mean  tide  at  New  York  City  is  104.03  feet 
below  the  Canadian  datum  used  in  annual  re])ort  of  1884-8;'). 

ST.  LAWRENCE  RIVER  AT  MONTREAL  (  TAHLH  NO.  11) 

Table  No.  14  is  a  copy  of  tlie  record  furnished  by  John  Kennedy, 
chief  engineer,  harbor  commissioners,  Montreal.  The  table  gives  depth 
of  high,  low,  and  mean  water  level  for  each  month  on  the  miter  sill  of 
Lock  No.  1,  Lachine  Canal,  for  the  forty-six  years  from  1850  to  1895, 
inclusive. 

In  the  original  record  the  readings  are  given  in  feet  and  inches,  but 
in  this  table  the  readings  are  given  in  feet  and  decimals  of  a  foot. 

This  table  has  been  checked  with  the  original  record  in  the  ollice  of 
the  harbor  commissioners  by  the  chief  engineer,  IMr.  J(jhn  Kennedy. 

ST.  LAWRENCE  RIVER  FROM  PRESCOTT  TO  MONTREAL  (TABLE  NO.  15). 

This  table  has  been  comjiiled  for  1870,  a  ciiaracteristic  high  water 
year,  and  for  1895,  a  characteristic  low- water  year,  in  order  to  determine 
standard  high  water  and  standard  low  water  at  ruling  jjoints  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  River  between  Lake  Ontario  and  Montreal.  The  com- 
plete record  for  Lake  Ontario  and  for  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Valleylield 
and  at  Montreal  has  been  presented  in  Tables  No.  9, 10,  11,  12,  and  14, 
and  has  been  discussed  for  ea<'h  point  under  its  i>roper  head,  and  it 
remains  to  deduce  the  equivalent  results  for  the  intermediate  points. 

The  record  of  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  op])osite  Prescott,  for  1870,  is  com- 
piled from  the  Report  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  United  States  Army, 
for  189.">,  Part  VI,  page  4385;  for  1895,  from  manuscript  furnished  by 
John  C.  Churchill,  jr.,  C.  E.,  of  Ogdensburg.  The  record  at  the  termi- 
nal locks  at  the  several  canals,  except  at  Yalleyfield  and  Montreal,  is 
furnished  by  the  department  of  railways  and  canals  of  Canada. 

The  approximate  determination  of  the  zero  of  the  Ogdensburg  gauge 
is  as  follows:  The  mean  reading  of  the  Oswego  gauge  for  a  period  of 
six  months,  INlay  to  October,  1895,  is  +  0.2!)  foot,  and  lor  the  same  i)eriod 
at  Ogdensburg,  — 1.08  feet.  The  slope  of  tlu^  river  from  Kingston  to 
Prescott,  as  given  on  profile  comi)iled  by  Thomas  Monro  for  the  Deep 
Waterways  Commission  of  Canada,  is  0.25  foot,  and  the  elevation  of  the 
zero  of  the  Oswego  gauge  is  244.21  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York 
City.  The  zero  of  gauge  at  Ogdensburg  is  therefore  244.21  +  0.29 
—  0.25  +  1.08  =  245.33  leet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  The 
elevation  of  bench  mark  on  doorsill  of  light  Ikmisc  reads  0.75  feet  on 
gauge,  and  its  elevation  is  therefiu'e  245.33  4-0.75  =  252.08  feet. 

Tlie  records  given  for  the  other  ])oiiits  of  the  tables  are  tiie  depths 
on  the  miter  sills  of  the  several  locks,  which  are  all  referred  to  mean 
tide  at  New  York.  The  elevation  of  the  miter  sill  of  ol«l  Lock  5  at 
Lachine  is  deduced  from  the  line  of  jnecisc levels  from  the  internatioiuil 

'Soe  Auuunl  Report  MinisttM-  ul'  Public  WorkH,*  (Canada,  1890-91,  Part  II. 


4 


■ 



! 

1) 

1 

ll 

'    1 

118 


REPORT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


bench  mark  at  Roiiso  Point,  N.  Y.,  as  run  l»y  R.  Steckel,  engineer  in 
charge  of  Canadian  geodetic  hoveling.  The  elevation  of  the  miter  sill 
of  old  Lock  1,  at  Montreal,  is  as  given  by  the  same  anthority. 

The  elevations  of  the  reference  miter  sills  at  the  several  other  points 
are  as  given  by  Thomas  Monro  on  the  prolile  heretofore  mentioned. 

In  deducing  resnlts  it  will  be  convenient  to  consider  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  in  two  divisions:  First,  between  Lake  Ontario  and  Yalley field; 
second,  between  Valleyfleld  and  JVFontreal. 

Standard  elevations  have  already  been  independently  determined  for 
Lake  Ontario  and  for  Lake  St.  Francis  at  Valleyfleld.  It  remains,  there- 
fore, to  determine  the  etiuivalent  stages  at  Ogdensburg  and  at  the  ter- 
minal locks  of  the  Williamsburg  and  Cornwall  canals. 

Standard  high  water  is  the  monthly  average  for  May,  1870.  For 
Lake  Ontario  it  is  the  highest  water  of  record  at  Oswego.  For  the  St. 
Lawrence  River  at  Valley  field,  it  is  0.0."i  fot  lower  than  the  monthly 
average  for  May,  187(1,  although  the  genera'  average  for  the  year  1870 
ruled  higher.     The  following  table  gives  the  "esults: 


Locality. 


I.ako  Ontario,  Oswogo,  !N .  T 

()^cl(jisl)iir>;,  N.  V 

( iiil'ijis  Canal,  ( )1(1  L()cU  27 

(laJDiis  Canal.  Olu  Lock  25 

Kapitlo  I'lat  Canal,  ( )ltl  Lock  2;! 

Farraiis  Point  Canal.  Old  Lock  22 

Cornwall  (.'anal,  Olil  Lock  1") 

Vallt'.ylielil,  Province  of  (Jiioboc,  Lock  14 


l{ea,lin«!ri«n«of    El';;;;',!;™ 


rcct. 

4.81! 

;t.  24 
12.07 
15.07 
12.58 
10.  SU 
12.42 
i;!.42 


Feet. 

244.  21 

245.  :i;) 

235.15 
218.  .'i2 
205.  82 
193.  77 
144. 80 
142.  52 


Feet. 
240. 04 
248.  .57 
247. 82 
234. 19 
218.40 
204.  GO 
1.57.28 
1.55.94 


The  average  reading  for  six  months  at  Oswego,  from  May  to  October, 
181>r),  is  O.L'l)  foot,  which  is  0.0,')  foot  below  standard  low  water  as  deter- 
mined for  Lake  Ontario.  The  average  reading  for  the  same  period  at 
Valleyfield,  is  10.!>.'}  feet,  which  is  0.0")  foot  below  standard  low  water 
as  determined  for  Lake  St.  Francis  at  Valleyfield.  This  is  a  practical 
agreement,  and  an  arbitrary  of  O.O.i  foot  is  therefore  added  to  the 
averages  for  the  same  period  at  intermediate  points  in  determining 
standard  low  water.    The  following  table  gives  the  results: 


Locality. 


L,iko  Ontario,  OsirPffo,  JT,  V 

Ofrdcnslnirj;,  N.  V 

(ialoji.'*  Canal,  Old  Lock  27 

(ialoj>H  (^ainil,  Old  Lock  25 

Uapido  I'lat  Canal,  ( )ld  Luck  24 

Kajiidc  I'lat  Caniil,  ( )|d  Lock  23 

Farraiis  Point  ("anal.  Old  Lock  22 

Cornwall  Canal,  Old  Lock  21 

Cornwall  Canal.  New  l,(ick  15 

N'allcylicld,  Province oK^iiolicc,  liOck  14. 


j  Ucadinf; 
Avorafjc  ■  .standa.d 
readiny;.         low 
water. 


IWI. 
0.29 

-  -  1 . 08 
8.  28 
0.4U 


0.  90 
7.92 


14.08 
10.03 


IWt. 

0.32 

—  1.05 

8.31 

9.  49 

(7.  18) 

0.  09 

7.95 

(8. 0(1) 

14.71 

10.  98 


Elevation. 


Plane  of 
refortmco, 


hWt. 
244.21 
245. 33 
235.  15 
218.  52 
217.  33 
205.  82 
103.77 
192.  .53 
130. 28 
142. 52 


Standard 

low 
1    water. 


244. 

244. 

243. 

228. 
(224. 

212. 

201. 
(201. 

1.53. 

153. 


53 
28 
40 
01 
51) 
HI 
72 
13) 
99 
50 


The  iiiteriiolated  ([uantities  areapin'oximated  from  the  extreme  read- 
ings in  the  report  of  the  minister  of  railways  and  canals. 


Extr^ 
tioned, 
reading! 


Lak*'  Ontarl 
O^rdi'iLslinrJ 
(■alo)).M  ('anl 
(■ulo|>H  Can  I 
Kapidn  Pli 
Ka]iidc  I'latl 
Farran'H  I'(| 
C'ornwiilK! 
Cornwall  (Jii 
Valleylicld,! 


a  Aa  deter 
btiivcn  fo 
cTli«  low^ 
diacusHion, 

The  in 
ings  giv< 

Tlie  u.^ 
fiehl  occ 
Decembf 

lietwe 
two  poin 
head  of 
Lac))  in  e. 

The  hi 
the  jnnci 
high  wat 
standard 
old  Ivock 
elevation 
reading  < 
or  77.50  J 

The  ex 
Montreal 
'28.08  feci 

in  det( 
ber,  ( )ct( 
alouH  res 
iiiver  an 
season, 
are  less  s 

The  re: 
The  etpi 
given  in 
for  four 
years  18! 
points. 


m:  ^ 


/' )' 


Feet. 
240. 04 
248.  57 
247.  82 
2:14. 19 
218.40 
204.  01) 
ir.7.  '2H 
155. a4 


)ctober, 
(leter- 
i()(l  at 
Avater 
ictical 
to  the 
uining 


iwi. 
L'44.  r<:i 

■2U.  is 
2411.  40 
2L'8.  01 

(224.51) 
212.81 
201.  72 

(201.  i;t) 
l.".:i.  <)i) 
15:1.50 


I'cad- 


REPORT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


119 


Extreme  low  water,  as  piven  by  Thomas  Monro  on  ])rofiU^-  before  men- 
tioned, in  coniparison  witli  standard  low  water  and  lowest  monthly 
readings,  is  as  lolh)ws: 


LiHiality. 


L.akP  Ontario,  O.s wpgo,  N.  V 

Olidfiisluir};,  N.  V 

<i:il<>]i.H(/'iiii;tl,<il<l  l.iK^k  27 

(iulo|)s  (/iimil,  olcl  Lock  25 

Kapitln  Plat  Canal,  iilil  Lock  24  .. 
]i»j)ii|p  riatCuii.il.  olil  liOcU  2:1.  . 
yiirran'H  I'oint  ('iiiial.iilil  l,iick2'J 

(?orii\Mill( filial,  olil  Lock  21    

Corn  Will  Ulaiial,  iit-w  Lock  15 

Vallejiioia,  Lock  14 


Slaiiilanl 

lew 

waicr. 


I'ei'l 

+0. 

I. 

H. 

!l. 
(7. 

0. 

7. 
(8. 
14. 
10. 


Lowp.'>t. 

lOlllltrll, 

Novciii- 
licr,  1W)5, 


hWf. 
-((.71 
2.  08) 
7.  42 
7.  8;i 
(.S.  ,58) 
5.  50 
ti.  07 
(7.54) 
1:1.02 
10.  17 


K\  Ironic 

low 

wat<!r. 


Fert. 
I).  '.)0 

2  :i:i 
0. 74 

6.07 
4.  .50 

4.  50 

5.  8;i 
7.  00 

K).  .50 

c «.  :i« 


'I'linp  of 

(Mticnic  low 

wat4'r,  1895. 


ovcnilii'i'. 

Ho. 
ovctnUcr  9. 

Do. 

Do. 
ovtMnlit'r  211. 
ovcniliiT  0. 

Do. 
ovcnibcr  21. 
ovcnibei-  i). 


a  As  <1otcnnino<l  at  Kinpstou  ftravinj;  dock. 
6<!ivi'ii  for  I'rcscotl. 

cTli«  lowest  i«*ailin;i  in  I  lie  record  in  0..50  foct  on  Novcnibor  9  anil  NovcuiIht  25,  aH  j;lvon  in  the 
iliycuflHion,  St..  Jjawrt-nco  at  Vallcjticld  ('I'abli'.  No.  II). 

The  interpolated  qnantities  are  approximated  from  lh«'  extreme  read- 
ings given  in  report  of  minister  of  railways  ami  caJials. 

The  usual  ])eriod  of  highest  water  betwi-en  Lake.  Ontario  aiul  V^ alley- 
field  oecurs  in  J\lay  or  June;  and  of  lowest  water,  in  Nove  Ser  or 
Deeembe;. 

Between  Valleyheld  and  Montreal,  a.  detiMiniiiation  is  required  at 
two  points:  Lock  No.  (!  of  the  Heauiiarnois  ('anal  at  IMehurhrville,  the 
head  of  Lake  St.  Louis;  ami  at  Loek  JSo.  5  ol' the.  Laehin»>  Canal  at 
Laeliine,  the  foot  of  the  lake. 

Tlie  high  water  of  May,  187(5,  is  the  highest  wat«M-  of  r«M'oi'd  b«'low 
the  juniition  of  the  Ottawa  Kiver  an<l  i;^  some  U  A'ct  higher  than  tho 
high  Avater  of  May,  1870,  on  Lake  !St.  Louis,  and  has  been  adoi)te.l  as 
staiulard  high  water.  The  extrenui  nornuil  r«  adingon  the  miter  sill  of 
old  Loek  No.  5,  at  Lachine,  as  given  by  Mr.  Steckid,'  is  17, L?  fe<^t,  or 
elevation  75.513  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  Y«)rk  ('ity.  Tlie,  <'xtreuie 
reading  on  the  miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  (5,  at  Melocheville,  is  I<i.(»7-  feet, 
or  77.5(>  feet  above  mean  tid<^  at  New  York  City. 

The  extn^mo  normal  reading  on  the  miter  sill  of  old  Ijoek  No.  1,  at 
Montieal,  as  given  by  Mr.  St<'ckel  in  the  report  above  refiM-red  to,  la 
'J8.(i8  feet,  or  .■>5.78  feet  above  mean  tide  at  N(nv  York  ( 'ity. 

In  detcriniiiing  slandard  h>\v  water,  the  months  of  August,  Hei)tem- 
ber,  October,  and  Noveniber  are  used.  The  earlier  months  giv(^an<Mn- 
alous  I'esults  owing  to  lack  of  coincidence  in  tlie  stages  of  the  Ottawa 
liiver  and  the  St.  Lawrcne«',  aboVc.  the  junction,  during  the  high  water 
season.  During  the  low-water  months,  the  variations  from  tliis  eauso 
•ATd  l(«ss  a])parent. 

The  reading  for  August,  1895,  at  Valleyfield,  is  at  standar<l  low  water. 
The  equivalent  readings  at  Meloclie\  ille,  Lachine,  and  Montreal  are 
given  in  the  first  column  of  the  following  table.  The  aviM'age  residing 
for  four  months,  August,  September,  October,  and  NovcMuber  for  tho 
years  1895,  1879,  18(58,  and  18<!5,  are  also  enttu'ctl  for  each  of  the  four 
points.    'Vim  record  from  which  the  readings  for  1879,  18(58,  and  18(55 


m 


'  I{«>imrt.,  1H1I0-<»1.  MiiiiHlcr  of  riil.lic.  W.irkH.  (IjuiiMltt. 
•iinxioi't,  1871),  Minister  ul'  I'liblic  Woi  kw,  Cuiiutia. 


120 


EEPOKT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


are  compiled  was  fiirniphcd  by  John  KtMincdy,  chief  enj^iiieer,  harbor 
commissioners,  Montreal.' 

Tlie  arbitrary  for  each  of  the  readings  at  Valleylield  is  obtained  by 
taking  therefrom  the  reading  of  standard  low  water,  and  this  is  applied 
in  coiiipnting  the  equivalent  standard  low  water  at  Melocheville  and 
Lachine. 

The  arbitrary  is  ninltiplied  by  1.(50  in  eomiMiting  the  eqnivahint  stand- 
ard low  water  at  Monti'eal,  as  tliis  is  about  the  ratio  of  the  amplitude 
of  the  lluctuatious  in  stage  at  low  water  between  Montreal  and  jwiuts 
above. 


Di'MiHiuitiiiii. 


Vallo.vllcl.l : 

A  vcriifro  roiuann 

|- Arliltriiry 

lIclnrJH'villi' : 

.\  vciji^c  loiiiliii}; 

( 'orii|)iiU'il  .st.iiiilard  low  water 

L.'ii  liiiii': 

A  \(iiiKc  rnudinii 

('oTii|iiili(l  sliiiMlanl  low  water 

Miiiitrcal : 

A  \  ti  ii;.'i'  inailili;; 

(  I  A  rliil  rarv  >  1.6  <!<iuivalfiit.)  Ki|iiivalfnt 
arliil  laiv 

(Jfiiiipiitcd  Htaiidant  low  v    'it 


1805, 

AiLSo.sl . 

.Stuiularil 

low 

wilier. 

1895, 

I'imr 

nioiitliB. 

IS79, 

foil  r 

moiith.s. 

Feet. 

11.50 
—0.  52 

1868, 

four 

nioni  lis. 

Feet. 

11.55 
—0.  57 

1865, 
four 

moiitliH. 

Feet. 
10.98 
0.  00 

Feet. 
10.  52 
1  0.46 

Feet. 
11.91 
—0.  93 

!)  17 

8.69 

9. 17 

0.  15 

8.00 
9.  :i6 

!).  50 
9.  .50 

10.  l!a 
9.  76 

9.91 
9.  :i7 

io.:i9 

9.46 

i.'-..:!;! 

14.:i7 

10.81 

16.90 

17.07 

0.  (10 

+  (l.  74 
15.11 

—  0.  8.T 
15.98 

-    0.91 
15.99 

—1.49 
16.18 

The  table  gives  the  readings,  the  arbitrarics,  and  the  com  pitted  eciuiv- 
alent  standard  low  water  for  Melocheville,  Jjachine,  and  Alontreal,  as 
dednced  from  Vallcylield. 

An  iiiS])e«',tion  of  the  table  shows  that  the  result  l<n-  1870,  at  Lachine, 
is  anoMialoiis.  Mr.  Steckel,^  in  Mie  rejioit  before  referred  to,  deter- 
mine«l  by  a  simnltancons  reading  in  Is'ovember,  J.S7;»,  the  reading  at 
Lachine  ecinivalent  to  Ki  feet  at  Montreal.  This  was  9.131  feet,  or  O.-W 
foot  less  than  that  dcdiieed  in  the  table.  The  diitermination  between 
\'alleyfield  ami  Montreal  is  aisoconsistent.  The  record  for  1870,  at 
Jiiichine,  is  anomalous  and  is  omitted  in  tl.c  liirther  consideration. 

The  reading  <»f  Angnst,  I80r»,  is  adoi)ted  at  Melocheville,  or  0.17  feet 
on  miter  sill  of  Lock  is'o.  (».  The  elevation  of  the  miter  sill  is  ()0.8;5 
fe«'t.  kStaiulard  low  water  at  Melocheville  is,  therefore,  0.17-f-G().8.'{=70 
feet  above  mean  tide  at  N(nv  York  <"ity. 

The  reading  for  staiuhird  low  w;iU'r  at  Lachin"  may  be  taken  at  0.41 
feet  on  the  miter  sill  of  old  Lock  A.  The  elevation  of  the  mitt-r  sill  is 
,^)S..'>0  feet.  Standard  low  water  at  Lachiiui  is,  therelbie,  0.41+rKS.,'{0= 
(17.80  fee*  above  mciin  tide  at  Mew  York  ('ity. 

TIm^  table  gives  {\h\  efpiivalent  at  Montreal  of  stan<lnrd  low  water  at 
Yalleyfu^ld.  In  the  same  nninner,  tln^  eijiiivalent,  at  Montreal  of  stand- 
ard low  wati'r  at  liUehine  is  <leteiinined.     The  reatling  at  Lachine  is 


9.41  fe) 
sill  of  I 

August,! 
August,! 
Siuue,  fc 
Same,  fcj 

The 

is  the 
from  tl 
lakes. 

Extrl 
tioned 
iug,  is 


Laclihie  (It'jilhn  on  iiiih'r  ••till  of  old  Lock  A'o.  5. 


l^Inlilli. 

1 

1805.     I     l.Stl.^. 


ii.:in  ;    io.  I5 

10  .l.'i         10 


1S79. 


10.  HO 


AIoiiMi. 


Orlolier. 


10.  II     1  JvloveiilU'r  . 

M 

sKoport,  18!l()  itl,  Miiiisler  I'lihlic  Woika,  Canada. 


1805 


9.  !l'J 
0.84 


1868. 


9.  7:1 
9.87 


1879. 


10.08 
9.79 


1,1 


er,  harbor 

tained  by 
is  applied 
eville  and 

cut  stand- 
iuiii)litnde 
md  points 


18G5, 

• 

lour 

IM. 

moiillirt. 

Ftet. 

5.5 

11.91 

57 

— 0.U3 

9( 
37 

111.39 
9.46 

90 

17.  G7 

ill 
99 

—1.49 
11).  1« 

c'd  iMiuiv- 
itreal,  as 

Lachine, 
o,  deter- 
idiug  at 

or  0.55 
jetween 

871>,  at 
on. 

17  feet 

8  ()0.8;{ 
0.8;; =70 


9 


at  9.41 
•r  sill  is 
■  5S.;{9= 

val«M'  at 

sland- 

hine  is 


: 

1879. 

10,(18 
9.79 

REPORT   01'  U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


121 


9.41  feet  on  miter  sill  of  old  liock  No.  5,  and  the  equivalents  on  the  miter 
sill  of  old  Lock  No.  1  at  Montreal  are  as  follows: 

■Feet. 

August,  1895 15.19 

August,  September,  October,  aud  iNoveuiber,  1895 15. 18 

Siiiue,  four  months  of  18G8 16.05 

Same,  four  mouths  of  18G5 16. 10 

The  mean  of  the  determinations  for  18GS  and  18G5  is  KJ.OS  feet,  which 
is  the  same  as  startlard  low  water  at  Montreal  as  heretofore  determined 
from  the  record  of  thirty-six  years  in  the  same  manner  as  for  the  several 
lakes.    The  determination  for  1895  is  less  by  0.90  foot. 

Extreme  low  water,  as  j>iven  by  Thomas  Monro  on  profile  before  men- 
tioned in  comparison  with  standard  low  water  and  lowest  monthly  read- 
ing, is  as  follows: 


Localitv. 


Meloclieville,  Lock  0 
Lachino,  old  lock  5.. 
Montreal,  old  lock  1 


Standiird 

low 

water. 


Feet. 
0.17 
9.41 

a  15. 18 


Iiowest  ' 
month, 
Novcm-  , 
l)er,  1895. 


Extreme 
low- 
water. 


Feet.  Feet. 
8. 33  7.  82 

8.  50.  8.  03 

13.83  M3.2'i 


Time  of 
extreme  low 
water,  1895. 


No  .ember  5. 

Kovomljer  9. 

'ovember  5. 


n  Standard  adopted,  16  feet. 

6  Extreme  low  water  of  October,  13.17  feet,  as  given  in  Table  No.  14. 

In  the  "Annual  reports  of  the  harbor  commissioners  of  Montreal," 
for  1895,  page  85  et  seq.,  Mr.  John  Kennedy,  chief  engineer,  presents  and 
discusses  data  in  regard  to  the  low-water  condition.  The  following  table 
gives  the  .absolute  fall  from  canal  entrance  to  Maisonneuve  about  18,400 
feet,  and  between  Maisonneuve  and  Longue  Point  about  15,000  feet: 


Date. 

Can.il  en 
trance  to 
Maison- 
neuve. 

Feet. 
2.80 
2.  53 
1.80 
1.71 

Maiaon- 

noiive  to 

Longue 

I'oint. 

Canal  en- 
trance to 
Longue 
Point. 

December  3,  1888 

Feet. 

Feet. 

November  8,  1889 

0.40 

2.93 

September  18,  189.") 

November  8,  1805 

0.21 

1.92 

This  table  confirms  the  deduction  previously  made,  and  would  seem 
to  show  a  change  of  ibout  1  foot  within  iSh  miles  of  canal  entrance  and 
mostly  within  'dh  miles.  In  this  vicinity  there  is  naturally  a  local  con- 
centration of  slope,  which  the  harbor  works  seem  to  have  greatly  reduced. 

The  standard  low-water  plane  at  Montreal,  as  heretofore  determined, 
covers  the  ten  lowest  months  of  the  .season  of  navigation,  out  of  the 
aggregate  of  eighteen  lowest  months  occurring  in  thirty  six  years,  and 
corresponds  to  the  planes  determined  for  the  several  lakes.  In  reality 
it  is  the  plane  of  the  highest  of  the  ten  months. 

If  the  actual  plane  had  not  changed,  several  of  the  low-water  read- 
ings wtmld  have  been  higher.  An  inspection  of  the  record,  however, 
shows  several  additional  months  within  two  or  three  tenths  of  the 
adopted  plane,  so  that  the  change  would  not  have  been  great.  On  the 
other  hand,  had  the  conditions  lunv  obtaining  existed  throughout  the 
thirty-six  years  (1800-1895)  the  jilaiie  deduced  wouhl  have  been  lower 
by  about  1  foot. 

It  would  seem,  therefore,  that  while  the  stundard  low  water  adopted 


f 


.  li 


122 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


is  an  5i|)i)roximate  eiiuivsiloiit  of  past  conditions,  it  is  not  applicable  to 
the  future  when  material  chanj;es  in  channels  of  discharj-e  are  taking 
l)lace. 

The  following  table  gives  standard  low  water  as  referred  to  other 
points  not  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  discussion : 


liOcality. 


watlr.      '•...eroncc. 


Kiiifjston,  sill  of  Graving  dork 

(i!il(>|i.s  Ciiiiiil,  uppur  outi'iiHce,  now  sill 

liapidii  I'lat  ('niial,  upper  fiitrMiicc,  new  sill . 
Kiipido  I'liit  Cannl,  lower  (^ntranrc,  nnw  nill  . 

('oriiwall  Canal,  npiicr  ontran<'i'.  now  xill 

SKulangcs  Canal,  ii])pi)r  ont ranco,  nill 

Sonlanjjes  Canal,  lower  onlranco,  sill 

Lai'hiuu  Canal,  upjier  entrance,  now  Hill 


i,-;.  :i3  I 

229.  20 

14.  75  1 

228.71 

(15.18) 

209.  :t:! 

15.93 

l!)(i.  88 

{\r,AVi) 

180.11 

1«.  18 

i:t-.  32 

Hi.  IK  , 

53.  82 

14.40 

53.34 

DIAGRAMS. 
WATER  LIVELS  FOR  THE  GREAT  LAKES  AND  ST.  LAWREN(.'JO   RIVER. 

(IMngiJiuis  No.  1  iiiul  No.  la.) 

A  series  of  diagrams  has  been  prepared  showing  the  annual  water- 
level  curves  for  Lakes  Superior,  Michigan,  Huron,  Erie,  and  Ontario, 
St.  Lawrence  Kiver  at  Valleylield  and  at  Montreal,  and  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  Each  of  the  curves  covers  a  period  of  thirty-six  years,  from  1800 
to  1895,  except  that  for  Lake  Champlain,  which  covers  the  period  of 
twenty-flve  years,  from  1871  to  1895.  The  data  ior  the  curves  are  gi  v-en 
in  the  tables  of  water  levels  aud  each  curve  is  referred  to  the  plane  of 
reference  noted  in  its  table. ' 

SLOPES   IN   THE   RIVERS   CONNECTING   THE   LAKES. 

(Diagrain  No.  2.) 

.  A  perics  of  diagrams  has  been  prepare<l  showing  the  monthly  mean 
slopes  or  falls  and  the  variation  in  the  same  in  the  St.  Mary's  liiver 
between  Lake  Superior  and  Sault  Ste.  Marie  above  the  locks,  between 
above  the  locks  and  below  the  locks,  and  between  below  the  locks  and 
Lake  Huron;  in  the  St.  Clair  .and  Detroit  rivers  between  Lake  Huron 
and  Lake  Erie,  and  in  the  Detroit  Jliver  between  the  lighthouse  depot 
at  the  foot  of  INIount  Elliott  avenue,  ]>etroit,  and  Lake  Erie.  The 
l)eriod  covered  is  for  twenty-five  years,  irom  1871  to  1895,  except  for 
Detroit  River  at  light-house  depot,  where  the  i)eriod  is  eleven  years, 
from  1871  to  1881. 

The  curves  are  shown  in  two  series;  in  one,  the  absolute  heights  of 
the  monthly  mean  water  level  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  are  platted, 
and  this  shows  the  variation  in  the  height  of  water  surface  and  the 
slopes  in  the  several  rivers;  in  the  other  series,  the  up])er  lake  or  body 
of  water  is  assumed  to  be  level,  and  the  ordiuates  of  the  curves  repre- 
sent the  sh)pe  or  fall  to  the  lower  lake  or  body  of  water. 

The  slope  diagrams  in  the  St.  Marys  River  and  in  the  Detroit  River 
between  i)etroit  and  Lake  Erie  show  the  effect  of  ice  in  the  winter 
months.  This  influence  is  not  apparent  in  the  total  fall  between  Lake 
Superior  and  Lake  Huron  and  between  Lake  Huron  aud  Lake  Erie. 

'The  roconl  for  tlio  ten  months  ending  with  October,  1896,  has  been  uddecl  to  the 
diagrams. — L.  E.  C. 


A  sell 

months! 
change! 

In  tli^ 
and  thel 
in  or del 
lakes. 

In  th( 
curve  f(| 
dotted 
comparil 
these  nf 
approxi 
the  St.] 

For  p 
Ottawa 
from  the 
of  the  1^ 
and  fro 
minister 


A  seri 
annual  r 

I  have 
who  has 
carefuUj 

Very] 


Note.— 
the  memo 


Specii 
addition 
States  e 
vey, in . 
discussi 
which  is 
minor  \ 
enginee 
tion  of 

An  in 
Hou.  Cs 


229 

20 

2'J8 

71 

20!) 

:(:; 

l!l<!. 

«K 

IHfi. 

11 

i;i7. 

32 

ri:i. 

K2 

5X34 

REPORT  OF  U.  S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION. 


MEAN  ANNUAL  VARIATION. 


123 


(DiiiKTaiii  No.  3.)  ' 

A  series  of  cliagTanis  has  been  prepared  showing  the  mean  level  by 
months.  The  complete  curves  show  the  mean  variation  or  averaue 
change  throughout  the  year. 

In  tlie  curve  tor  Lake  Huron  the  twenty-five-year  means  are  used, 
and  the  curve  i'or  Lake  IMichigun  for  the  same  period  is  outlined  thereon, 
in  order  to  show  the  relative  variation  in  monthly  menus  for  the  two 
lakes. 

In  the  curve  for  the  St.  Lawrence  River  at  Montreal  a  hypothetical 
curve  for  the  winter  months,  and  in  the  absence  of  ice,  is  shown  by  a 
dotted  line.  For  Decendter  and  April  the  readings  are  deduced  by 
comparing  the  mean  curve  with  the  annual  curves  for  years  of  no  ice  in 
these  ujonths.  For  .January,  l-'ebruary,  and  i.Iarch  the  readings  are 
approximated  by  comparison  with  the  mean  curves  for  Lake  Ciiamplain, 
the  St.  Lawrence  Itiver  at  Valley  field,  and  the  Ottawa  Eiver  at  Ottawa. 

For  purposes  of  <!omparisou  the  mean  curve  for  the  Ottawa  River  at 
Ottawa  has  been  outlined  on  tlu^  Montreal  curve.  This  is  deduced 
from  the  record  of  the  depth  on  tlu'  lower  miter  sill  of  the  entrance  loclc 
of  the  Rideau  Canal  at  Ottawa,  for  the  periods  from  1850  to  July,  lS(i7, 
and  from  July,  1892,  to  June,  1805,  as  printed  in  tlie  reports  of  the 
minister  of  public  works  and  of  the  department  of  railways  and  canals. 

.       VARIATION   OF  ANNUAL  MEANS. 
(Diagram  No.  4.) 

A  series  of  diagrams  has  been  prepared  showing  the  variation  in  the 
annual  means  for  the  several  lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 

I  have  been  assisted  in  compiling  these  notes  by  Mr,  .1.  K.  Maloney, 
who  has  completed  the  same  sin{;e  I  left  the  service.  I  have,  however, 
carefully  gone  over  Mr.  Maloney's  work. 

Very  respectfully  submitted. 

Alex.  E.  Kastl. 

Note. — Mr.  Maloney  has  sujiervisod  the  preparation  of  tlio  diagrams  aud  worke<l  up 
tlie  memoranda  which  are  appended. — L.  E.  C. 


the 


MEMORANDA. 
LAKE   (CIIAMPLAIN. 

Special  efforts  have  been  made  to  secure  data  for  Lake  Champlain,  in 
addition  to  the  record  at  Fort  Montgomery  furnished  by  the  United 
States  engineer  otlice  at  Rurlington,  Vt.  The  Coast  and  Geodetic  Sur- 
vey, in  Appendix  No.  7,  Annual  Report  for  1887,  published  a  table  and 
discussion  covering  a  period  of  twelve  years,  from  1871  to  1882,  inclusive, 
which  is  based  on  the  record  at  Fort  Montgomery.  This  table  contains 
minor  variations  from  the  record  as  furnished  by  the  United  States 
engineers,  which  may  be  due  to  difference  in  redu(;tion  and  interpreta- 
tion of  the  daily  readings. 

An  inquiry  was  sent  to  the  State  engineer  and  surveyor  of  New  York, 
Hon.  Campbell  W.  Adaujs,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  aud  a  reply  received  through 


IT 


I    -1 


124 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


■Hi 


Albert  J.  Hinies,  resident  engineer,  eastern  division  of  tlie'Erie  Canal, 
under  date  of  March  2,  1800.    Mr.  llinies  says: 

I  can  Jitul  no  evidenre  in  the  reports  that  any  interest  has  ever  been  taken  in  a 
record  of  the  st.ago  of  water  on  Lake  Chainplain. 

A  similar  inciuiry  was  .sent  to  the  superiutendent  of  the  State  land 
survey,  Hon.  A^erplanck  Colvin,  Albany,  N.  Y.  ITo  replied  on  March 
14,  1890,  in  part  r.s  foliows : 

On  examination,  however,  I  do  not  find  any  records  earlier  than  the  fragmentary 
data  of  1871,  which  irom  your  letter  I  understand  you  already  have. 

Meantime,  a  letter  had  been  addressed  to  G.  F.  Bixby,  editor  and  pro- 
prietor of  the  riattsburg  Kepublican,  Tlattsburg,  N.  Y.,  who,  it  was 
learned,  had  given  special  attention  to  the  subject  of  fluctuations.  Mr. 
]iixby  replied  under  date  of  Februaiy  24,  1890,  in  part  as  followis: 

Since  October,  1886,  I  have  published  at  or  near  the  first  of  every  month  a  record 
of  lluctuations  of  the  water  level  of  I.ake  Champlaiu  at  tiio  center  of  the  drawbridge 
of  the  Central  Vermont  Railroad  Company,  at  Ronso  I'oint,  as  kept  by  Mr.  E.  11. 
Starks,  the  bridge  tender  tliere.  At  that  time  I  also  gathered  data  from  variona 
sources,  from  old  inhabitants,  dock  keepers,  etc.,  from  which  Avas  determined  with 
api)roximate  accuracy  the  extreme  of  lluctuations  as  far  back  as  any  records  are  avail- 
al)le.  From  these  data,  on  which  the  local  authorities  hereabout  substantially  agreed, 
it  is  found  that  the  highest  water  ever  known  in  Lake  Chainplain  was  May  4,  1869, 
when  itwaswitliiu  4  feet  51  inches  of  the  railroad  tr.ack  bench  mark  at  TJouse  Point, 
and  that  tlie  lowest  ever  known  was  October  16,  1880,  Avhen  it  was  13  feet  8h  inches 
below  tiio  same  bench  mark,  making  the  extreme  fluctuation  9  feet  3  inches. 

Mr.  Bixby  adds  that  no  record  was  ever  kept  at  the  military  post  at 
Plattsburg,  and  he  referred  the  inquiry  to  Oapt.  George  Kushlow,  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Ohamplain  Transportation  Company,  Burlington, 
Vt.,  for  further  information. 

Captain  liushlow  replies  under  date  of  February  27,  1800,  in  part  as 
follows : 

Since  the  establishment  of  our  shipbuilding  plant  at  Shelbnrne  Harbor  in  1827,  a 
rocoril  has  always  been  kept.  As  you  are  doubtless  aware,  the  extreme  high  water 
was  in  May,  1869,  the  extreme  low  Avater  in  October,  1880.  The  fluctuation  between 
the  two  is  9  feet  2  inches. 

In  response  to  further  inquiry.  Captain  Kushlow  replies,  under  date 
of  March  7,  1890: 

I  beg  to  say  that  the  record  mentioned  in  my  letter  of  Febrnary  27  to  Dr.  Bixby, 
of  Plattsburg,  is  not  a  monthly  record,  but  since  1827,  the  establishing  of  our  plant 
at  Shelburno  Harbor,  a  record  has  been  kejtt  of  the  extreme  high  and  low  water  by 
marks  on  our  wharf  and  buildings,  and  the  record  given  by  Dr.  Bixby  was  the 
extreme  higli  and  low  water  since  1827. 

An  inquiry  was  also  addressed  to  Prof.  D.  E,  Goodrich,  University  of 
Vermont,  Burlington,  Yt.,  and  answered  under  date  of  .March  4,  1800. 
Professor  Goodrich  says: 

After  inquiries  and  some  correspondence,  I  consider  that  you  havo  already  been 
^ruished  with  all  the  information  to  bo  had,  nnlcNS  possibly  something  is  to  be 
added  from  the  work  of  the  Coast  Survey  on  Lake  Champlaiu. 

Professor  Goodrich  inclosed  a  note  from  Captain  Kushlow,  and  also 
a  note  from  Prof  Y.  G.  Barbour,  dean  of  the  engineering  department, 
and  at  one  time  connected  with  the  Coast  Survey.  Professor  Barbour 
writes: 

I  know  of  no  data  concerning  the  level  of  the  Lake  Champlaiu  other  than  that 
mentioned. 

In  reply  to  inquiries  addressed  to  the  Central  Vermont  Railroad,  St. 
Albans,  Vt.,  respecting  records  at  the  House  Point  and  Ticonderoga 
crossings,  Mr.  F.  W.  lialdwiii,  general  superintendent,  under  date  of 
April  27,  1800,  furnishes  their  record  "at  Kouse  Point  from  May  24, 


1874,  to 

iuformati( 

Montgom 

In  orde 
from  180(] 
Johns  ha 
works  of 
period  of 
not  appea 
change  tb 

It  is  po 
the  Cham 
detailed  r 
may  furni 
of  inform 
appear  to 
of  sevent, 
twenty-fiA 
eight  yea: 


■  The  re( 
Lachine,  i 
The  rej 
wall,  are 


April 
May  . 
June. 
July  . 


The  rea 
sill  of  old 
and  new 

The  rea 
ably  a  coi 
values  in1 

At  Lac 
and  new  1 
column  g 


January 

February  — 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August  ..   .. 
September. . 

October 

November... 
December . . 


REPORT    OP    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


125 


1874,  to  April  18,  1890,  iuclusive."  This  record  gives  no  ailditioiial 
iufurmation,  and  is  chiefly  valuable  as  a  check  on  the  one  at  Fort 
Montgomery. 

In  order  to  furnish  some  criterion  of  the  fluctuations  for  the  period 
from  18G0  to  1870,  iuclusive,  the  record  for  the  liichelieu  Kiver  at  St. 
Johns  has  been  compiled  from  the  reports  of  the  minister  of  public 
works  of  Canada.  This  enables  a  Judgment  to  be  formed  for  the  entire 
period  of  thirty-six  years  in  comi)arison  with  the  other  lakes.  It  does 
not  appear  that  a  complete  record  for  thirty-six  years  would  materially 
change  the  results  as  indicated  by  the  record  of  twenty-flve  yeiirs. 

It  is  possible  that  the  leveling  up  of  the  marks  at  the  shipyard  of 
the  Champlain  Transportation  Company  at  Shelbunie  Harbor  and  the 
detailed  record  for  the  Kichelieu  River  at  St.  Johns  nuide  prior  to  1871 
may  furnish  additional  information  of  value;  but  otherwise  the  sources 
of  information  regarding  the  early  fluctuations  of  Lake  Champlain 
appear  to  be  exhausted.  The  extreme  fluctuations  since  18L*G,  a  period 
of  seventy  years,  and  the  detailed  fluctuations  since  1870,  a  ])eriod  of 
twenty-five  years,  are  well  determined,  and  the  general  fluctuations  for 
eight  years  previous  to  1871  may  be  closely  inferred. 


gen- 


ST.   LAWRENCE   RIVER. 

■  The  record  of  monthly  means  for  the  year  1895  at  Cornwall  and  at 
Lachine,  as  finally  tabulated,  reciuires  notice. 

The  readings  for  April,  May,  June,  and  July,  as  furnisluHl  for  Corn- 
wall, are  given  in  the  first  colnnni  and  those  adoi)ted  in  the  second. 

Origiuiil  I  Adopted 
record.   1    record. 


Feet. 

(15.  (i9) 
15.25 
15. 08 

(14.70) 


The  readings  for  May  and  June  were  assumed  to  have  been  taken  on 
sill  of  old  lock,  and  the  diflerencein  the  elevation  of  the  sills  of  the  old 
and  new  locks,  which  is  5.58  feet,  was  added  to  these  two  readings. 

The  readings  for  April  and  July  were  assumed  to  l)e  in  error  (prob- 
ably a  combination  of  readings  on  the  two  sills),  and  were  replaced  by 
values  interpolated  as  noted  at  the  foot  of  Table  No.  15. 

At  Lachine  a  record  was  furnished  for  the  miter  sills  of  both  the  old 
and  new  locks.  The  following  table  contains  the  original  record  and  a 
colunni  giving  the  difierence  in  readings : 

JakIiuic,  IS9-'. 


Moiitli. 


January.. 
February. 
Muroh — 

April 

May 

June 


July 

August  .. 
September. 
October  . . . 
November. 
December . 


Origiuiil  record. 

Old  lock. 

New  lock. 

Vett. 

Feet.       ' 

10.75 

14.02 

0.08 

13.  25 

8.  58 

12.  75 

11.75 

15.  92 

i2.;i;( 

Hi.  .lO 

11.33 

15.  50 

U.  83 

14 

!l.  50 

13.  67 

8.  '.t2 

13.17 

8.67 

13.67 

8.50 

13.  50 

9.67 

14.58 

Ditl'ercnce. 


Feet. 


4.17 
4.17 
4.17 
4.17 


91 


a 


Tfti. 


r 


1  i 


I 


ili: 


126 


REPORT   OF   U.  8.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


As  the  sills  of  the  two  locks  diHer  in  elevation  5.04  leet,  it  is  evident 
that  one  of  the  records  is  in  error  some  10  inches  from  .January  to  Sep- 
tember. The  record  at  the  old  lock  is  consistent  with  that  lor  1870  and 
for  other  years,  and  also  with  the  record  on  Lock  iXo.  G  at  Melocheville, 
and  is  adopted  as  correct.  The  record  at  the  new  lock  api)ear8  to  be 
made  up  by  adding?  an  arbitrary  to  the  record  at  the  old  lock,  and  this 
arbitrary  appears  to  have  been  in  error,  except  for  the  last  three  months. 

LAKE   ONTARIO. 

The  high  water  of  1838,  at  Charlotte,  as  established  by  Prof.  C  Dewey, 
is  34.48  feet  below  bench  mark  on  water  table  of  light-house,  or  at  ele- 
vation 283.23—34.48=248,75  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York.  (See 
lieport  of  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  H.  A.,  1872,  i).  10G9;  and  Pro+essional 
Tapers,  Corps  of  I-^ngineers,  U.  S.  A.,  No.  24,  p.  014.)  The  high  water 
of  1838,  at  Oswego,  is  given  by  Charles  Whittlesey  (see  Smithsonian 
Contributions  to  Knowledge,  vol.  12,  1800)  as  3.04  feet  below  a  certain 
zero  or  plane  of  reference,  Avhich  Mr.  William  I'ierson  Judson,  United 
States  assistant  engineer,  at  Oswego,  states  is  the  same  as  bench  mark 
A,  Oswego.  The  elevation  of  this  bench  mark  is  251.00  feet,  and  the 
high  water  of  1838,  at  Oswego,  is  therefore  251.90-3.04=248.92  feet 
above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

The  plane  of  reference  for  Lake  Ontario,  as  usel  by  the  United  States 
Lake  Survey,  is  34.19  feet  below  the  bench  mark  on  the  light-house,  or 
249.04  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City.  This  ia  not,  therefore, 
the  high  water  of  1838,  but  an  arbitrary  plane  that  was  intended  to 
be  the  ecpiivaleut  of  the  high  water  of  1838  on  Lake  p]rie,  as  deter- 
mined by  comparing  the  mean  of  the  gauge  readings  for  June,  July,  and 
August,  1874,  and  taking  a  plane  for  Lake  Ontario  as  much  above 
the  mean  as  the  actual  high  water  of  1838  on  Lake  Erie  Avas  above 
the  mean  for  the  same  period.  It  uoav  appears  that  the  rlane  for  Lake 
Erie  is  1.G8  feet  above  the  mean  for  Cleveland,  while  that  for  Lake 
Ontario  is  1.80  feet  above  the  mean  for  Oswego,  and  that  the  two 
planes  «lo  not  correspond  as  inteixvled.  The  plane  does,  however,  cor- 
respond to  the  mean  reading  for  May,  1870,  at  Oswego,  or  the  highest 
water  of  record  for  Lake  ( )ntario. 

Some  uncertiiinty  attaches  to  the  record  at  Charlotte,  and  certain 
reductions  are  made  as  explained  in  the  foregoing  text.  IMucli  consid- 
eration has  been  given  this  record, and  for  this  jmrpose  the  information 
bearing  thereon  has  been  \»nt  at  the  disposal  of  the  Coniniission  by  MjiJ. 
W.  S.  Stanton,  the  ollicer  in  charge.  The  zero  of  the  Charlotte  gauge 
was  changed  in  1883  to  coincide  with  the  zero  of  the  Oswego  gauge 
according  to  the  determination  made  by  the  United  States  Lake  Survey. 
A  comi)arison  of  the  direct  readings  for  the  three  years,  1893  to  1895, 
gives  a  mean  0.07  foot  greater  at  Oswego.  A  comparison  for  the  months 
of  June,  -luly,  and  August,  for  the  same  years,  gives  a  mean  0.08  foot 
greater  at  Oswego.  Assuming  the  lake  to  be  level,  the  zero  of  the 
Charlotte  gauge  is,  therefore,  actually  higher  than  the  zero  of  the 
Oswego  gauge. 

Since  the  above  was  written,  a  letter  from  William  Pierson  Judson, 
assistant  engineer,  by  direction  of  MaJ.  W.  S.  Stanton,  has  been  received 
under  date  of  August  8,  189G,  in  part  as  follows : 

The  following  copy  of  a.  cornmiiiiication  Just  received  from  Mr.  G.  K.  Gilbert,  of  the 
United  Stiites  Geological  Survey,  may  be  of  interest  tr  you.  lie  is  studying  lake 
levels  and  has  recently  visited  Oswego  and  Ciiarlottc.  He  says  under  date  of 
August  1 :  At  Charlotte  I  leveled  from  the  zero  of  g'luge  to  the  bench  mark  on  the 


1 


water  table, 
conditions, 
result  lor  ad 

Zero  at  C'hf 
rirst  de 
Second 

Adopt 

The  ele^ 
lumse  as 
City.    Th(| 
283.23  —  .". 
Oswego  gi 
of  water  I 

These  U 
light-hous 
ings  at  O 
given  in 
siv(%  shou 
satisfy  all 

The  elev 
the  follow 
Keating,  i 

Monthly  men 


January  . 
F<0)ruary  .. 

March 

April 

May 

Juno 

Annual 

The  am 
Toronto  is 
gauge,  or 

The  ele 
Rideau  Cji 
paring  th 
annual  re 
of  Canadj 
the  mean 

Theme; 
for  the  sai 
below  zer< 
244.21 -G. 

'  Mr.  Thof 
obtains  an « 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


127 


water  tal)lo  of  iln)  olil  liglit-lionso  towor.  Tbis  lin»^  wuh  run  twice,  Imt  witli  iinei|iial 
coiulitioiiH,  and  I  ^avo  tho  hocuikI  ilcterininatiou  ^router  \voi<;lit  in  computing  a 
result  lor  adoption. 

Zero  ;it  Charlotte  below  l)eneh : 

I'irHt  detorniination ;W.  937 

Second  dotoriuinatiou I5M,  Jlojj 


Adopted  value ;{8,  J)a() 

Tlio  elevation  of  the  bendi  mark  on  the  water  table  of  the  light- 
house as  heretofore  used  is  L*8;>.L'3  feet  above  iiieau  tide  at  New  York 
City.  The  elevation  of  the  zero  of  the  Charlotte  gai'MO  i*^?  therefore, 
2.s;}.23  — ;;8.9.jr^.l>44.2S  feet.  This  is  0.07  feet  above  the  zero  of  the 
Osweji'o  gauj>e  and  is  the  same  as  heretofore  deduced  by  comparison 
of  Avater  levels. 

These  two  determinations  confirm  the  original  determination  of  the 
light-house  ben<'h  mark  as  nuule  in  1<S75  by  comparison  of  gauge  read- 
ings at  Oswego  and  ( 'harlotte.  It  is  a])parent  that  tlie  readings  as 
given  in  the  table  (Xo.  10)  from  June,  l.S8.>,  to  December,  1895,  inclu- 
sive, shouhl  be  further  reduce<l  by  0.07  feet.  This,  however,  does  uot 
satisfy  all  the  anonuilies  of  the  Charlotte  record. 

Tho  elevation  of  the  zero  of  the  gauge  at  Toronto  is  determined  from 
tlie  following  record  for  1895,  i'urnished  by  the  city  engineer,  I'j.  II. 
Keating,  in  comparison  with  ()swego. 

Monthly  mean  of  the  trat'ir  an  per  (jaufic  at  the  Queen's  Wharf  for  thi-  year  ISH-'i,  in  inehea 

helow  the  cero. 


[Toronto  Imrlior  commissioners'  jjaugp.] 


.Tauunry  . 
February 
March  ... 

April 

May 


Inches. 
, .  10 
.       13 

-        VJk 


June 4.  (JO 


luchcH, 

July 8.^ 

Auji'ust Ilji 

SeptcinlxT .  1-^ 

( )ctolier 20 

November 22:^ 

Deeonilier 21 


Annual  mean,  12.3  inches  =  1.02  feet  below  the  zero. 

Tho  annufil  mean  at  Oswego  for  1895  is  O.IJ  foot.  The  zero  at 
Toronto  is,  therefore,  1.02+0.17=1.19  feet  above  the  zero  of  the  Oswego 
gauge,  or  244.214-1.10=245,40  '  feet  above  mean  tide  atXew  York  City. 

The  elevation  of  the  lower  miter  sill  of  the  er.tran(!e  lock  of  the 
Eideau  Canal  at  Kingston  jVIills  is  appioximately  determined  by  com- 
paring the  mean  of  the  extreme  monthly  readings  as  given  in  the 
annual  reports  of  tho  department  of  railways  and  canals.  Dominion 
of  Canada,  for  the  period  July,  1S9.'>,  to  June,  1895,  inclusive,  with 
the  mean  at  Oswego  for  the  san\e  ])eriod. 

The  mean  of  all  tho  readings  at  Kingston  Mills  is  7.85  feet.  The  mean 
for  the  sanie  months  jit  Oswego  is  1.45  feet;  the  miter  sill  is,  therefore, 
below  zero  of  Oswego  gauge  0.40  feet;  the  elevation  of  the  nuter  sill  is 
244.21 -().40-^237.81  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 


'Mr.  Thoa.  Monro,  from  a  comparison  of  tho  records  for  sixteen  years — IXdO-lST")— 
obtaiua  au  elevatiou  of  245. 30.     (See  "Elevutious  of  Great  Lakes,"  etc.) — L.  E.  C. 


4 


^ 


f 


U' 


TAIll-ES   ( 


Tiiblo  No. 

1.- 

'I'iiblo  No. 

')  _ 

Tnlilo  No. 

:?.- 

'Iiil.lo  N(.. 

4.- 

Tal.Io  No. 

.5.- 

'I'lihli*  No. 

(!.- 

TiihloNo. 

7.- 

TiiIiIk  No. 

X.- 

Tiil.lc  No. 

!».- 

Tablo  No. 

10.- 

'I'iil.l.^  No. 

11.- 

'ralilo  No. 

12.- 

Tal.Io  No. 

i:{.- 

Tal.Io  No. 

13a. 

Tal.Io  No. 

11.- 

Tal.Io  No. 

15.- 

Sn]i|iIonioutal 

1  Mi.iiMilv  iiitmii  < 

(iC  i,s;i8). 

Klf 

Year. 


lHf.0 

IKOl 

WYi 

1H(KI 

I«ti4 

lS(i.-. 

18(>(! 

18(i7 

1808 

IHti!) 

■1870 

1871 

1871! 

1871! 

1874 

1875 

187(> 

1877 

1878 ... 

187i> 

1880 

1881 

1H82 

188:i 

18K4 

188.') 

18K(i 

1887 

1888 

18K0 

18iK) 

IHJtl 

mri 

i8it;i 

1894 

1895 

Mt)nii(;tr).v('ir 

Moiin  ('jr.'voii 

1871-189r>) 


H.I 


TAMUvS   OF  WATER    LEVELS   KOR  THE  GREAT    LAKES   ANP 

ST.  LAWRENCE  RIVER.' 

-Lako  Michigan  ut  Mihvuiikoo,  WIh.,  lHr>(^lW(B. 

-liiiivo  lliniiti  lit  Point  Aii\  Hiir<|U(m,  Tort  Anstin,  iiinl  Hiniil  lU-acli,  Mich., 

l«(10-l«it'>. 
-Lake  iSuitoiior  iit  Superior,  Wis.,  nnil  Maninottc,  Midi.,  IMIIO-Lkji."), 
-St.  MiiryH  River  at  Sanit  Sto.  Mario,  Midi.,  aliovo  the  lorkH.  \H1\    IS!t,">. 
-St.  Marys  K'ivt'r  at  Kaiiit  Sto.  Mariit,  Midi.,  Iidow  tlm  Iiidi:i,  1S71  lS!ir». 
-Detroit  Kivir  at  Lijilit-HoiiHo  Depot,  Detroit,  Midi.,  1«()7-I«H1. 
-Lake  Krio  at  CluvoiaiHl,  Ohio,  !><(«)- l«yr). 
-Lake  I'.rie  at  Kric,  Pa.,  IHOO-IWIS. 
-Lake  Ontario  .it  Onweyo,  N.  Y,,  18r.0-18!».'». 
-i<ako  Ontario  at  Oiiarlotte,  N.  Y.,  18«i0-l«!t.''.. 

-St.  Lawrcnco  Kiver  at  Vaih\vli<'hl,  Province  of  (Jnehoc,  IRllO-lSJl.". 
-St.  Lawrence  Kivcr  at  Montreal,  I'rovinco  of  (^iidiec,  18(;(i-l?<(tri. 
-Lake  Chani|(hiin  at  Fort  Montgomery,  N.  Y.,  1871-18!)r>. 
—  Kivor  h'idielien  at  St.  .lohim,  Province  of  (/neboc,  ISllll-lHTO. 
-St.  Lawrence  Kivcr  at  Montreal,  Province  of  (Jiuehec,  lsr>( )-!><'.>.'>. 
-St.  Lawrence  River  from  Prescott  to  Montreal,  ProviiiccH  ol  Ontario 

anil  (Quebec,  for  the  years  1870  anil  18!tr). 
table.— Water  Recorilii  for  18!)G. 

Taulk  No.  1. — Lake  Mivhlijaii,  at  Milivauket;  Wis. 


Table  No. 

1.- 

Table  No. 

•>  _ 

Table  No. 

:i.- 

Table  No. 

4.- 

Table  No. 

5.- 

Table  No. 

»>.- 

Table  No. 

7.- 

Table  No. 

8.- 

Table  No. 

It.- 

Tabic  No. 

10.- 

Table  No. 

11.- 

Table  No. 

V2.- 

'I'able  No. 

i:».- 

Table  No. 

13a 

Table  No. 

11.- 

Table  No. 

15.- 

Snp|)leniontal 


[Nb)iitlil.v  iiumii  of  waller  IcvcIh  Iiclow  llin  |)liiiie  of  rct'tironro  of  I'liitrd  Stilton  I.nke  Survey  (Ii'ikIi  wiitor 
111'  ls:i8).     Ktoviition  III'  tiKi  ]iluiin  <>•.'  rt'lrreuco  itbuvu  in<<uii  tiilii  at  Nitw  York  Cil.v  is  .'■iA4.:U  r<ii|.l 


Vnjir. 


<lan. 


Felt,  i  Mar. 


IHIiO. 
IKOl  . 
IHtl'J  . 
IHOII  . 
IWU  . 
1K«.-.  . 
18U(i . 
J8(i7  . 
1808. 
1H(i!t  . 
1870  . 
1871. 
187'J  . 
1871!  . 
1874. 
1876. 
187li . 
1K77  . 
1878. 
1879. 
I88U. 
1881  . 
1H82. 
IHHI!  . 
18K4  . 
1885  . 
18K((  . 
1887  . 
1888. 
1889. 
18».l  . 
18i»l  . 
1802  . 
18iK!  . 
18U4  . 
1895  . 


Menu  (Itfiycais) 

Moan  (2.'>'v<»ar.'<, 

1871-1805)  ... 


Virt. 
'J.  (10 
•2.  77 
2.  51 
2.  51 
:i.  14 
4.U4 
4.41) 

a.  75 

4.28 
4.:i7 

;i.48 
:i.  20 
4.  ;i4 

4.78 
2.  it2 

:i.  ill) 
;i.  10 

2.  40 
2.  78 

:i.  5:i 
;i.  08 

.•I.  5.-) 

:i.  04 

11.21 
2.  54 
2.  44 
2.  04 

2.  ;io 
:i.  .s;i 

H.  (18 
4.  12 
4.  45 
4.  (iS 
4.01 
4.44 
4.  !i:i 


iwt. 

1.07 

2.  ;i8 

2.  21 
2.  ,52 
2.80 
:i.  87 
4.41 

:(.  57 
;i.  «o 
4.  (i:i 

li.  18 
2.  (iO 
4.  5(1 
4.47 
2.  77 

:t.  o.. 

2.77 
2.40 
2.  •i2 

;t.  40 
:i.  04 
:i.  2(i 

2.  87 

;i.  12 

2.  20 
2.  48 
1.7(1 
2.  14 

:i.  ;i5 
y.  70 

4.  14 
4.  2(> 
4.78 
4.  50 
4.  18 
4.  0» 


:i.  511 
;t.  ,50 


:i.5o    ;i.  ;!4 
:i.n4    .1.41 


Ai)r. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Feet. 

Ann. 

Fi'ft. 

Kiilit. 

Fevt. 

Oct. 

Feet. 

I-Wt. 

F.-ct. 

Fei't. 

1.84 

1.72 

1.00 

1.50 

1.75 

1.05 

2.  20 

2.28 

1.80 

1.70 

1.57 

1.33 

l.Ot 

1.70  1 

2.05 

1.80 

1.07 

1.77 

1.78 

1.85 

1.00 

2.  52 

2.31 

2  22 

2.  27 

2.  40 

2.  58 

2.07 

;i.  18 

2.07 

2.  (18 

2.78 

2.  00 

3.  23 

3.  02 

;i.  ;t8 

y.22 

3.18 

2.  75 

2.  73 

2.  85 

3.  00 

;«.  00 

:t.78 

3.40 

3.  23 

3.  17 

3.32 

3.  43 

:i.28 

;i.  00 

2.75 

2.  00 

2.07 

2.  04 

3.27 

:i.70 

:).42 

3.21 

3.18 

3.52 

3.70 

3.  00 

4.20 

3.  03 

3.40 

3.  (12 

2.  70 

2.87 

3.  23 

2.  70 

2.42 

2.  28 

2.17 

2.  20 

2.  12 

2   52 

2.40 

2.05 

2.01 

1.08 

2.LM 

2.88 

3.  ;".7 

4.  :ti 

4.0U 

3.  (10 

3.00 

3.  08 

3.  75 

3.  87 

;i.  00 

3.  34 

2.71 

2.75 

2.  (15 

2.84 

2.  00 

2.87 

2.80 

2.52 

2.  50 

2.  ,58 

2.  83 

3.  18 

X.57 

3.01 

2.77 

2.80 

2. 113 

2.70 

2.86 

2.  f)7 

1.05 

1.54 

1.20 

1.27 

1.32 

1.00 

2.  02 

2.  13 

2.  00 

2.00 

2.21 

2.  42 

2.41 

2.  (10 

2.  30 

2.  10 

2.15 

2.  47 

2.07 

2.  78 

;!.  ,50 

3.  37 

3.  :io 

3.  21 

3.40 

3.  52 

3.  74 

:i.77 

3.  43 

2.80 

2.  (17 

2.  (14 

2.  04 

3.28 

2.  ;t5 

2.84 

2.  01 

2.  (.4 

2.04 

2.87 

2.  54 

2.  !)4 

2.44 

2.  17 

2.11 

1.02 

2.  04 

2.  45 

2.01 

2.  ,13 

2.  07 

1.47 

l.M 

1.00 

1.01 

2.  11 

1.00 

1.74 

1.00 

2.  04 

2.  20 

2.  20 

2.20 

1.03 

1.72 

1.03 

1.42 

1 .  50 

1.70 

1 .  40 

1.23 

1.1(1 

1.35 

1..5H 

1.82 

1.02 

2.  10 

1.00 

1.S0 

1 .  02 

2.  (1(1 

2.  40 

2.  K5 

;i.  14 

2.  7C. 

2.  40 

2.48 

2.  (10 

2.  75 

3.00 

;t.  00 

3.(11 

3.15 

2.  !'7 

3.  21 

3.  38 

3.  03 

;i.  82 

3.  50 

3.18 

3.  11 

3.  10 

3.  30 

3.  50 

;t.  05 

3.85 

3.  70 

3.87 

3.94 

4.17 

4.  53 

4.72 

4.30 

3.  85 

3.84 

3.70 

3.  0(1 

4.  20 

4.  04 

3.74 

3.41 

3.  30 

3.  50 

3.88 

4.(12 

4.o;t 

3.  40 

3.  33 

3.  30 

3.  38 

3.  HI 

4.  02 

4.70 

4.00 

4.  55 

4.00 

4.78 

5.  (15 

5.  42 

;i.  i:t 

2.  87 

2.  (13 

2.57 

2.03 

2.83 

3.  00 

X  18 

2.03 

2.67 

2.03 

2.08 

2. 02 

,.,,,. 

Nov. ,  Dec.  Mean. 


Fe,'t. 
2.  50 
1.00 

2.  35 
3.11 
3.70 

3.  05 
3.  52 

3.  73 

4.  0(1 
3.  35 
2.02 

3.  (12 

4.  10 
3.  13 
3.38 
3.  no 
1.80 

2.  53 
2.01 

3.  00 
3.  (10 
2.71 
2.  00 
2.  30 
2.  65 
2.  00 

2.  20 

3.  18 
3.  (15 
3.  OK 


3.  Ml 
4.03 
4.47 
4.41 
4.20 
.5.01 


/■' 

1 
■rt.  ' 

,l 

'* 

10 

'> 

40 

•J, 

77 

3 

02 

3. 

Oil 

3 

78 

4. 

08 

4 

34 

3 

27 

1 

21 

4 

82 

3 

17 

'i 

"•• 

3 

25 

2 

27 

2 

50 

3 

03 

,3 

77 

*) 

M 

2 

00 

*l 

14 

»l 

(i,^ 

»> 

,50 

3 

311 

4 

10 

4 

10 

4 

00 

.] 

71 

,i 

IS 

4 

(14 

5 

(.1 

Fi',1. 

2.01 
2.  03 
2.  07 

2.  54 

3.  10 
3.  40 
3.  73 
3.  20 
3.78 

3.  00 
2.  75 

2.  K2 

4.  10 

3.  45 
2.  00 
3.21 
2.  08 
2.31 

2.  (12 

3.  54 
10 

2.  HS 
2  .M 
2.  :!0 
2.  20 

2.  01 
1.77 
2.41 

3.  02 
3.  .57 
3.  (18 
4.21 
4.35 
4.07 
3.  05 
4. 00 


3 


3.  32 
3.  30 


3.  .55  I     3.  08 
3.  03        3. 14 


'Compiled  by  Assistant  Alex.  i'\  Kaatl. 
If.  ])«)c.  102 <)* 


m 


!      : 
( 


130 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


Tablk  \o.  2. — Lake  Huron,  at  Point  Aux  Barques,  Port  Austin,  <tnd  Sand  Beach,  Mich.; 

Lake  Michigan,  at  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

[Monthly  menu  of  ■wali  r  levels  Itelow  the  piano  of  reference  of  United  States  Lake  Snrv'ey  (high 
wat<!r  of  ]8:i8),  The  i^ake  Michii;an  record  was  used  only  from  1805  to  1870,  incluHive,  when  there 
was  no  I'ccord  kejit  on  Luke  Huron.  Elevation  of  the  plane  of  reference  jibove  mean  tide  at  New 
York  is  58-J.34  feet.] 


Year. 


Jan. 


18C0a 

1861a 

1802a 

isoaa 

1864a 

18666 

18066 

18676 

18686 

18696 

18706 

1871c 

1872c 

1873c 

1874c 

1875d 

1870d 

1877d 

1878d 

l«79d 

1880d 

]88ld 

1882d 

188;frf 

1884d 

]885d 

1880d.* 

1887d 

1888d 

188<Jd 

1890d 

]891d 

1892d 

1893d 

1894d 

1896d 


Mean  (36  years) 

Mean  (;;.'>  years, 

1871-1895)  ... 


Feet. 
2.02 
2.86 
2.41 
2.49 
3.06 
4.13 
4.  22 
3^80 
4.24 
4.44 
3.  -.7 
(2.  83) 
3.86 
4.25 
3.13 

3.  69 
3.11 
2.39 
2.79 
3.32 
3.80 
3.69 
2.90 
3.12 
2.29 
2.38 
2.18 
2.59 
3. 51 
3.00 
4.07 
4.32 
4.92 
5.01 

4.  62 
4.82 


Feb. 

Mar. 

Feet. 

Feel. 

2.07 

1.93 

2.82 

2.68 

2.42 

2.51 

2.64 

2.69 

3.10 

3.10 

4.04 

3.87 

4.46 

4.41 

3.75 

3.57 

4.28 

3.60 

4.37 

4.63 

3.48 

3.18 

(2.91) 

(2.31) 

4.06 

(4. 17> 

4.28 

4.21 

2.99 

2.85 

3.75 

3.71 

3.13 

3.00 

2.40 

2.47 

2.96 

2.79 

3.  50 

3.60 

3.80 

3.87 

3.30 

3.29 

3.13 

2. 99 

3.17 
2.44 

3.13 
2.40 

2.47 

2.47 

2.11 

1.92 

2.40 

2.19 

3.00 

3.43 

3.68 

3.70 

4.19 

4.21 

4.43 

4.46 

4.98 

4.92 

5.00 

4.98 

4.01 

4.40 

4.94 

4.93 

Apr. 


Feet. 
1.96 
2.48 
2.30 
2.62 
2.90 
3.38 
3.96 
3.28 
3.70 
4.26 
2.76 
(2.11) 
4.14 
3.80 
3.00 
3.52 
2.72 
2!  39 
2.86 
3.57 
3.80 
3.27 
2.77 
3.12 
2.09 
2.36 
1.63 
2.28 
3.29 
3.77 
4.07 
4.13 
4.84 
4.60 
4.23 
4.83 


3.46 
3.49 


3.50  :  3.41 
3.54     3.46 


3.25 
3.33 


May. 

Juno. 

July. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

1.91 

1.07 

L.'iS 

1.86 

1.52 

1.40 

1.93 

1.81 

1.70 

2.30 

2.17 

2.26 

2.47 

2.46 

2.51 

3.22 

3.18 

2.75 

3.78 

3.49 

3.  23 

3.06 

2.75 

2.60 

3.42 

3.21 

3.18 

3.93 

3.40 

3.02 

2.42 

2.28 

2.17 

(1.76) 

(1.72) 

(1.69) 

3.74 

3.34 

3.24 

3.30 

2.90 

2.70 

2.95 

2.01 

2.45 

3.17 

2.86 

2.07 

2.12 

1.63 

1.19 

2.  22 

2.26 

2.08 

2.46 

2.29 

2.25 

3.44 

3.  30 

3.26 

3.46 

2.97 

2.06 

2.95 

2.78 

2.03 

2.00 

2.37 

2.23 

2.55 

2.13 

1.05 

1.87 

1.81 

1.73 

1.96 

1.67 

1.01 

1.30 

1.21 

1.37 

2.08 

1.90 

1.88 

2.  85 

2.55 

2.52 

3.63 

3.30 

3.04 

3.76 

3.33 

3.14 

3.89 

3.94 

3.  91 

4.71 

4.18 

3.89 

3.97 

3.  22 

3.  50 

3.83 

3.53 

3.38 

4.60 

4.59 

4.62 

2.93 

2.08 

2.55 

3.01 

2.74 

2.61 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Feet. 

Oct. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

1.00 

1.85 

2.23 

1.29 

1.37 

1.59 

1.78 

2.00 

1.72  i 

2.25 

2.39 

2.65  ! 

2.62 

2.94 

(3.47) 

2.73 

2.85 

3.09 

3.17 

3.32 

3.43 

2.67 

2.94 

3.27 

3.62 

3.76 

3.99 

2.70 

2.87 

3.23 

2.20 

2. 12 

2.52 

2.29 

2.61 

3.11 

3.27 

3.37 

3.49 

2.09 

2.80 

2.89 

2.56 

2.72 

2.90 

2.70 

2.60 

2.85 

1.25 

1.36 

1.76 

2.18 

2.45 

2.  59 

2.35 

2.64 

2.03 

3.39 

3.47 

3.71 

2.77 

2.88 

3.24 

2.80 

2.90 

2.71 

2.17 

2.  29 

2.  .')2 

1.45 

1.77 

2.10 

1.85 

2.  20 

2.04 

1.46 

1.50 

1.79 

1.52 

1.70 

1.83 

2.09 

2.44 

2.00 

2.  18 

2.78 

3.07 

3.10 

3.27 

3.04 

3.14 

3.41 

3.62 

4.01 

4.20 

4.57 

3.81 

3.98 

4.19 

8.64 

3.93 

4.14 

3.  05 

3.84 

4.08 

4,71 

4.84 

5.13 

2.61 

2.79 

.1.01 

2.  09 

2.89 

3.09 

Feet. 
2.35 
1.90 
2.04 
2.69 
(3.  64) 
3.65 
3.52 
3.73 
4.06 
3.35 
2. 92 
3.32 
3.79 
2.99 
3.23 
2.96 
1.91 
2.64 
2.82 
3.83 
3.36 
2.58 
2.77 
1.99 
2.39 
1.98 
2.10 
3.11 
3.25 
3.U8 
3.H2 
4.88 
4.52 
4.37 
4.27 
5. 52 


Dec. 


Feet. 
2.05 
2.03 
2.33 
2. 92 
(3.77) 
3.96 
3.78 
4.08 
4.34 
3.  03 
3.27 
3.09 
4.08 
3.15 
3.48 
3.23 
2.10 
2.09 
3.02 
3.85 
3.56 
2.  75 
2.  92 
2.  10 
2.  O,-. 
2.18 
2.42 
3.40 
3.40 
4  14 
4.12 
4.94 
4.70 
4.57 
4.57 
5.70 


Mean. 


3.  23 
3.30 


3.45 

3.  r.o 


Feet. 

1.  99 
1.98 
2.08 
2.51 
3.00 
3.40 
3.73 
3.29 
3.78 
3.06 
2.75 
2.53 
3.71 
3.34 
2.91 

3.  15 
2.11 
2.40 
2.00 
3. 53 
3.36 
2.98 
2.6k 

2.  36 
2.  1.^. 
1.99 
1.77 
2.  42 
3.07 
3.57 
3.74 
4.31 
4.48 

4.  25 
4. 09 
4.95 


3.07 
3.14 


a  Point  Anx  HarquoH,  Mich. 
6  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


cTort  Austin,  Mich. 
d.Siind  Keueh,  Mich. 


Note. — Interpolated  Tnoulhly  means  are  indicated  by  parentheses,  and  are  found  for  any  year  by 
taking  the  corres]iondiug  monthly  numnsat  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  and  corretMiuL:  the  same  by  tlie  average 
djtl'orenee  between  the  oDserved  'monthly  means  at  Point  Aux  Barques  or  I'ort  Austin  for  that  year 
and  the  eorrcspoudiug  observed  monthly  moans  at  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


► 


RE 

Tabli 

[Monthly  mean  o 
of  1838).     Ele 


Year. 


IHOOa 

1801a 

18«2a 

1863a 

1864a 

1865a 

1866a 

1807a 

I8680 

1869a 

1870a 

1871a 

18726 

18736 

18746 

18756 

1876  6 

1877  6 

18786 

1879  6 

1880  6 

1881  6 

18H26 

1883  6 

18846 

1885  6 

18866 

18876 

18886 

18896 

18906 

18916 

1892  6 

18936 

1894  6 

18956 

Mean  (30  yean 

Mean  (2'i  year 

1871-1895)  . 


Note.— Tntcrr 

are  found  for  an 

1862  to  1871,  and 

for  that  year  ant 

This  method  v 

"There  is  an  1 

th.'years  1860-lE 

niitlv(>  would  ni; 

Maj.Clinttm  H.! 

The  Supeiior, 

Interp<dated  i 

veiir  by  taking  ( 

liy  the  average 

cbrrespoudiug  u 


.  ^M^.VK^^-^tmfti^mtf ■aw'ufrj 


Mich. 


Mean. 




•et. 

Feet. 

«5 

1. 99 

03 

1.98 

33 

2.08 

92 

2.51 

77) 

3.00 

•Jb 

3.40 

78 

3.73 

08 

3.29 

34 

3.78 

03 

3.66 

27 

2.75 

C<J 

2.53 

08 

3.71 

15 

3.34 

48 

2.91 

23 

3.15 

10 

2.11 

09 

2.40 

02 

2.06 

J5 

3. 53 

56 

3.36 

75 

2.98 

(2 

2.61 

10 

2.30 

ur. 

2.  15 

18 

1.99 

12 

1.77 

to 

2.  42 

10 

3.07 

4 

3.  .57 

2 

3.74 

U 

4.  31 

re 

4.48 

)7 

4.25 

)7 

4.09 

0 

4.95 

5 

3.07 

0 

3.14 

REPORT   OP   U.  8.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


131 


Tablk  No.  3. — Lake  Superior,  at  Superior,  fFia.,  and  Marqurtlc,  Mich. 

lontlily  mean  of  water  level  aa below  tlio  plane  of  reference  of  United  States  Lake  Survey  (liigk  wai 
of  1838).    Elevation  of  the  plane  of  reference  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City  is  004. 76  feet. J 

Year. 


Jan. 


I  Feet. 

1800a (2.77) 

1801a (2.73) 

lBH2a 3.02 

1863n 3.05 

1804a '  3.40 

1865a !  3.74 

18e6a !  3.47 

1867a '  3.01 

1868a 3.13 

1809a 3.11 

1870a 2.89 

1871a 3.85 

18726 1  3.85 

1873b 3.20 

1874& (3.17) 

18756 3.04 

18766 2.84 

18776 2.63 

18786 :  3.12 

18796 (3.82) 

18806 (4.44) 

1881  6 3.51 

18H26 3.07 

18836 ;  3.33 

18846 (3.56) 

1885  6 3.34 

18866 3.60 

18876 3.85 

18886 3.92 

1889  6 3.25 

18906 3.56 

3.68 
3.90 
4.22 


18916 

18926 

18936 

18946 1  3.47 

18956 2.82 


Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May.  June. 

1 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept.    Oct. 

Xov. 

De<\ 

Feet.  '  Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feel. 

Feet. 

Feet.    Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

(3.02)  (3.02) 

2.52 

2.29 

2.12 

2.16 

2.11     2.13 

2. 09 

2.26 

(2.  62) 

3.  06     3.  20 

2.79 

2.16 

2.01 

1.85 

1. 89     1. 98 

1.95 

2.29 

2.67 

3.  21     3. 18 

3.12 

2.44 

2.45 

2.48 

2.  31     2. 19 

2.  26 

2.  .59 

2.80 

3.  18  1  3.  35 

3.31 

3.18 

3.26 

3.12 

2.  5'>     2.  48 

2.65 

3.00 

3.11 

3.61  !  3.54 

3.52 

3.36 

3.21 

3.12 

3.  ■;      2.96 

3.22 

3.41 

3.56  ; 

3.75 

.3.88 

3.44 

2.95 

2. 54     2.  22 

2.  14     2.  13 

2.  34     2. 87 

3.18  '' 

3.68 

3.68 

3.23 

2.98 

2. 79     2.  50 

2.27  1  2.54 

2.  52     2.  85 

2.74 

3.12 

3.31 

3.09 

3.09 

2.49     2.16 

2. 28  1  2. 20 

2.22  i  2.05 

2.97 

3.72 

3.36 

3.17 

2.77 

2.  86     2. 64 

2.  72  ,  2.  59 

2.62 

2.48 

2.89 

3.35 

3.80 

3.22 

2.82 

2.81     2.44 

1.98 

1.13 

1.65 

1.99 

2.64 

3.10 

3.09 

2.99 

2.66 

2. 85     2.  66 

2.66 

2. 49     2. 65 

2.83 

3.76 

4.45 

4.03 

3.53 

3.00 

2. 88     2. 81 

2.75 

2.65 

2.72 

2.79 

3.53 

3.96 

4.08 

4.18 

3.53 

3. 15     2. 88 

2.71 

2.55 

2.65 

2.80 

3. 10 

(3.  65)  (3. 62)  (3.61) 

3.01 

2.71 

2.42 

2. 24     2. 18 

2.28 

2.42 

2.72 

3.19 

3.  23  1  3. 13 

3.06 

2.86 

2.48 

2. 39     2. 29 

2. 23 

2.41 

2.72 

3.08 

3.  04     3. 04 

2.82 

2.46 

2.47 

2. 38     2. 15 

2.30 

2.44 

2.64 

3.05 

3.14  !  3.  U 

2.57 

1.89 

1.50 

1.  39     1.  .'•lO 

1.83 

1,09 

2  27 

2.87 

3. 13     3.  21 

3.22 

3.00 

2.62 

2.56 

2.72 

2.72 

2.93 

3.00 

3.00 

3. 77     3. 80 

3.53 

3.25 

3.18 

3.30 

3.47 

3.40 

3.00 

3.92 

3.86 

3. 56     3. 95 

4.31 

4.08 

3.84 

3.72 

3.83 

3.74 

3.82 

(1.  12) 

(4. 48) 

(4. 57)  (4. 54) 

(3. 85) 

3.02 

2.87 

2.88 

2.88 

2.  93 

2.99 

3.25 

'  3.61 

3.70 

3.79 

3.49 

3.05 

2.99 

2.94 

2.71 

2.  37 

2.44 

2.72 

!  3.32 

3.43 

3.51 

3.35 

3.33 

2.88 

2.76 

2.72 

2.89 

2.91 

3.10 

1  3.62 

3.62 

3.37 

3.36 

3.26 

3.01 

2. 99     3. 03 

3.23 

3.38 

3.49 

(3.59)  (3.71) 

4.00 

3.78 

3.58  ;  3.44 

3.43     3.10 

2.80 

2.90 

3.11 

;  3.52 

3.60 

3.65 

3.32 

3.04     2.80 

2.  68     2. 75 

2.92 

3,07 

3.40 

!  3.73 

3.79 

3.70 

3.45 

3.31     3.24 

3.33 

3.35 

3.  25  !  3.  40 

3.54 

:  3.83 

3.62 

3.35 

3.56 

3. 40     3. 12 

3.04 

3.18 

3.25  I  3.40 

3.71 

1  3.81 

3.88 

3.88 

3.41 

2. 63     2.  44 

2.30 

2.35 

2. 44     2.  58 

2.93 

3.47 

3.64 

3.63 

3.28 

3.16  ;  2.97 

2.78 

2.H5 

2. 81     3. 12 

3.42 

3.69 

3.93 

3.96 

3.75 

3.30  1  3.00 

2.85 

2.72 

2.  75     2. 96 

3.32 

3. 81     3.  85 

3.89 

3.69 

3.64  I  3.44 

(3. 37) 

(3. 43) 

(3.38)  (3.49) 

3.90 

1  4. 18  '  4.  31 

4.30 

3. 97  ;  3. 59  i  3. 56 

3.44 

3.39 

3.  49  i  3.  66 

3.94 

i  4. 31     4.  26 

4.16 

3. 66     3. 14 

2.84 

2.78 

2.87 

2.90  '  3.06 

3.29 

3. 65     3. 56 

3.41 

2. 63     2. 41 

2.35 

2.22 

2.30 

2.28     2.33 

2.52 

3.04 

3.21 

3.31 

2.94 

"2. 62 

2.42 

2.37 

2.23 

2.18 

2.47 

2.80 

Mean 


Feet. 
2.43 
2.38 
2.68 
3.02 
3.  "4 
2.93 
2.94 
2.72 
2.91 
2. 58 
2.89 
3.25 
3.29 
2.84 
2.70 
2. 05 
2.26 
2.88 
3.4i 
3.89 
3. 50 
3.11 
3.11 
3.31 
3.42 
3.17 
3.47 
3.44 
3.04 
3.18 
3.  32 
3.63 
3.81 
3.46 
2.  76 
2.70 


Mean  (36 years). I  3.37  !  3.54 
Mean  (25  "years,  i 

1871-1895)  ....    3.48      3.63 


3.60 
3.60 


3.51      3.  20  :  2.95 
3.68  I  3.38  i  3.07 


2.75     2.05  I  2.61 

2.86  !  2.78  I  2.76 
I 


2.66 

2.85 

3.15 

3.07 

2.79 

2.94 

3.22  1 

3.19 

a  Superior,  AVis. 


6  Marquette,  Mich. 


Note.— Interpolated  monthly  meanH  are  indicated  by  parentheses,  and  for  the  Superior,  Wis.,  record 
are  found  for  any  year  by  taking  the  mean  of  the  monthly  means  for  each  month  in  the  ten-yenr  scries, 
1862  to  1871,  and  correcting  the  s.-rmo  by  tlie  average  difference  between  the  observed  monthly  m--an8 
for  that  year  and  the  corresjtonding  means  of  the  monthly  means  in  tlio  ten-yeur  series. 

Til  is  nletliod  was  adopted  because  there  are  no  corresponding  records  at  other  places. 

"  Tliere  is  an  uncertainty  of  0.4  foot  in  the  elevation  of  the  zero  of  the  gauge  at  Superior,  Wis.,  lor 
the  years  1860-1871  (see  IJe'port  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  1873,  pji.  1.57,  150),  and  the  jiossiblo  altor- 
nativ(<  would  make  the  water  surface  0.4  foot  lower  than  is  given  in  Table  No.  3."  (From  letter  of 
Maj.  Clinton  H.  Sears,  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A. .dated  Juno  30, 1896.) 

'I'he  Superior,  Wis.,  record  here  used  is  tliat  finally  adopted  by  tlie  United  States  Lake  Survey  In  1876. 

Interixdated  monthly  moans,  indicated  by  parentheses,  for  the  Marquette  record  are  found  for  any 
year  by  taking  the  corresponding  monthly  means  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich.,  and  correcting  the  same 
\)y  the  average  difference  between  the  observed  monthly  means  at  Maniuotto  lor  that  year  and  the 
correupoudiug  ubserved  luuutlily  means  at  Sauk  Sto,  Mario,  Mich. 


i 


It  J" 


(  '^ 


.1 1  : 


l.')2  llEPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

I'Aiii.i',  N(».  1. — <S7.  Mdiys  liim-  iiborc  tin:  lockit  at  Sttiill  Str.  Miiriv,  Mich. 

[Moll (lily  iiicaii  of  wilier  levels  lielnw  the  )ilaiie<>f  reCerelice  iiC  I'liitotl  Sti»te«  Luke  Survey  (liiflli  «  lUer 
id'  I8;i8) .     lOlevation  of  the  i)liiiio  of  reJcroiico  above  iiioaii  lido  at  Xow  York  ( 'ity  i«  0(11.18  feol .  | 


Vear. 


1H71  .. 
187'J  . 
ISIJ  . . 

1874  . . 

1875  . . 
1K7C .  . 

1877  . . 

1878  . . 
187!) . . 

1880  . . 

1881  .. 
1S8'J  . . 
188:t.. 
1881  .. 

issr. .. 


Jail. 


reel. 
;i.  (io 
;i.8i 
;i.  17 

'A.  2!) 


:i.  oc 

'i.  !»2 


188(). 
1887  . 
1888. 
I88!»  . 
I8!t()  . 
18111  . 
18!12. 
18!i:i  . 
18!lt  . 
KSU.")  . 


Meaii(i;r)years) 


4.  4:) 

;t.  ri(> 
:t.  29 
;;.  c.i 
:(.  0.-) 
;t.  34 
:i.75 
:t.  82 
:i.  82 
:i.4:! 
:t.  48 

4.  1(1 

;i. !).') 

4.  17 

;!.  7;i 

2. !)(( 


a.  r>i) 


J'"«ll. 

^lar. 

Feet. 

May. 
Feet. 

June. 
Feet. 

July. 
Fe,  t . 

Auk. 
Feet. 

Sept. 
Feet. 

Oct. 
Feet. 

Nov. 
Feet. 

Dec. 

t   - 

Feel. 

Moan. 

iwt. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

a.  75 

4.  (12 

a.  89 

3.31 

2.90 

2.73 

2.81 

2.75 

2,95 

3.  18 

a.  57 

3.  29 

a.  m 

4.  la 

4.18 

3.  29 

3.11 

2.72 

2.  39 

2.  33 

2.  48 

2.  <i2 

3.08 

3.17 

a.  Of) 

3.02 

a.  61 

a.  05 

2.  85 

2.  35 

2.15 

2.  (19 

2.  25 

2.  33 

2.  04 

2.84 

a.  4.'-. 

a.  Titi 

a.  08 

3. 15 

2.  83 

2.  45 

2.  40 

2.41 

2.28 

2.41 

2.01 

2.88 

a.ai 

a. ;!« 

a.  u 

2.  80 

2.52 

2.  41 

2.40 

2.12 

2.  25 

2.  .53 

3.  09 

2.  75 

a.  17 

a.  ;(7 

a.  39 

2.  00 

2.01 

1.01 

I.  .57 

1..53 

1.87 

2.  15 

2.  03 

2.  42 

2.  !i() 

a.  01 

3.14 

3.20 

2.  91 

2.58 

2.47 

2.71 

2.07 

2.  91 

3.07 

2.87 

a.  h:> 

a.  04 

3.  00 

a.  01 

3.13 

3.  02 

3.  00 

3.35 

a.  23 

3.32 

3.5t 

3.  37 

4.  a4 

4.  r.8 

4.45 

4.08 

3.  93 

a.  70 

3.01 

3.  09 

a.  00 

3.84 

4.  24 

4.01 

4.47 

4.50 

4. 5a 

3.84 

a.  (13 

2.80 

2.  93 

2.77 

2.  99 

2.07 

3.  24 

3.55 

a.  CO 

a.  oa 

3.  75 

3.  ,'12 

3.  09 

2.  89 

2.  97 

2.79 

2.  32 

2.  43 

2.81 

a.  10 

a.  4'j 

a.  ".9 

3.  03 

3.24 

3.14 

2.80 

2.71 

2.79 

2.80 

2.  92 

3.21 

3.  14 

a.  72 

a.  70 

3.  04 

3.  03 

3.  29 

3.09 

2.74 

3.  02 

3.18 

a.  33 

3.  53 

3.37 

a.  08 

a.  80 

4.08 

3.  01      3.  02 

3.  38 

3.  34 

3.  28     a.  19 

3.  14 

3.  33 

3.51 

a.  oa 

a.  70 

3.94 

3.39  ,  3.02 

2.84 

2.  03 

2.  88     a.  (13 

3.11 

3.41 

3.  27 

a.  i)2 

a.  !'2 

3.  94 

3.40  1  a.  ao 

3.11 

2.90 

3.13 

3.15 

3.  10 

3.  ,57 

3.  45 

3.92 

a.  99 

4.12 

3.70  t  3.32 

2.  05 

3.00 

3.21 

3.  03 

a.  20 

3.  07 

3.51 

4.17 

4.  12 

4.13 

3.  .52  ,  2.08 

2.  52 

2.  .52 

2.  00 

2.02 

2.  82 

3.  10 

3.22 

:i  72 

a.  70 

3.71 

3.14 

2.97 

2.70 

2.09 

2.70 

2.84 

3.  U 

3.  ,53 

3.19 

4.(ia 

4.0J 

4.  10 

a.  04 

3.02 

2.70 

2.70 

2.  90     2.  04 

3.  10 

3.41 

3.  32 

a.  99 

4.  la 

a.  90 

3.53 

3.  .58 

3.47 

3.  40 

3.  .52     3.  47 

3.  .58 

3.84 

3.  72 

4.  a« 

4.48 

4.  33 

3.  82 

3.40 

3.32 

3.31 

3.  25     3.  3« 

a.ti4 

3.  92 

3.  70 

4.a7 

4.  ao 

4.11 

3.  .54 

3.00 

2.81 

2.  72 

2.  85     2.  91 

2.  07 

3.  50 

3.44 

a.  81 

a.  92 

3.  53 

2.  50 

2.  32 

2.18 

2.17 

2.  30     2.  20 

2.  30 

2.  flO 

2.82 

a.  (19 

a.  ao 

a.  32 

2.91 

2.  53 

2.  20 

2.  27 

2.10      !.!i8 

2.50 

2.71 

2.  00 

a.  70 

a.  85 

3.83 

3.  'M 

3.02 

2.78 

2.73 

2.70 

2.78 

2.05 

3.  28 

3.23 

Tv'ori:. — A  tiihlo  yi villi;  elevalioii.i  ahovo  mean  liile  at  'New  York  han  heeii  ei)iii|iile(l  hy  (he  riiilod 
Slates  I'liiuineer  olliee  at  Uetiiiil  ;i\:i\  ciuilaiuH  many  minor  variatiiuis  I'roiii  the  a  hove.  Most  of  t  hese 
aro  small,  ami  such  as  may  bo  duo  to  a  dilloront  method  of  reduction,  anil  only  six  e.vceed  O.lo,  tlio 
largest  bein);  0,22. 

'Iaiii.!;  No.  T). — »S7.  Martj^i  llivvv  hctoir  the  htchx  at  Saul  I  S!i\  .Marh ,  Mich, 

|Miiiillily  iiieiin  of  water  levels  above  a  jilaneof  rcfereiM'o  wlihli  is  0,,58  feet  below  the  ]dane  of  mean 

tide  at  New  York  City.  | 


"Year. 


Jan. 


1S71 

1872 

1873 

1,'<74 

1875 

1870 

1.877 

Ih78 

1879 

18,80 

1.^81 

1882 

1883 

1881 

1,885 

18,><0 

1887 

18,88 

1889 

1 800 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 


i  Fee 
584. 
.583, 
.585. 


I''ob.    AInr.    Aj»r.    May. 


June. 


.  580. 

.  58(1. 
.  584. 
.  .585. 
.  ,583. 
.  ,581. 
.  ,583. 
.581. 
.  .■)«4. 
.  581. 
.  ,584. 
.  .584. 
.  .584. 
.583. 
.1583. 
.|583. 
.  583. 
..583. 
.  582. 
.'581. 
.  582. 
.,583. 


/.  Feet. 
20  584.  20 
88  ,583.  70 
U)  ,585,  ,54 
04  585.  27 
35  585,  88 
92,581,91 
29,581,78 
08  583.  77 
30  ,583.  00 
14  583.30 

29  ,58 1,  38 
71  ,581,51 
,52,581,01 
OOfW.  13 
92.5,><,5.  51 
28  ,584.  35 
91,5,83,94 

30  583.  30' 
70  ,583,  57 


mean('.'5years).  584, 10 


583.  50 
,583. 10 
,582,  47 
,582.  05 
582.  02 
,583.  50 


Fret. 
,584,  20 
5,83,  70 
585, 23 
585, 10 
585, 8!) 
585,  30 
584.  00 
.583.  55 
,583,  .52 

583.  28 
584,30 
.584.  24 

584.  ,59 
,584.  43 

585.  ,39 
.584.47 
,584.  03 
583. 04 
583,  42 
,583.  47 
583.  01 
.582.  48 
,582. 10 
,582.  70 
,583,  07 


Feet,  i  Fee 
583  81  ,584. 
.583.  37  .583. 
584.  31  583. 
584.  47  ,i83. 
584,  92  .583. 
58,5,19,584. 
.58 1,  28  ,584, 
583,  52  .583. 
582.04,582, 
,582,  79  ,583. 
583,  01 ,583. 
,583.  78  .583. 
583.  84  58,3, 

583.  72  ,">83. 
,584.87,581, 
,584.47.581. 

584.  02  583. 
583.  70  583, 
582.  74  683. 
582.  85  582. 
582.  74  .582. 
581.70,582. 
582.11  ,582. 
582.  39  582. 
582.  20  682. 


t.  I  Ftet. 
23,,584,  45 


Inly.  Aufj. 


;i9 


■)83.  03 


,58.'.  00 
.584,  14 
584,  33 
5a5,  47 
131,584,  33 
79  584,  06 
70'582,  82 


12 


583. 88 


683.  87 
.584.  02 
584.  07 
584.  09 
38  .584. 49 
47  584.  00 
89  584. 02 
,50  ,583.  85 

00  583.  30 
73.583.  18 
,59  ,582.  54 
04  ,582.  53 
20  582.  <- 
87  .583.  07 

01  582.  28 


Feet. 

.584. 70 
,583.  01 
.584.  48 
.584.41 

584.  47 

585.  91 
,584,  07 
,584,  24 
.583. 14 
584.25 
584.  00 
584.  40 
684,  ,55 
,584.  12 
581.07 

58 1.  00 
,58'.  28 
,583.  8" 
,583  71 
,583.  55 

582.  70 
"'3.00 
■  ,3.  09 
o83. 18 
582.  42 


Feet 
584.  00 
,584. 15 
.584.74, 
584.  05; 
584.  67 
,580.  04 
584.  75; 
584. 13 
,583.  251 
.584. 10 
584.  05 
584.  .53 
584, 71 
,584.  19 
.584.  77 
.584.  ,57 
581.19 
;>8.1. ,".' 
,583.  82 
583, 58 
582.  79 
583. 12 

582.  9.1 

583.  13 
,582.  53 


Sept. 


Feel. 

,581.28 
.584.  27 
584.75 
.584.  00 
,.584.81 
'585.91 
.584.51 
,,583.  94 
1,583, 10 
584.12 
.584.  17 
,584,47 
584,, 54 
584,27 
,584.82 
584.  ,54 
583.  08 
583.  93 
,58,1  81 
,583.  .Mi 
.582.  0. 
,583.  (,8 
,582.81 
,583.  02 
,582.  04 


Oct.  '  Nov.  i  Dee.    Mi'an. 

I  !  i 


Feel. 
,583. 08 
,584,11 
,584,  70 
,584.  02 

584.  68 

585.  54 
584.46 
584  02 
.583. 13 
.584.  08 
584.  40 
.584.  28 
,584.  33 
,584. 48 
.584.  .54 
.584.  47 
,583.  80 
,583.  92 
583.  43 
583.  38 
582.  ,52 
,5  •!.  71 
58-J,  82 
582.  93 
582  00 


I  Feet.  \  Fn 
,583.  44  .584. 

584.  00  584. 
.584.  43  ,584. 
584.38,584, 
,584.  02  ,584. 

585.  23  580. 
.584.  22  584. 
583.  52  ,583. 

582.  .85  582. 

583.  94  584. 
584.50  581. 
581,00,583. 
584. 17  584. 
,584.  24  5><4. 
,584,2^  581. 

584.  22  .583. 
,583.  35  5  :i, 
583  04  ,583 
582. 05  582, 
583.  21  582. 
582,  35  582. 
.582.25,581. 
582.  72  582. 
582.  82  582. 
582.03.581. 


t.  1  Fret. 
04  584.  19 
.53  ,583.  88 
31,5,M,02 
45,584,00 
95  584,  90 
19,58,5,47 

12  .584,  51 
73  .583.  85 
99  ,583.  20 
21  583.00 
10,584,13 
92  .584,  22 
(I7,,58l.30 

13  .581. 15 
01  ,584,72 
99.584.43 
15  583.  88 
51,583.08 
08  ,5,S3.  30 
08  583,  34 
21  582,09 
81,582.48 
5r.-.82.  53 
,59  582.  84 
80;582.  54 


■i84.  03|584.  00'583.  .54  ,583. 45  .583.  76 ,584. 02  584.  07  584.  03  583.  03  .583.  06  583.  65'.583.  83 

III  11 


reI 


TauJ 


[Mont 111 V  mean 
water  i)f  1838). 


Vear. 


1867 

1808 

1800 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 , 

1870 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

Mean  (15  years). I 


NoTR. — Interpol,' 
tnUiiifi  till-  corre.s])( 
ditlerenee  between 
means  at  (JIttveland 


IMontlilv  mean  of 
of  1.838).    Kle 


Year. 


1800 

1801 

1802 

1803 

1804 ... 

1865 

1800 

1807 

1868 

1809 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1870 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1880 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1802 

1893 

1804 

1895 

Mean(36yearH). 
Mean  (25  veins, 
1871-1805)  .... 

NoTic— Interiioli 
taking  tlie  correMpi 
encc  between  thee 
luoiithly  iiieuiiH  at 


REPORT   OF    U.  R.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 
Taui.k  No.  G. — Detroit  Hirer  al  Liijht-Uouse  Dvpot  at  Delroil,  Mi<h. 


133 


[Monthly  iiuiiiii  ol'  wiit«r  loveln  below  the  plann  of  reference  of  ITnited  States  Lako  Survey  (liifjli 
water  of  18:iS),    Klovation  of  tlio  piano  of  refereneo  above  moan  tide  at  Now  York  City  is  fiTV.G'j'fetit.  | 


Year, 


18G7. 

mw . 

IHtl!)  . 
1K7(I  . 
1871  . 
IKTli. 
187;t  . 
1874. 

i87r) . 

187(i . 
1877. 
1878. 
187!» . 
1880. 
1881 


Jan. 

Fi-it. 
(2.  :f8) 
<:!.  r>8) 

(.•I.  07) 

...V-'.'.2«) 
...  (•J.;i2) 

...i(2.98) 

...'  ;i.60 
...I  2.4:1 

...I  2.7(i 
...I  2.52 
...    1.01 

...  i.ao 

...  2.58 
. ..  2. .')',» 
...    ;t.  51 


Feb. 

Feet. 
(2.  70) 
(:i.  9(i) 
(:i.74) 
(2.o;)) 
(2.  cr.) 

0.22) 

;i.  40 
;i.  14 

2.89 
2.  20 
a2.  as 
hW.  04 
3.08 
I).  02 

;i.07 


Miir.   Apr. 


feet. 

(2.;io) 
Ci.  ;t7) 
(:i.20) 

(2.20) 

1.73 

(3.31) 
3.40 

2.  33 
2.78 
1.04 

3.  85 
2.  33 
2.  8i» 
2.  GO 
3.05 


Feet. 

I.!I8) 

2.  5!) 

2.91 

2.  03 

1.81 

2.98 

2.23 

1.88 

2.81 

1.30 

2.30 

l.Oi 

2.  49 

2.44 

2.  44 


May.  I  June. 


Feet. 
1.70 
2.  15 
2.  93 
:.03 
1.57 
2.  75 
1.97 
1.94 
2.40 
.93 
2.11 
1.47 
2.38 
2.20 
2. 119 


Feet. 
1.35 
1.85 
2.  22 
11!  55 
1.54 
2.  34 
1.85 
1.78 
2.20 
.79 
1.70 
1.42 
2.20 
1.88 
1.80 


July.  Atig. .  Sept. 


Feet. 
1.39  I 
i.ilO  I 
1.77 
1.29 
1.40 
2.28 
1.72 
1.58 
2.02  : 
.57 
1.50 
1.33 
2.10 
1.72 
1.79 


Feet. 
1.00 
2.  22 
UTl 
1.35 
1.64 


Feet. 
■  1.91 
I  2.47 
i  1.05 
i   1.57 

1.92 


Oct.    Nov. 


2.  35 

2.  55 

1 .  75 

2.10 

1.08 

2.  04 

1.97 

2.11 

.74 

.95 

1.01 

1.70 

1.  55 

l.(i5 

2.31 

2.  50 

1.H4 

2.09 

1.  91 

2.  19 

Feet. 
2.  29 
2.  8(i 
2.41 
1.91 
2.  49 
2.  71 
2.  33 
2.  38 
2.  17 
1.45 
2.  04 
1.90 
2.  79 
2.44 


Feet. 

2.  78 

3.  08 


Dee.   Mian. 


Feet. ' 
2.98  ! 
3.  12  i 


Fee 


2.  78  (2.07) 
2.22  I  2.30 
2.08  '(3.  11) 
i  3.  35 
i  2.  19 


3.  14 
2.47 
2.  83 
2.48 


2.  87 
2.  53 


1.48    II  \. 


2.  09 

2.  13 

3.  10 
2.  01 


2.14 
1 .  70 
2.87 
1.97 


(2.44)  (2.02)   (2.41); 


/. 
11 

7(i 
07 
87 
08 
83 
43 
24 
45 
38 
Oli 
90 
00 
29 
44 


Mean(15yoar.s).    2.08  ]  3.05  i  2.70  I  2.20  j  2.02  1  1.77  i  1.03      1.75     1.98  I  2.33  I  2.57      2.53  1    2.28 


n  Kiver  <1ainnii>il  up  by  ioo  below  II10  <'ity. 

b  At  I'ort  Huron  tlio  St.  ('lair  Hiver  was  dainiiied  up  by  ice. 

Note. — Tnt<irpolato('!  monthly  means  are  iudicnteil  by  parent he.ses,  ami  are  found  for  any  year  by 
takin;;  the  rorrespondinu;  inonjbly  means  at  ('levelaiul,  Oliio,  ami  eorrtu'tin;;:  the  .same  by  thl^  average 
dilleri^nei^  between  the  oli.served  nionthly  moan.s  at  Detroit  fur  that  year  and  the  eorrespoudinuj  iiionlhly 
means  at  ClevelamI,  Obi'i. 

'rAiir.K  No.  7. — Lake  ICric  at  ('livchoiil,  Ohio. 

[Monthly  moan  of  water  levels  below  the  plane  of  roferenee  of  rnitcd  States  Lake  Survey  (hiyli  M:iler 
of  1838).     Elevation  of  the  plane  of  refereuc((  ab<ive  mean  tide  at  Now  York  is  .575.20  feiM.| 


1800  . 

1801  . 
1802. 
1 803  . 
I8(i4. 


Jan . 


1805 


1800  . 
1807. 
1868. 
1809  . 

1870  . 

1871  . 
1872. 
1873  . 
1874. 
1875  . 
1870  . 
1877. 
1878. 
187U. 

1880  . 

1881  . 
1K82. 
1883  . 
1884. 
1885  . 
1880. 
1887. 
1888. 

1889  , 

1890  . 

1891  , 

1892  . 

1893  . 

1894  . 

1895  . 


■et. 

85 
.50 
08 
05 
02 
10 
33 


95 

00 

.54 

75 

30) 

29 

00 

57 

50) 

00 

,83 

32 

84 

,50 

49 

81 

80 

73 

80 

80 

94 

27 

88 


Menn(3nyearH).  2.81 


Mean  (25  years, 
1871-1895) 


.88 


Feb. 

Feet. 
2.21 

2.  78 
1.97 
1.30 
2.87 
;i.  08 
3.49 

3.  09 
4.07 
3.  53 
1.99 

2.  99 
3.77 

3.  94 
2.  01 
3.71 
2.  19 
2.  52 
2.  15 
2,  74 
2.  ,53  I 

(3.  39) 
2.  00 
2.  02 
2.00 


Mar.    Ai)r. 


3.  05 
2.  29 
2.07 
3.11 
2.  90 
2,44 

2.  82 
4.01 

3.  80 

3.  39 

4.  11 


Feet. 

1.81 
2.34 
1.83 
1.42 

2.  00 

3.  30 
3.  10 
2.  09 
3.48 
3.05 

2.  22 
2!  .54 

3.  80 
3.87 
1.08 
3.  57 

1.  ,54 

2.  75 
2.  02 
2. '( ! 
2.  39 

(3.07) 
1.55 

2.  43 
1.87 

3.  19 

2.  48 
1.20 
3.01 

3.  12 
2.  32 

2.  30 
3.97 
3.01 

3.  30 
4.10 


2.88 
2.91 


2.  09 
2.  70 


Feet. 
1.11 

1.30 
.93 
1..30 
2.10 
2.04 
2.  ,52 
2.  37 
2. 05 
2.  75 
1.57 

2.  00 

3.  00 

2.  59 
1.81 

3.  17 
1.02 
2.  32 

l.m 

2,  35 
2.  23 
2.  37 
1.;t3 
2.31 
1.32 
2.  37 

1 .  00 
1.24 
2.38 
2.77 
1.83 

2.  49 
3.41 
2.  91 

2.  90 

3.  85 


2.  20 
2.  32 


Feet. 

0.90 
.87 
.09 

1.12 

1.  10 
2.00 

2.  30 
1.85 
2.20 

2.  20 
1,30 
1.79 

3.  22 
1.92 
1.72 
2.  70 

.70 
2.  07 
1.34 
2.  20 
1.90 
1.97 
1.13 
1.85 
1.05 
1.04 
1.30 

1 .  00 
2.13 

2.  59 
1.49 
2.  07 
2.01 
2.07 

2.  ,57 

3.  03 


June  I  July 


Feet. 

0.  93 

.80 

.  09 
1.20 
l.,51 
2.08 
2.04 
1.54 
1.81 
1.81 
1.39 
I.7li 
2.  85 
1.84 
1.05 
2.  27 

.  59 
1.99 
1.34 
2.  1 1 
1.85 
1.73 

.98 

1.  15 
.97 

1.13 
1.20 
1.03 

2.  00 
2.  10 
1.12 
2.  .53 
1.85 
1.88 
2.  20 
3.54 


Feet. 
1.19 
1.05 

.72 
l.;i8 
1.77 
2.12 
1.93 
1.71 
1.84 
1.53 
1.35 
1.78 
2.  80 
1.8<i 
1.62 
2.14 

.70 
1.75 
1.34 
2.  08 
1,70 
1.78 
1.05 

.  95 
1.19 
l.lf 
1.22 
1  27 
1.85 
1.90 
l.,50 
2.  03 
1.73 
2.  10 

2.  38 

3.  05 


Aug. 

Feet. 
1.35 
i.Ol 
1.10 

1.  40 
2.04 

2.  20 
2.  18 
2. 04 
2.  30 
1.03 
1.40 

1 .  99 

2.  89 
1.92 
1.78 
2.  15 


1 .  00 

1 .  89 
1..58 

2.  30 
2.  00 
2.  10 
1.19 
1.01 
1.35 
1.10 
1.43 
l.,59 
1 .  95 


1.84 
1.90 


1.00 
1.75 


1.09 
1,78 


2. 

27 

1. 

94 

2 

90 

t) 

08 

2 

50 

•) 

75 

3 

73 

1 

90 

1 

98 

Sept. 

Feet. 
1.09 
1.19 
1.41 

1.85 
2.  20 
2.  24 
2!  24 
2.  43 
2.  03 
1.90 
1.05 
2.  10 
3.?  2 
2.32 
2.24 
2.  20 
1.17 
1,97 
1,71 
2.  03 
2.  23 
2.  45 
1.40 

i.:i2 

1.78 
1.31 
1.07 
1.82 
2.  39 
2.  00 
2.  13 
3.08 
2.  40 
2.88 
2.  92 
3.83 


Oet. 

Nov. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

1.99 

2.  08 

1.42 

1.44 

1.79 

2.  13 

2.  29 

2.  70 

2.  .57 

2.  74 

2.  ,54 

2.  92 

2.  25 

2.  49 

2.77 

3.  27 

3.  08 

3.  24 

2.  35 

2.81 

2.  03 

2.  33 

2.  83 

3.01 

3.  29 

3.  02 

2.  82 

2.  08 

3.10 

2.78 

2.  93 

1.70 

1.02 

2.  37 

2.  45 

2.  00 

2.  20 

2.  80 

3.  33 

(2.  07) 

(2.  75) 

2.  50 

2.  08 

1.91 

2.  23 

l.fl4 

2.  (t2 

2.11 

2.  59 

1.41 

1..53 

1.90 

2.31 

2.41 

2.  08 

2.  70 

2.  70 

3.  08 

3.  35 

2.  32 

2.  35 

3.  10 

3.  90 

2.  90 

3.  29 

3.  24 

3.48 

4,31 

4.41 

Dee.   Mean. 


2,  15 
2.24 


2.51 
2,  00 


Feel. 
2.  24 

1 .  07 

2.  10 
2.  73 

2.  07 

3.  00 

2.  48 

3.  49 
3.  45 
2.  10 

2.  45 

3.  45 

:i.  85 

2.  15 
3.31 
2.71 
1,90 
2.  37 

2.  !8 

3,  07 
(3.  09) 

2.  47 
2.  74 
1.99 
2.00 
1..58 
2.  20 
2.  00 
2.  82 
3,09 

2.  .58 

3.  83 
3.  .50 
3.  55 

3.  55 

4.  25 


Feet. 
1.01 
l.,53 
1.42 
1,71 
2.  31 
2.  07 
2.  .53 
2.  50 
2.88 
2.  40 
1.83 
2. 42 
3.38 
2.07 
2.  10 
2.83 
1.41 
2.  23 
1.82 
2.  58 
2.  34 
2.  .50 
1.03 
1.84 
1.77 
1.87 
1.77 
1.80 
2.  .50 
2,  73 
2.  00 
2.  90 

2.  97 

3.  trj 
3.01 
3,  94 


2.70 
2.84 


NoTIC— Interpiduli'd  nionti>ly  moans  are  indieuted  by  parenlheseH,  and  arc  found  for  any  year  by 
takiu);  the  eorreHponding  monthly  means  iit  l'',rie,  I'a..  and  eorreeting  the  same  by  the  average  dilVer- 
eiiee  between  IhitoliHi^rvi^d  nionlh'ly  means  at.  Clevidaud  for  (hutyeur  and  lliu  uorruHpunding  obser  ed 
uioiilhly  lucuim  at  Krie,  I'a. 


t 


i 


i' 


i 


t  II 

■  i 


134 


REPORT   OF   IT.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


Tablk  No.  ».—Lake  Erie  at  Erie,  Pa. 


[Monthly  mean  of  water  levels  below  llic  piano  of  reference  of  United  States  Lake  Survey  (high  water 
of  1838).     Klevatiou  of  the  plane  of  reference  above  mean  tide  at  No'  -  -- 


s'ew  Yorlc  City  is  575.20  feet. 


Year. 


Is 

\l' 

It 


I 


I860.... 
1801.... 
1862.... 
1803.... 
1804.... 
1865.... 
I860.... 
1867.... 
1868.... 
18«9.... 
1870.... 
1871... 
1872.... 
187:i.... 
1874.... 
1875.... 
1876.... 
1877.... 
1878.... 
187!).... 
1880.... 
1881.... 
1882.... 
188:1 . . . . 

1884  . . . . 

1885  . . . . 
1880  . . . . 
1887.... 
1888.... 

1889  . . . . 

1890  . . . . 
1891.... 
1892  . . . . 
189;t.... 
1894.... 
1895.... 


Jan. 


Feet. 


Feb. 


Feet. 


Mar. 


Feet. 


1.51 
2.25 
3.02 
3.72 
1.90 
3.02 
2.34 
2.30 
2.  23 
2.21 

2.  53 

3.  39 
1.73 
2.48 
1.90 
2.37 
1.20 
2.43 
2.  84 
2.07 
2.33 
2.78 
3.43 
3.73 
3.01 
3,41 


I 


1.50 
2.26 
(3.58) 
3.94 
1.95 
(3.51) 
1.8*1 
2.M 
2.20 
2.65 
2.11 
3.28 
1.84 
2.30 
1.97 
2.75 
1.90 
1.85 
3.33 
2.81 
2.30 
2.72 
3.97 
3.70 
3.20 
3.82 


63 

21 

61 

61 

07 

34 

42 

55 

05 

2.56 

2.24 

2.96 

1.44 

2.21 

1.70 

2.92 

2.30 

1.49 

3.24 

3.12 

2-10 

2.48 

3.80 

3.49 

3.21 

4.01 


Apr. 


Feet. 


May. 


Feet. 


0.83 
.76 


2.10 
2.49 
2.37 
2.13 
2.46 
3.11 
1.66 
1.98 
3.59 
2.55 
1.99 
2.97 
.83 
2.34 
1.59 
2.17 
2.00 
2.26 


27 

,16 

.20 

.12 

.50 

1.51 

2.58 

2.79 

1.86 

2. 51 

3.30 

2.8( 

2.90 

3.85 


1.40 
2.07 
2.18 
1.85 
2.31 
2.42 
1.56 
1.73 
3.16 
1.89 
1.78 
2.37 

.55 
2.01 
1.28 
2.12 
1.83 
1.98 
1.15 
1.69 

.93 
1.37 
1.00 
1.30 
2.41 
2.66 
1.40 
2.70 
2.56 
1.90 
2.53 
3.55 


June.!  July. 

Aug. 

Feet. 

Sept. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

1.20 
1.08 

1.49 
1.19 

0.78 

0.96 

.83 

.78 

1.16 

1.55 

1.25 

1.76 

1.93 

2.  .VJ 

1.37 

1.78 

2.17 

2.54 

1.98 

2.04 

2.04 

2.07 

1.97 

1.80 

1.92 

1.97 

1.78 

2.14 

2.35 

2.33 

1.84 

1.69 

2.13 

2.39 

1.91 

1.43 

1.53 

1.74 

1.53 

1.39e 

1.38 

1.75 

1.60 

1.63 

1.98 

2.10 

:  2.77 

2.68 

2.73 

2.90 

1.88 

1.65 

1.97 

2.22 

1.59 

1.03 

1.86 

2.15 

1  2.21 

2.11 

2.14 

2.18 

i     .51 

.54 

.90 

1.19 

;  1.98 

1.71 

1.83 

2.03 

1.32 

1.30 

1.54 

1.68 

2.02 

2.03 

2.30 

2.54 

1.75 

1.70 

2.01 

2.14 

1  1.84 

1.66 

2.12 

2.43 

.77 

.92 

1.15 

1.50 

.91 

.70 

,91 

1.36 

.97 

.90 

1.05 

1,48 

.8(? 

.90 

.90 

1.00 

.90 

1.12 

1.66 

1.89 

1.20 

1.42 

1.90 

2.14 

2.11 

1.90 

1.97 

2.38 

2.13 

2.04 

2.  35 

2.09 

1.17 

1.55 

2.01 

2.31 

2.56 

2.50 

2.85 

3.  DO 

1.84 

1.64 

2.02 

2.37 

1.74 

1.96 

2.45 

2.73 

2.04 

2.24 

2.08 

2.90 

3.49 

3.59 

3.04 

3,07 

Oct. 


Feet. 
1.93 
1.30 
1.76 
2.91 
2.60 
2.38 
2.00 
2.67 
2.84 
1.96 
1.88 
2.58 
3.27 
2.47 
2.32 
2.43 
1.40 
2.31 
1.91 


.69 

..53 

.40 

.78 

.57 

1,74 

1.20 

2.  07 

2.37 

2.00 

3.16 

2.  37 

3.  39 
2.70 
2.90 
3.  00 
4.01 


Nov. 

Dec. 
Feet. 

Feet. 

1.84 

2.07 

1.45 

l.OJ 

2.03 

2.01 

2.97 

3. 05 

2.40 

2.31 

2.53 

2.77 

2.31 

2.16 

2. 85 

2.87 

3.14 

2.84 

2.44 

2.13 

2. 20 

2.  33 

2.84 

2.88 

3.31 

3.60 

2.53 

2.16 

3.22 

2.85 

2.74 

2.59 

1.48 

1.69 

2.22 

2.26 

2.11 

1.54 

3.09 

2.99 

2.61 

2.  95 

2.18 

2.23 

2.15 

2.  23 

1.50 

1.60 

2.02 

2.16 

1.11 

1.00 

2.11 

2.24 

2.75 

2.74 

2.  00 

2.00 

3.18 

2.93 

2.  23 

2.  40 

3.00 

3.48 

3.  U 

3.21 

3.11 

3.11 

3.15 

3.  ;t  > 

4.25 

4. 00 

Feet. 


1.70 
2.17 
3.19 
2.55 
2.  (18 
2  03 

1  22 
2.17 
1.73 
2.45 
2.  20 
2.  39 
1.49 
1.02 
1.50 
1.5» 
1.06 
1.93 
2.  55 
2.71 

2  01 
2.89 
2.84 
2,81 
2.85 
3.78 


Note. — Interpolated  monthly  mja.^a  are  indicated  by  parentheses,  and  are  found  for  any  year  by 
taking  the  corresponding  monthly  nieans  at  (Mevelund,  Ohio,  and  correcting  the  sunie  by  the  average 
ditfereuee  '— t"<reeu  the  iiuserved  monthly  nieuua  at  Krio  for  that  year  aud  the  corresponding  observed 
monthly  u  .a  '  i  at  Clevolaud,  Uhio. 


REP( 


[Monthly  mean  of 


Year. 


1860 

1861 

1862 

1863 

1864 

1865 

1866 

1867 

1868 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 . 

1875 

1870 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

Mean  (36  years) 

Mean  (25  vcars, 

1871-1895)  ... 


Feet. 


1.70 
2.17 
:t.  19 
2.55 
2.  08 


2  6.1 

1  22 

2.17 

1.73 

2. 45 

2.  20 

2.;i9 

i.-to 

1.62 

1.50 

1.5» 

1.6fl 

1.03 

2. 55 

2.71 

2.  01 

2.89 

2,84 

2.81 

2.85 

a.  78 

REPORT    OP    U.  8.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


Tablk  No.  y. — Lake  Ontario  at  Oawcyo,  X.  Y. 


135 


[  Alontlily  mean  <if  water  levels  abovn  the  zero  of  tho  Ignited  States  Engineer  h-iukp,  the  elevation  of 
which  zero  is  244.21  feet  above  mean  tide  at  Now  York  City.] 


Year. 


1860... 
1861... 
1K()2  . . . 
1863... 
1864... 
1865... 
1866... 
1867... 
1868... 
1869  . . . 
1870... 
1871... 
1872... 
1873  . . . 
1874... 
1875  . . . 
1876... 
1877... 

1878  . . . 

1879  . . . 
1880... 
1881  . . . 
1882... 

1883  . . . 

1884  . . . 
1885... 
1880... 
1887  . . . 
1888... 

1889  . . . 

1890  . . . 
1801  . . . 

1892  . . . 

1893  . . . 

1894  . . . 
1895... 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mean  (36  years) 

Mean  (25  vears, 

1871-1895)  .... 


Feet. 
2.46 
2. 32 
2.99 
2.65 
2.21 
2.06 
1.34 
1.83 

.39 
1.10 
3.14 
1.94 

.01 

.19 
2.23 

.61 
1.19 
1.77 
1.36 
2.69 
1.20 

.62 

i.ei 

1.20 

2.39 

2.02 

3.  48 

2.05 

1.32 

1.50 

2.13 

2.07 

.39 

.75 

1.44 

.37 


1.68 
1.40 


Feet. 
2.00 
2.44 
2.  .57 
2.71 
2.05 
3.11 
1.35 
1.80 
.40 

1.  22 
3.29 
1.77 

.39 
.26 
2.63 
.26 
1.85 
1.50 
1.57 

2.  33 
1.48 

.01 
1.78 
1.26 
2.76 
1.75 
3.55 
2.80 
1.18 
1.64 
2.48 
2.33 

.36 

.64 
1.62 

.31 


1.74 
1.56 


Mar. 

Apr. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

2.65 

2.68 

2.89 

3.11 

3.06 

3.90 

2.79 

3.51 

2.14 

2.71 

3.26 

3.34 

1.36 

1.81 

2.50 

3.40 

.76 

1.40 

1.44 

1.97 

3.29 

4.23 

1.98 

2.58 

.23 

.72 

.38 

2.34 

3.18 

3.07 

.52 

1.32 

2.40 

3.38 

1.65 

2.34 

2.27 

2.52 

2.18 

2.50 

1.82 

2.00 

1.27 

1.60 

2.38 

2.71 

1.50 

2.02 

3.44 

4.05 

1.47 

2.15 

3.69 

4. 31 

3.31 

3.52 

1.42 

2.05 

1.81 

2.05 

2.81 

3.05 

2. 87 

3.35 

.49 

1.07 

1.12 

1.87 

1.92 

1.97 

.21 

.70  1 

May.  June. 


Feet. 
2.91 
4.06 
4.70 
3.91 
3.70 
3.50 
1.90 
4.09 
2.00 
2.63 
4.83 
3.00 

.84 
2.88 
3.05 
1.59 
3.96 
2.41 
2.  86 
2.68 
2.15 
1.87 
2.90 
2.67 
4.07 
2.95 
4.52 
4.08 
2.12 
2.20 
3.41 
3.13 
1.13 
3.03 
2.15 

.88 


Feet. 
3.45 
4.42 
4.50 
4.06 


2.01  [  2.55  !  2.01 
1.85     2.38     2.66 


00 
54 
80 
36 
42 
2.85 
4.51 
2.94 
1.17 
2.80 
3.14 
1.75 
4.18 
2.31 
i:.85 
2.71 
2. 39 
2.09 
3.41 
3.37 
3.97 
3.32 
4.32 
4.04 
2.16 
2.51 
4.04 
2.71 
1.69 
3.25 
2.68 
.76 


July. 


Feet. 
3.70 
4.20 
4.60 
3.65 
3.68 
3.39 
2.72 
3.99 
2.30 
3.17 
4.19 
2.78 
1.23 
2.76 
3.09 
1.78 
4.25 
2.  .35 
2.81 
2. 55 
2.40 
2.16 
3.40 
3.00 
3.76 
3.46 
3.92 
3.76 
2.22 
2.70 
3.87 
2.43 
2.20 
2.99 
2.48 
.47 


3.07 
2.82 


3.04 
2.79 


Aug. 


Feet. 
3.14 
3.95 
4.14 
3.10 
3.22 
2.78 
2.62 
3.36 
2.01 
3.23 
3.85 
2.34 
1.07 
2.48 
2.86 
1.64 
3.79 
2.08 
2.73 
2.20 
1.97 
1.84 
3.07 
3.72 
3.53 
3.31 
3.48 


25 

12 

45 

20 

99 

12 

2.45 

1.90 

-1.22 

2.70 

2.47 


Sept. 


Pert. 
2.74 
3.48 
3.51 
2.81 
2.69 
2.17 
2.53 
2.86 
1.82 
3.05 
3.16 
2.00 
.78 
2.06 
2.22 
1.43 
3.18 
1.65 
(2.47) 
1.78 
1.60 
1.28 
2.69 
3. 24 
3.10 
3.09 
3.12 
2.64 
1.73 
1.89 
2.85 
1..56 
1.02 
2.18 
1.39 
-.12 


2.29 
2.07 


Oct. 


Feet. 
2.55 
3.00 
2.90 
2.62 
2.40 
1.95 
2.40 
2.21 
1.23 
2.90 
2.83 
1.50 

.02 
1.61 
1.82 
1.15 
2.84 
1.22 
2.21 
1.34 
1.19 
1.00 
2.18 
2.80 
2.  (i8 
2.  90 
2.83 
2.  25 
l.il 
1.45 
2.5? 

.92 
1.48 
1.06 
1.14 
-.46 


Nov. 


Fret. 
2.63 
3.70 
•^.61 
^.44 
2.43 
1.70 
2. 10 
1.47 
1.08 
2.56 
2.20 
1.09 

.57 
1.48 
1.25 

.90 
2.48 
1.13 
2.09 

.95 
1.15 
1.00 
1.70 
2.  57 
2.18 
2.95 
2.30 
1.90 
1.30 
1.05 
2.60 

.32 
1.21 
1.25 

.81 
-.71 


Dec. 


Fei't. 

2.01 

3.49 

2.50 

2.45 

2.53 

1.54 

2.08 

.71 

1.25 

2.73 

2.01 

.78 

.23 

1.67 

.91 

.78 

2.30 

1.20 

2.90 

.98 

.98 

1.00 

1.47 

2.43 

2.03 

3.  12 

2.  ;io 

1.03 

1.29 

1.62 

2.  30 

.29 

1.08 

1   10 

.46 

—.08 


Mean. 


Feet. 
2.84 
3.48 
3.51 
3.07 
2.82 
2.77 
2.01 
2. 72 
1.43 
2.41 
3.47 
2.00 
.71 
1.74 
2. 45 
1. 15 


1.95 
1.09 


1.69     1.62 

1.43  I  1.38 


.98 

.81 

.39 

.08 

.69 

.38 

2.45 

2.56 

3.16 

2.71 

3.49 

2.94 

1.69 

1.91 

2.95 

2.00 

1.26 

1.86 

1.06 

.17 


2.27 
2.05 


a 


lit  i  I 


136  KEPOUT   OF    U.  S.  DEKP    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

TAiii.K  No.    10. —  l.uke  Ontario  at  Chuvlotle,  X.  Y. 

[Moiitlily  iiu-iiii  of  Wiitcr  1('V<0h  lirlow  I  lid  pliiiKiol'rrCeroni'Oof  Uiiitrd  Stat  oh  I,.iko  Survey  (IiIkIi  w^ifcr 
of  18;i8).     Kluvatioii  of  tlio  jilaiit'.  of  reforonco  above  mean  tide  at  Now  York  City  is  'J4U.UI  foot.  | 


18H5 
1886 
1887 
1888 
]88!l 
18!)0 
18H1 
18!t2 
I8'j:j 
"894 
lfc.5 


■Monti  (36 years). 
]\leiin  (2,")  years, 
1871-1895)  .... 


NoTi:.-  'I'hi.^  record  i.s  less  mitisfactory  than  the  one  for  Oswego,  on  account  of  uncortaintioH  of  a 
minor  ilianictei-  respecting  pluue  of  relorencc. 


UEP( 
Tahlk 


(Monllilv  mean  of  «l 
Eloval 


Year. 


ISfiO.. 

1801  . . 

1802  . . 
18(i:i.. 
18fil  . . 
180.-) . . 
]8fi(i.. 
18i;7.. 
18(i8.. 
18<i'J  . . 
18T0  . . 
1871.. 
1872  . . 
1873.. 
1874  . , 
1875. 
1870 . 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 

1881  . 

1882  . 
1883. 
1881. 
1885 . 
1880. 
1887. 
1888. 
1881) . 
1890. 
1801 

1892  . 

1893  . 

1894  . 

1895  . 


Moiui<;!0  years). 
Llean(25  years) 
1871-lii95  . . . . 


.>! 


y.«: 

].7i 

2. »( 

1!.  :i( 

2.71 

3.11 

■J.  42 

2.  3rj 

2.32 

1.80 

•»     1J 

1.62 

2.04 

3.  0.'! 

2.  (Mi 

2.07 

3.  (i!» 

3.  0.^) 

3.25 

4.70 

2.  CO 

2.83 

REPORT    OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COM3MISSION. 

'I'ahi.k  No.  11. — St,  Lawrence  Jiivcr  at  J'ltlleyt'teld,  Province  of  Qiiehcv. 


137 


I  Aloiitlily  iiuaii  111'  wiitir  Irvrl.s  iibovo  llio  upper   miter  Hill  of  T.ork.  No.  H  (if  tlio  lieiiiilinrnnia  Canal. 
Klovatioii  tif  iiiitur  sill  la  1 12.52  feet  iibovo  iiiean  ti(I<!  at.  Kew  York  t'ity.) 


Year. 


Jan.  I  I'd). 


1800.... 
IWil  .... 
1802.... 

WV.] 

18fil.... 
1805.... 
1800.... 

I8r.7.... 

18(18.... 
18(1!)  . . . . 
1870  . . . . 
187L.... 
1872  . . . . 
1873.... 
1874  . . .  . 
1875..  . 
187(i . . . . 
1877  . . . . 
1878.... 
1H7»  . . . . 

1880  . . . . 

1881  .... 

1882  . . . . 
1883.... 
1881.... 
1885  . . . . 
1880  . . . . 
1887...- 
1888  . . . . 
1881).... 
1800.... 

18!)l 

1892.... 
1803  . . . . 
181)4.... 
1805  . . . . 


MoaiMllOyuam). 
Aloaii(25  yoara) 
1871-lii95  . . . . 


12.84 
12.81, 
13.25 
12.38 
12.00 
12.64 
11.85 
13.10 
11.68 
11.81 
12.  83 
12.31 
11.12 
11.24 
12.  12 
11.77 

11.  63 
12.31 
11.83 
12. 98 
11.70 
10.98 
11.53 
1 1. 23 
12.11 
12.22 
13.33 
12.28 
12.53 

12.  05 
12.95 
12.44 
11.22 
11.38 
11.78 
11.50 


Mar.  Apr 


Firt 
12.  45 
12.44 
12.  92 
12. 44 
12.00 

12. 17 
n.56 
12.  52 
11.04 
11.28 
12.98 
12.09 
10.  30 
11.16' 
12.95 
10.  52 
11.80 
11.78 
11.53 

13. 18 
11.86 
10.  73 
11.53 
11.07 
12.13 

12.  46 

13.  08 
12.  53 
10.  59 
11.88 
12. 42 
12.48 
10.74 
10.  53 
11.17 
10.57 


Feet 

12.  56 

12.  83 

12.  62 

12.37 

12.  05 

12.  55 

11.51 

12.  53 

11.33 

11.06 

12.  30 

12. 28 

10.31 

1(1.98 

13.14 

11.03 

11.49 

11.75 

12. 13 

12.22 

11.97 

11.48 

12.31 

11.17 

12.58 

10.03 

12.34 

12.40 

11.07 

11.54 

12.57 

12. 83 

10.83 

11.11 

12.  06 

10.  08 


Fret 

12.48 

13.20 

13.40 

13.14 

12.50 

13. 03 
12.17 

13. 04 
11.55 
12.40 
13.31 
12.48 
11.11 
12.38 
12.75 
11.67 
13.00 
12.29 
12. 33 

12. 18 
12.27 
11.70 
12. 44 
12.  29; 
13. 22 
11.37i 
13. 40 
13. 26' 
12.00 
12.  22 
12.  92. 

13. 19 
11.83 
12.26; 
12.  08 
11.951 


July.;  Aug. 


Feet 

12.50 

13.53 

13.76 

13.22 

13.  09 

12.90 

12.20 

13.40 

11.74 

12.  66 

13.  42 
12.  06 
11.26 
12.  7 
12.97 
11.98 
13. 47 
12. 15 
12.41 

12.  57 
12.16 
11. 8l! 
12.46 
12.51 
13. 23 
12.42 
13.18 
13.24 
12.07 
12. 13 

13.  43 
13.03| 
11.65 
13.00 
12.  31 
11.46 


Feet. 

12. 64 

13.  .52 

13.31 

13.16 

13. 10 

12.87 

12.47 

13.29 

12.07 

12.  41 

13.28 

12.56 

11.92 

12.51 

12.  69 

11.80 

13.31 

11.95 

12.  24 

12.21 

12. 15 

11.88 

12.75 

12.841 

12.88| 

12.67 

13.10 

12.88 

11.97 

12.  37 

13.27 

12.49 

12.03 

12.  83 

12.47 

11.28 


Feet. 

12.71 

13.49 

13.21 

12.90 

12.89 

12.  73 

12.  35 

12.  91 

11.92 

12.60 

13.17 

12.39 

11.44 

12.  38 

12.  53 

11.8: 

13.28 

12.00 

12.23 

12.12 

12.  (;6 

11.03 

12.  67 

12.91 

12  82 

12.  03 

12.82 

12.  54 

11.81 

11.90 

13.13 

12.43 

12.53 

12.  68 

12. 13 

10.  96 


12. 11 
11.95 


11.81    11.84,  12.47    12.63;  12.59!  12.47 
11.65    11.69    12.35    12.49    12.44   12.33 


Feet 
12.00 

13. 14 
13.08 
12.70 
12.  55 
12.  32 
12.38 
12  54 
11.81 
12.  49 
12.94 
12.04 
11.22 
12.11 
12.41 
11.58 
12.93 
11.80 
12.28 
11.87 
11.73 
11.73 
12.  52 
12.  72 
12.41 
12.38 
12.57 
12.00 
11.69 
12.34 
12.71 
12.17 
12.38 

12. 15 
11.67 
10.08 


Sept.  I  Oct. 


Feet. 

12.  55 

12.85 

12.77 

12.42 

12.34 

11.97 

12.40 

12.13 

11.03 

12.41 

12.54 

11.8 

11.14 

12.01 

11.98 

11.50 

12.  53 

11.58 

12.23 

11.61 

11.33 

11.38 

12.  23 

12.  57 

12.44 

12.  23 

12. 15 

11.94 

11.60 

11.85 

12.69 

11.87 

12.15 

12.36 

11.54 

10.  54 


Nov.    l)e( 


Feet 

12.44 

13.11 

12.48 

12.  17 

12.27 

11.74 

12.10 

11.  69 
11.39 
12.51 
12.44 
11.51 
11.10 
11.78 
11.78 
11.29 
12.51 
11.13 
12.21 
11.39 
11.2; 
11.26 
11.81 
12. 19 
12.11 

12.  23 
12.  2(» 
11.63 
11.43 
11.67 
12.  37 
11.44 
11.70 
11.95 
11.47 
10.  31) 


Feet.  \ 
12.72 
13.01 
12.  38 
12.  18 
12.  30 
11.02 
12.  23 
11.48 
1 1.  37 


1 1.  ;i3i 

11.23! 

11.60 
11.55 
11.24 
12.08 
]l.:i5 
12.14 
11.11 
11.48 
11.33 
11.45 

12.  33 
11.86 
12.  54 
12.12 
11.29 
11.  50 
11.49 
12.52 
11.22 
11.70 
11.76 
11.45 
10.17 


Feet 

12.82 

12.94 

12.33 

12.23 

12.59 

11.77 

12.55 

11.39 

11.72 

12. 

12. 10 

11.43 

11.03 

11.95 

11.47 

11.19 

12.43 

11.33 

12.  75 

11.37 

11.38 

11.35 

11.. 50 

12.  28 

11.98 

12.88 

12.  38 

11.27 

12.15 

12.03 

12.  60 

11.27 

11.64 

11.96 

11.10 

10.  47 


Moan. 


12.25i  12.04|  11.84 
12.10   11.89    11.67 


n.77    11.89 
11.00    11.73 


Feet. 

12.61 

13.07 

12.90 

12.61 

12.48 

12.30 

12.15 

12.51 

11.00 

12.17 

12.81 

12.07 

11.11 

11.90 

12.o3 

11.45 

12.54 

11.79 

12.19 

12.06 

11.78 

11.46 

12.10 

12. 18 

12. 48 

12. 17 

12.  73 

12.27 

11.71 

11.90 

12.80 

12.  24 

11.70 

12.00 

11.77 

10.91 


12.14 
11.99 


I 


3.1  1 


138  REPORT    OF    V.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 

Taiu-k  No.  I'J  — St.  Laurence  liivcr  at  Montreal,  Province  of  (Juehev. 

[Monthly  mean  of  water  IcvtdH  abovo  Iho  lowc-r  miter  sill  of  ohl  lower  lock  of  the  Lacliiiin  Canal. 
Elevation  of  niitor  sill  is  7.10  Iwt  above  muau  tide  at  New  York  City.] 


Tear. 


) 


18f)0 

I8(il 

1862 

IStiU 

1804 

1805 

1800 

1807 

1868 

1809 

1870 

1871 

187a 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1870 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1800 

1891 

1802 

1803 

1804 

1805 


Misin(:>0  years), 
Tilean  (25  years, 
1871-1895)  ... 


Jan. 


:i2.  7 
33.1 
3.!.  5H 
28.  5(1 
33.  42 

32.  92 
29.25 

33.  02 
27.67 

28.  58 
33.  08 
31.  33 

27.  25 

25.  02 
33.58 
27.83 
28.00 
30.  33 
26.02 
23.92 
30.  33 
27.25 
25. 83 

26.  33 
34.17 
31.58 
34.42 
30.  08 

29.  67 

28.  33: 
20.  67^ 

28.  67 
24.17! 

29.  58! 
30. 83! 
28. 92 


l'"cb. 


Feel 
28.  83 
30.58 
31.58 
30.  00 
31.00 
31.17 
26.  02 
32.  33 
25.  17 
26. 17 
32.17 
20. 17 

25.  33 

24.  75 
31.00 
24. 25 

26.  83 
28.92 
30.  83 
30.50 

27.  9-J 

25.  08 
20.92 
25.  00 
31.42 

28.  IK) 
31.75 
28  83 

25.  67 
20.  :i3 
32.92 
27.17 
28.50 
25. 92 

26.  92 
21.67 


Mar.  I  A[ir.  May. 


Fert 
28.  7^> 

30.  92 

31.  08 

28.  42 
20.  58 
31.17 

27.  00 
31.17 
27.17 
25.  58 

29.  83 
30.1 
25.75 
25. 

30.  5(1 

25.  75 

28.  58 

28.  33 

26.  58 
28.83 

27.  08 
2U.  33 
28.67 

25.  75 
31.08 

26.  50 

29.  33 
29.  50 
26.58 
27.67 
31. 42 
29.  .'13 
25.  75 
26. 33 
20.  00 
23.  08 


Fret. 

22.  83 
30.50 
30. 17 
:i0.  17 
25.  60 
27.  33 
20.  75 
30.  08 
21.17 
20.  02 
30,  25 

23.  33 

27.  75 
31.42 
28. 

28.  25 
30.  83 
26.08 
19.75 
28.50 
25. 83 
23.50 
22.17 
28.42 
,30.  75 
30.92 
31.67 
33.  08 
29. 50 
24. 67 
26. 42 
28. 25 
23. 33 
£7. 42 
23.83 
25. 33 


Feet 
•.>:!.  08 
26.25 
21.  83 

23.  58 
2,5.  42 

24.  08 
21.83 

25.  00 

20.  92 
2.-).  25 
21.42 

21.  42 
21.17 
24.17 

22.  17 
22.75 
27.  42 

19.  02 

20.  50 
21.00 

23.  08 

21.  33 
21.83 
21.58 

21.  08 
24.50 
23.  42 
25.  58 
22.02 
21.17 
23.  58 

22.  92 
18.58 
23. 75 
22. 00 
20.50 


rlune, 


Feet 
20.  50 
23.  07 
21.50 
21.25 
21.42 
21.08 
21.67 

23.  83 
20.  0'- 
21.83 
20.  07 
20.  50 

20.  17 
22.  25 

21.  21 
20.17 

24.  33 
18.  5(1 
19.08 
20.  75 
21.42 
10. 

22.  58 
22.17 
20.  02 
21.75 
21.08 
21.08 
21.83 
22.08 

23.  75 
19.50 
19.42 
22.  .50 
20.  50 
18.58 


July.  Aug. 


Feet,  i 
10.42 
21.58 

19.  75 
10.  75! 
10.  25| 

20,  33 
10.  75; 
20.  83l 
17. 921 
20.  42! 
19.33 
18.92. 
17.07 
10.  07: 
20.  58 
18.08 
21.25 
18.08 
18.25 
18.75 

18.  92 
17.  75 
20.75 
21.42 
10.  25 
20.  07 
10.  83 
10.25 

19.  00 

20.  08 
20.83 
18.25 
19.  33 
19.  58 
10.17 
15.83 


Feet. 

18.  83 
20.  08 

19.  25 
18.83 
18.  33 
10.  17 
18.83 
19.00 
17.17 
19.75 
18.75 
17.83 
16. 75 
18.  33 
18.42 
17.50 
18.83 
17.50 
18.  33 
17.67 
17.58 
17.00 
10.08 
10.  50 
18.75 

18.  83 
18.83 
18.08 

17.  .50 
18.50 

19.  00 
18.00 

18.  25 
18.08 
17.00 
15.  33 


Sept. 


Fert. 
18.50 

19.  08 
10.  42 
18.  25 
18.00 

17.  75 
10.50 

18.  00 
16.92 

20.  00 
18.08 
17.  0(1 

16.  83 

17.  25 

17.  25 

16.  83 
18.08 
16.07 
17.83 
17.00 
10.  83 
10.  17 

18.  ,50 
18.17 
17.67 
18.08 
18.00 
16.08 
17.17 

17.  08, 

19.  00 
17.00 
17.  08! 
17.  83 
16.17 
14.50 


Oct.  1  Nov, 


Feet.  1 
18.75 
10.  08j 
10.  08 
18.  2,51 
18.  83| 
17.00 
18.831 
17.58 
16.  42 
20.  25 
17.67 
16.  .50 
17.58 
18.17 
10.83 
16.  92j 
17.83| 
16.  50 

18.  33' 
16.50 
16.67 
15. 75 
17.50 
17.92 
17. 58 

19.  33 
18. 00 
10.  ,58 
10.75 
10.83 
18.  00 
1,5.  92 
10.  ,58 
10.  83 
16.58 
13.  83 


Feet. 

19.  .5(1 
2i>.  67 
19.  42 
19.08 
10.  07 
10.75 
20.08 
10.  7.'> 
17.  OK 
18. 50 
18.50 
10  42 

17.  17 

18.  .50 
10.  42 
16.  75 
18.17 

16.  92 

19.  .50 
16.08 
18.08 
16.08 

17.  25 
18.42 
17.92 
18.08 
18.08 
16.17 

18.  00 
16.33 
17. 02 
15.67 
17.  08 
16.  .50 
16.  83 
13.  83 


Dec.  Mean 


29.77    28.51,  28.  lOJ  27.  42|  23.  08j  21.24|  10.  43^  18.20,  17.60   17.43    17.  02 
20.00'  28.02   27.73   27.17   22.05   21.10    19.25    18.02    17. 2o'  17.03    17.13 


Feet.  \ 
24. 00 
21.00 
21.,'')K 
22.  08 
22.17 
19.  83 

22.  17 
25.  58 

23.  83 
25.  67 

18.  75 

27.  .50 

19.  75 

25.  75 
21.50 

28.  83 

26.  17 
17.58 

20.  50 
20.  02 
22. 50 
16. 25 
22. 50 
23.  08 
22.  08! 
21.751 

25.  58 
18.00 
20.  33 
17.58 

26.  58 
17.50 
20.17 
20. 25 
17.  :!3 
21.08 


22.  05 
21.88 


Feet. 

22. 98 

2 1.  72 
21.27 
23.  18 
23.  55 

23.  22 

22.  72 

24.  51 
21.20 
2.1.  40 

23.  10 
22.  (i7 
21.10 

22.  02 
2.x  31 

21. 99 

23.  80 
21.28 
21.. '17 
21.05 

22.  19 
20. 15 
2'*  22 
'£.  31 
23.81 

23.  33 

21.  17 

22.  09 
22.08 
21.61 

24.  00 
21.52 
20.  (i9 
22.  55 
21.34 
19.02 


22.55 
22.  18 


REPOR 

Tahi, 

[Monthly  moan  of  wa 


Ycai-. 


1871.. 
1872.. 
1873., 
1874. 
1875. 
1870 . 
1877- 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885 . 
1880. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891  . 
1802 . 

1803  . 

1804  . 
1.S95  . 


Ft 
(2. 
(I. 

.(3. 


.i  3. 


2. 
2. 
4. 

3. 


Mean  (21  voars, 
1875-1895)  ... 

Moan  (25  years, 
1871-1805)  ... 


2. 
1. 
1. 
1. 


Note.— Interpolated 
January  and  Kebniiuy 
om>  year  series,  1875  1 
monthly  means  for  1871 
1 87 1 ,  and  J  annary,  Veb 
her,  1871,  and  May,  187 
one  year  series,  and  in 
and'Deeemher,  1873,  b; 

TAltLK  No,  13a.- 


[Depth  of  water  on  tin 


Year. 


1803. 


18C4. 

1805 

1800. 

1867. 

1808. 


1800. 


Stage. 


fHigliOst 
\  Lowest. 
I  Highest 
\  Lowest. 
(Highest 
(Lowest. 
I  Highest 
(Lowest . 
jllighi'st 
(Lowest. 
(Highest 
t  Lowest . 
(Higliest 
\  Lowest . 


.,  (Highest 

1"' ' (Lowest. 


Note.— The  slope 
Montgomery,  to  St.  J 
13.H7  feet.  The  slopi 
to  .St.  .lohns,  was  0.3 
arc  the  highest  and  li 
of  K.  Steckul,  eugiue 


tvtni,iafM^,m. 


....  J  .." 


i  Mean 


.  r 

■ct. 

0   22.98 

0   2 

.72 

Hi  •^: 

.27 

8  2: 

.18 

7   2: 

.,55 

■I   2: 

»"> 

7   22 

.72 

8    2J 

.'•\ 

J    21 

.20 

7   2.1 

.4!) 

■>   2:1 

.40 

0   22 

07 

")   21 

10 

■)   22 

02 

D   2.1 

111 

1    21 

99 

7   Zi 

86 

i   21 

28 

)   21 

.■)7 

i    21 

95 

)  22 

19 

)   20. 

15 

)   22. 

22 

22. 

:il 

2:1.  81 

2:!. 

■Xi 

21. 

17 

22. 

09 

22. 

08 

21. 

64 

24. 

09 

21. 

52 

20.  09 

22. 

55 

21. 

;i4 

19.  (i2 

REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


139 


Tahi.k  No.  13. — Lake  Champlain  at  Fort  Montgomrrn,  X,  Y. 

[MoiiUily  iiicnii  of  walor  Icvtils  nlxtvo  tlie  zoro  of  tlio  irnildd  Stales  Kii^Iiumt  K"";i"'i  the  olevatinii  of 
which  zero  in  94. .")3  feet  ahove  iiienii  tiilo  at  New  York  Cilv.l 


.Mar. 

Apr. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

:i.  95 

4.45 

(2.  50) 

(4.01) 

2.  70 

5. 99 

(4.40) 

(5.00) 

l.,59 

4.38 

3.01 

5.10 

1.47 

4.36 

2.  54 

4.42 

3.01 

4.44 

3.58 

3.88 

3.00 

3.40 

3.80 

3.50 

1.02 

4.05 

3.30 

5.  68 

1.94 

4.48 

3.43 

5.20 

2.81 

5. 30 

2.77 

5.  40 

3.13 

4.02 

4.30 

4.70 

5.  30 

0.31 

2.32 

4.57 

1.87 

3.05 

3.04 

3.93 

1.23 

4.01 

May.  Jiiiiu. 


Feet. 
4.  28 

4.  32 
6.49 

5.  13 
4.91 
0.61 
3.89 
4.84 
6.00 
3.54 
4.63 
3.20 
4.98 
5.30 
5.  00 
4.39 
0.37 
0.57 
4.47 
5.72 
0.  23 
3.92 
4.96 
3.30 
4.86 


Feet. 
2.70 
3,94 
4.15 
i  5.00 

3.  .57 

4.  73 
2.43 
3.02 
3.73 
2.33 
3.21 
3.89 
4.02 
3.03 
3.40 
3.00 
4.  45 
4.51 
3.98 
.5.27 
3.  13 
4.37 
3.  .53 
2.72 
.3.13 


l\ily. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

i 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet.  ' 

l.HO 

l.,50 

1.94 

1.45 

1.50 

(1.91) 

2.97 

3.03 

4.00 

3.80 

3.  !I0 

3.40 

2.50 

1.81 

1.0:1 

1.38 

2   17 

(3.15) 

3.88 

3.34 

2.  10 

1.04 

l.dO 

.89  < 

2.41 

1.80 

1.42 

1.74 

2.59 

2.31   ! 

3.  00 

1.78 

.97 

>    1   f 

.68 

.48  i 

fi  ,»,i 

2.00 

1..56 

1.39 

0  ,»o 

2.00 

1,99 

2.82 

2.71 

I., 55 

1.75 

4.05 

2.  50 

1.04 

1.02 

.06 

.81 

2.  24 

1.51 

.87 

.31 

.15 

1.70 

1.47 

1.99 

1.38 

.94 

.02 

1.06 

1.54 

3.01 

1.80 

1.25 

1.13 

.03 

.30 

2.93 

1.80 

.86 

.40 

.40 

.40 

2.05 

1.03 

.63 

.48 

.70 

1.  45 

2.41 

1.85 

1.88 

1.90 

3.79 

3.70 

2.  05 

1.39 

.83 

.84 

1.48 

2.82 

2  91 

1.94 

1.19 

..58 

.47 

1.87 

2.77 

1.72 

1.93 

2.43 

3.  38 

3.05 

3.41 

2.76 

1.  85 

2.  30 

2.  .52 

3.32 

3.07 

1.80 

3.13 

3.01 

3.12 

2.88 

1.94 

1.43 

1.10 

.01 

.50 

1.13  ] 

.5.41 

4.27 

3.42 

2.  (10 

2.25 

«»  '»*(  1 

1.89 

1.37 

2.46 

1.51 

.90 

.99 

1.88 

1(13 

..59 

.  50 

1.06 

1.11 

1.70 

1.20 

1.13 

.00 

1.00 

2.  07 

Feet. 
2.47 
3.43 
3.14 
3.41 
2.  35 
2.84 

2.  10 
2.78 
2.07 
2.06 
2. 03 
2.30 
1.80 
2.25 
2.fl8 
2.74 
2.70 

3.  29 
3.37 
3.  65 

2.  75 

3.  37 
2.17 
1.98 
2.01 


Mnaii  (21  vfiarH, 
1875-1895)  ... 

Muau  (25  vear.M, 
1871-1896)  .... 


2.13 
2.24 


2.24 
2.33 


2.81 

4.  .55 

4.92 

3.62 

2.53      1.8! 

1.  49 

2.  93 

4.60 

4.94 

3.68 

2.  57      1.  05 

1.64 

1.21   I  1..58     2.01!       2.  .58 
1.35  I  1.07  I  2.  n       2.67 


Note.— liite.rpolatod  inoiitlily  mean.s  aro  iniUcatod  by  p.iroiitlie.siw,  anil  aro  found  a.4  foUuwit:  For 
January  and  February,  1871,  by  taking  tlio corresponding  moans  of  tho  niontlily  means  in  the  twenty- 
ouo  year  series,  1875  to  18i)5,  and  correuting  them  by  the  average  ilillereuiu) 'helweeu  the  observed 
monthly  means  for  1871  and  tlie  corrospimdiiig  means  in  the  twenty -one  year  seriiss;  for  December, 
1871.  an'd  January,  February,  .March,  and  April,  1872,  by  pr.tportioniiig  tho'dill'erenee  between  Novem- 
ber, 1871,  and  May,  1872,  .'iccordiug  to  the  dill'erence  between  the  corresponding  months  in  tlio  twenty- 
one  year  series,  aiid  in  the  same  manner  for  February,  Mansh,  ami  April,  1874 ;  for  J  a, .nary,  February, 
and  December,  1873,  by  direct  interpolation. 

Tahlk  No.  13a. — Hirer  Jlichelieu  at  Lock  Xo.  1  of  the  Chamhly  Canal  at  St.  Johns 

J'rorince  of  (Jiiebec. 

[Deplli  of  walcr  iiu  the  ui)jier  miter  sill  of  Lock  No.  1.     The  elevation  of  the  upper  milir  sill  is  87.41 

feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  Cilv.l 


Year. 

Stage. 
/Highest .... 

Jan.    Feb.    Mar. 

Apr. 
Feet. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

(let. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Feet. 

Feet.    Feel. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feel. 
9.83 

Feet. 
9.  33 
8.42 
9.  75 

8.  ,58 
7.  25 
0.  .50 

9.  83 
8  83 

Feet. 

1863 

8.42 
8.07 
7.83 
8.25 
6.75 
9.42 
9.00 

iHiirheat.   .. 

11.33 

10.92 
8.68 

10.07 
9. 25 

10.  00 
0.17 

12  33 



8.  75 
7.83 
9.33 

8.  07 

9.  25 
8.42 

7.  92 
7.42 

8.  92 
7.83 

8.67 
8.08 

8.00 
7.17 

8.  (10 
7.  25 

9.  75 
8.25 

10.  00 

1804 

1  Lowest     

1Q.07 
11.50 
10.07 
10.50 

9.07 
12.75 
11.50 
10.79 

9.00 
13.  83 
12.  25 
12.  33 
10.17 

9.75 

(Higlu'st 



1805  

\  Lowest  . . . . 



11.67 

/Higliest 

1806 

(Lowest 

( lliifliest 



10.  50 

9.  92 

1867 

10.  ,50 
10.92 

9.25 
12.  17 
10.17 
10.25 

8.75 

;:::::  :::  :: 

1868 

(Highest 

I  Lowest 



10.  25 
9.58 

13.87 
9.  33 

12.07 

10.  17 

9.33 

8.  25 
10.  25 
9.(18 
9.08 
8.17 

8.  .58 

7.  ,58 

9.  33 

8.  33 
8.25 
7.33 

8.  25 
7.08 
8.  ,58 
8.  25 
8.08 
7.  17 

9.  07- 
7.17 
11.42 
8.17 
9.50 
7.00 

9.  75 
7.  33 
11.08 
9.83 
9.  00 
7.50 

9.42 
8.  75 

1869.       .    . 

(Higliest 

\  1.0  west 

/  Highest.... 
\  Lowest 

9.  33 

8.07 

10. 23 

9. 42 

9.00 

8.83 

1(1.  33 

9.  58 

9.  25 
8.  75 
10.00 
9.17 

10.  25 

187</ 

9.1; 
8.08 
7. 75 

Note.— The  slope  or  fall  during  oxtromn  high  water  (April,  1860),  from  Lake  (.'hamplain,  at  Fort 
Montgomery,  to  St.  Johns,  was  about  2  feet  when  the  depth  of  water  on  miter  sill  of  LiK'k  No.  1  was 
13.H7  i'eet.  The  slope  or  fall,  during  extreme  low  water,  from  Lake  Chaniidain.  at  Fort  Montgomery, 
to  St.  Johns,  was  0.  38  feet  when  the  dt^plli  of  water  on  miter  sill  of  J^ock  No.  1  was  5.88  feit.  'J'hese 
are  the  highest  and  lowest  waters  on  record,  and  they,  as  well  as  the  slopes,  are  given  uu  the  authority 
of  K.  Stetkul,  eugineer  iu  charge  of  Ihe  Canadian  geodetic  leveling. 


r; 


1^: 


li 


•<  h 


i; 


140  REPORT   OF   IT.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    rOMMTSSTON. 

Tahli:  No.  14. — .S7.  Lawrence  Hirer  at  Montreitl,  Province  of  (Jiichec, 

[Dt^ptli  of  water  in  feet  niid  decimnlH  in  the  Moutreal  Ilurbor  o\^'r  miter  sill  of  old  lower  Icx'k  (if  tlio 
Jju'liine  Canal,  deduced  from  f{aii||;inKH  taken  at  noon  each  day,  oxeopt  that  after  1882  t  lie  liiKlioHt 
])uint  14  recorded  on  the  hi^hoxt  day  iii  the  spring  and  fall  of  each  year  independent  of  tlm  tiiiic  of 
day  it  wax  reached.     Klevatiuu  of  tlie  miter  8ill  in  7.10  feet  ubovo  mean  tide  at  New  Vork  City.  I 


Year. 


ISfiO 

1851 

185L' 

185;i 

i8.'-a 

185:) 

1850 

18,57 

1808 

185'J 

18C0 

18C1 

1862 

18C;i 

1864 

1865 

186G 

1867 

1868 

186U 

1870 

1871 

1872 

187;i 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

18SI0 

1891 

1892 

189;) 

1894 

1895 


Jannury. 


February. 


March. 


Ai)ril. 


High.    Low.    Mean.  High.  I  i.ow,  ,  Mean.    iri;{h. '  Low. 


Feet. 


Feet.      IWt. 


:i;i.  75 
:i5.  '2:> 

:i7.  75 

:ti.75 

39.  50 
34.50 
38. 1!5 
36.42 
34.  25 
30.  33 
30.  50 

33.  17 
37.  .lO 
Jtfl.  83 
32.  42 
37.67 
29.  25 
31.00 
36.  50 

34.  75 

29.  00 

27.  42 
34.  67 
30.00 

30.  00 

32.  33 

34.  25 

33.  33 

32.  33 
30.75 

33.  83 

28.  50 
38.45 

35.  25 
39.  50 

32.  42 

33.  67 
35.  50 
30.75 
3,1.  50 
32.  67 

32.  75 

33.  08 
32.  33 


28.  75 
2."..  58 
31.,'iO 
27.  ,58 
27.  00 

29.  25 
24.00 
30.50 

30.  17 
31.33 

27.  42 

23.  08 
32. 00 

24.  42 
27.67 
29.  25 

25.  50 
20.  83 

25.  08 

26.  75 
26.00 

24.  58 
32.  33 

25.  75 
26.42 

28.  42 
17.08 
19.42 
28.  33 
24.  25 
16.75 
24.  25 
30.58 
28.  83 
28.00 
28.  42 
20.  25 
23.  92 
18.  83 
20.  92 
16.92 

26.  58 
28.  92 

27.  00 


32.  42 

31.  33 

32.  42 
32.  08 

32.  75 
!  33. 17 
I  33.  .58 

28.50 

33.  42 

32.  92 

29.  25 

33.  92 
27.07 

28.  58 
33.  08 
31.33 
27.  25 

25.  92 

33.  58 

27.  83 
28.00 

30.  33 

26.  92 
23.  92 
30.33 

27.  25 
25.  83 
20.  33 
34.17 
31.58 

34.  42 

;to.  08 

29.  67 

28.  33 
29.67 

28.  67 
24. 17 
29. 58 
30.83 
28.92 


Fei'l.      Fell.      Fevt.      Feet.  I  Feet. 


Iklean.    H!;:li.    I.ow 


Feet. 


29.  92 
33.25 
32.  (18 
27.  33 

30.  92 

31.  25 
33.17 
30.  83 

29.  92 
31.42 

32.  67 
31.83 
32.  58 

32.  58 
28.67 
33.00 

25.  92 
27.  42 

33.  75 
31.08 

26.  42 
25.  67 

32.  17 

27.  92 
27.  75 

30.  83 

33.  50 
33.17 
29.83 
25.  83 
32.50 
20.25 
33.  25 

29.  92 
33.  75 

30.  25 
28.08 
31.50 
34.75 
29.  17 

31.  92 
27.58 
28.75 
27.  42 


r..   I 


16.  92 
31.58 
29.  25 
25.00 

29.  00 
28.  75 
30.00 
28.  00 
27. 17 
28.75 

30.  08 

28.  33 

29.  75 
20.  50 
25. 75 
31.58 
24.08 
25. 25 

31.  25 
28.00 
24.  33 

24.  08 
29.  67 
23.  00 

25.  83 
27.42 

I  29.25 


28.  25 
26.67 
24.00 
28.08 
24.25 
30.  58 
26.07 
28.67 
27.08 

24.  00 
20.  58 
31.33 

25.  92 
24.50 
25.08 
25.  08 
23.  08 


29.  25 
30. 08 
31.. 58 
20.  42 

28.  83 

30.  ,58 
31.58 
30.  00 
31.00 
31.17 
20.02 
32.33 
25.17 
20.17 
32. 17 

29.  17 
25.  33 

24.  75 
31.00 
24.25 
20.83 

28.  92 

30.  83 
30.50 
27.92 
25.08 
2;).  92 

25.  00 
31.42 
28. 00 
31.75 
28. 83 
25. 67 

29.  33 
32.  92 
27.  17 
23.  50 
25. 92 
26. 92 
24.07 


29.  92 
32.17 
32.  00 

27.  33 
29.50 

30.  58 
32. 00 
30.  42 
29.  50 

32.  33 
31.67 

29.  25 

30.  25 

33.  42 
27.75 
31.83 
29.  42 
20.  83 
32.  33 
32.  00 
26.  75 
26.  17 
31.58 
26.75 
29.  58 

29.  75 
29.67 

30.  00 
28.50 

28.  50 
31.25 
26.75 
34.58 
28.08 

30.  25 
30. 25 

28.  50 

29.  00 
32.  92 

31.  67 

26.  92 

27.  83 

30.  33 
24.  50 


16.  .58 
31.25 
29.  83 
24.  75 
20.  25 
S  28.07 
!  29.  50 
i  28.00 
t  28. 17 
29.83 
30.50 
27.58 
28.67 
29.  00 
20.  42 
30.42 
24.  92 
24.50 
28.00 
28.  42 
24. 42 

24.  50 
28.75 

23.  83 

27.  17 
27.25 
20.33 

28.  25 

25.  75 
24.75 
27. 08 

24.  58 

29.  25 

25.  00 
28.33 
28.83 

24.  75 
26.07 
29. 75 
27.75 
24. 50 

25.  00 
2.').  92 
22.  00 


27.  50 

29.  33 

30.  75 
30.  .58 
28.75 
30.  92 
31.08. 

28.  42 
29.58 
31.17 
27.00 
31.17 
27.17 
25. 58 

29.  83 
30.17 
25. 75 
25.  25 
30.50 

25.  75 
28.58 
28.  33 
20.  58 

28.  83 
27.08 
21).  33 
28.07 
25.75 
31.08 

26.  50 

29.  33 
20.  50 

26.  58 

27.  67 
31.42 
29.  33 
25.75 
20.  33 
29.  00 
23.  08 


Feet. 


•Si.  33 
32.  83 
32. 17 
32.  00 

34.  50 

30.  75 
32.  50 
36.  50 
29.  58 
28.  58 
41.  ,58 

35.  42 

36.  75 

32.  50 
40.75 

33.  17 
33.00 

32.  83 
40.42 
36.  83 
32.00 
30.50 
38.67 

33.  00 
30.75 
35.17 

31.  33 
20.42 

34.  25 
33.58 
30. 17 
31.00 
33.  42 
38.  50 
40.07 
44.33 
43. 12 
36.50 
34.08 

35.  08 
33.92 
30.50 
33.  08 
31.50 
•1.07 


Fei't. 


21.8  1 

23.  50 
22.17 

25.  (10 
24.. 58 
21.00 
21.00 
2.'.  17 
21.75 

20.  50 

24.  25 
25.17 
25.25 
21.42 
22.  75 
22.67 
24.00 
19.  00 
24.  75 

26.  25 
21.011 

21.  25 
26.42 

22.  00 
24.42 
26.92 

21.  0() 

18.  83 

22.  42 
22.  25 
17.83 

19.  33 
22.  25 
22.  42 
26. 17 
25.42 
27.58 
22.  17 

19.  83 
21.67 
24.  08 
17.00 
22.  08 

20.  25 
20.  83 


M.Mll. 


IWt. 


28.25 
27.  58 
2,5.  42 

21.  «3 

22.  83 
:!0.  50 
30. 17 
30. 17 

25.  50 
27.  ,13 
20. 75 
30.  08 
24.17 

29.  92 

30.  25 

23.  33 

27.  75 

31.  42 

28,  25 
2.-i.  25 
30.83 

26.  08 

19.  75 

28.  50 
25.  83 

23.  50 
22. 17 
28.42 
30.  75 
30.  02 
31.07 
33.  08 

29.  50 

24.  67 

20.  42 
28.  25 
23.33 
27.42 
2:1.  83 

25.  33 


REPOR 
Tami.k  No.  II.- 


Year. 


18.50 

1851 

1852 

18,5;i 

1854 

1855 

1850 

18.57 

18.58 

1859 


1860... 
1861... 
1862... 
1863... 
1864... 
1865... 
1866... 
1867... 
1868... 
1869... 
1870... 
1871... 
1872... 
1873... 
1874... 
1875... 
1876... 
1877... 
1878. . . 
1879- . . 
1880... 
1881... 
1882. . . 
1883... 
1884... 
1885... 
1886... 
1887... 
1888... 
1889... 
1890... 
1891... 
1892... 
1893... 
1894... 
1895. . . 


High 


Feet. 

26.  25 

24.  75 

25.  75 
25.  00 

27.  00 

24.  ,58 
22. 00 

25.  42 
23,  58 
24.50 
23. 75 
27.17 

28.  33 
24.83 

26.  33 
24.58 

23.  75 

20.  42 
23.00 
20.83 
26.83 

24.  .50 
21.83 

25.  25 
24. 50 

24.  83 
28.  67 
21.25 

21.  25 

25.  58 
23.  83 
22.58 

22.  83 
22.67 
24,42 
34.  08 
25.08 

27.  00 
24. 67 
23. 08 
24.58 
24  25 
19.  33 
25.42 
23. 25 
21, 58 


REPORT    OF    U.  8.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


141 


Taiilk  No.  II. — SI.  Lawrence  River  al  MontrvaJ,  I'rorinre  of  (Jiiebee — Coiitinut^d. 


Year. 


i8r)0 

18,"il 

IH.VJ 

iHr.ii 

1854 

1855 

1850 

1857 

1858 

1859 

1800 

1861 

18fl2 

18t);t 

1804 

1865 

1800 


1807. 
1808. 
1809. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
187a. 
1874. 
1875. 
1870. 
J  877. 
1878. 
187!). 


1880.... 
1881.... 
1882.... 
1883.... 
1884.... 
1885.... 
1880... . 
18S7.... 
1888.... 
1889.... 
1890.... 
1891.... 
1892.... 
18U;!.... 
1894.... 
1895..., 


May. 


High.    Low.    ^lean 


IWI. 
20.  25 

24.  75 

25.  75 

25.  (10 

27.  00 
24.  58 
22. 00 
a5.  42 
2:t.  58 
24.50 
23,  75 
27. 17 

26.  33 
24.83 
26.  33 
24.58 
23.  75 
26.  42 

23.  00 
20,  83 

20.  83 

24.  50 
21.83 

25.  25 
24.  50 

24.  83 

28.  «7 
21.25 

21.  25 

25.  58 
23.  83 

22.  58 
22. 83 
22.07 
24.42 
34. 08 
25. 08 
27, 00 
24.67 
23, 08 
24. 58 
24  25 
19.  33 
25. 42 
23. 25 
21.58 


Feet. 
21.75 

22.  33 

23.  00 

22.  58 

23,  17 
22.  3.3 
20.17 
20.42 
22,  33 

22.  17 
20.58 
25.42 

23.  00 
22.00 

24.  00 
23.25 
21.25 

24.  58 
10.08 
23.92 
21.58 
22.00 
20.  00 
22.75 
20.17 
20.25 

25.  42 
10.25 
19.75 
22.50 
22.  00 
19.17 
20.17 
20.83 
22.  83 
22.  83 
21.92 
22.  75 
20.83 
10.58 
22.08 
21.00 
17.  92 
20.  75 
20.  75 
19. 25 


Feet. 


21.08 
23.  83 
23.  00 
23.  67 
23.  08 
26.  25 
24.83 

23.  58 
25.  42 

24.  08 
21.  83 

25.  00 
20.92 
25.25 
24.  42 

23.  42 
21.17 
24.17 
22.17 
22.75 
27.42 
19.92 
20.50 
24.00 
23.08 
21.33 
21.83 

21.  58 

24.  08 
24.  50 
23.  42 
25.58 

22.  92 
21.17 
23. 58 
22.92 
18.58 
23. 75 
22. 00 
20. 50 


June. 
HiKh.     Low.    Mean 


Firt. 
23.  75 

23,  8.3 
22.75 

24.  00 
23.67 
23. 110 
20.00 
23.  83 
23.  83 
23.75 
22. 42 
25.75 
22.83 
22. 83 
23.92 
23.  25 
22.83 
25. 50 
21.  83 
2.1. 50 
21.83 
22. 17 
21.08 
25.08 
24.42 
22. 02 
26.  83 
19.25 
19.67 
22. 42 
22.67 
21.25 
23. 50 
23. 08 
22.58 
23. 17 
21,67 
22.58 
23.00 
22.60 
24. 25 
21.00 
20. 92 
24.00 
21.50 
10.50 


Ffct. 
10.  00 
21. 17 
21.42 
21.25 
20.58 
21.00 
19.08 
23.00 
21.75 
21.  92 
20.  33 
21.58 
20.33 
20.08 
19.83 
10.92 
21.00 
21.83 
18.67 
21.17 
19.83 
19.58 
18.33 
20.50 
22.00 
17.75 
22.75 
18.17 
18.  .-.8 
19.58 
10. 92 
18.17 
21.67 
21.07 
19.75 
20.  83 
20.  50 
19.67 
20.92 
19.75 
22.33 
18.58 
18.50 
20.75 
19. 83 
17.42 


Frrt. 


19.42 
23.50 
22.58 
22.67 
20.50 
23. 67 
21.50 
21.25 
21.42 
21.08 
21.67 
23.83 
20,00 
21.83 
20.67 
20.50 
20.17 
22. 25 
23.25 
20.17 
24,33 
18.50 

19.  08 

20.  75 
21. 42 
19.25 
22. 58 
22. 17 
20. 92 
21.75 
21.08 
21.08 
21. 83 
22.08 
23.75 
19.50 
19. 42 
22.50 
20.50 
18.58 


July. 


High.    Low.    Mraii 


Fert. 

19.  75 
21.17 
22.00 
21. 25 

20.  67 
21.17 
19.25 
22. 75 
22. 42 
22.00 

20.  33 
22.25 
20.33 
20.17 
20.00 
20. 42 
20.75 

21.  83 
18.67 

21.  .50 
19.67 
19.50 
18.42 
20.  50 
22.17 
18.  83 
22. 42 
18.33 
18.75 
19.67 
19.92 
18.17 
21.75 

22.  50 
19.58 
21.42 
20.58 
19.58 
20.50 
21.17 
22.17 
18.58 
21.25 
20.58 
20.17 
17.25 


Feet. 

18.  25 

19.  50 
19.33 
19.00 
18.83 
18.92 
18.83 
21.00 
20.58 

20.  33 
18.67 
20.58 
19.  33 
19.25 
18.50 
19.83 
19.00 
19.67 
17.50 
19.83 
19.  08 
18.  42 
17.17 

18.  83 

19.  33 
17.75 
19.75 
17.92 
18.00 
18.50 

18.  33 
17.42 
19.50 

20.  50 
18.75 
16.67 

19.  33 
18.67 
17.83 
19.17 
19.42 
17.  92 
17.92 
18.75 
17. 75 
15.17 


Fiif. 


19.  U8 
21.58 
21. 42 
21.00 
19.  42 
21.  58 
19.75 

19.  V> 
19.25 
20. 33 
19.75 
20.83 
17.92 

20.  42 
19.33 
J8.92 
17.67 
19.67 
20.  58 
18.08 
21.25 
18.08 
18.25 
18.75 
18.92 
17.  75 
20.  75 
21.42 
19. 25 
20.67 
19.83 
19.25 
19.00 
20.08 
20.83 
18.25 
19.  33 
19.  58 
19.17 
15.83 


Aiigii«t. 
lUgli.l  Low.  I  Moan. 


Fert. 
18.83 

19.  92 

20.  00 
19.  01) 
18.83 
19.08 

19.  00 
21.42 

20.  02 
20.  33 
10.  25 
20.  67 
19.  75 
19.  M 
18.58 
19.75 
19. 25 
19. 75  I 

17.07  I 
20. 17 
19. 17  , 
18.50  * 

17.08  ' 
18.83 
19.58 
17.92 
19.  07 
17.  92 
18.07 
18.50 
18.33 
17.42 
19.67 
20.58 
19.  33 
19.75 
19.50 
18.58 
17.92 
19.58 
19.58 
18.42 
19.50 
20. 25 
17.92 
15.67 


Firl. 
17.00 

17.  83 
18.08 
18.58 
17.42 
18.00 
18.00 
20.  .W 
19.  .■.8 
19.  25 
18.58 
19.  33 
18.75 
18.33 
18.00 

18.  33 
18.42 
18.42 
16.  07 
19.33 
18.  25 
17.08 
16.  00 
17.42 
17.42 
17.25 
18.  25 
17.17 
18.  00 
17.17 

16.  83 
16.25 
18.83 
18.58 
18.  08 
18.08 
!8.08 

17.  33 
17.  25 
17.  67 
18.58 
17.33 
17.42 
17.17 
16.25 
15.00 


Fret. 


18.33 
21.. '■.8 
20.  33 
19.83 
18.83 
20.  08 
19.25 
18.  83 

18.  33 

19.  17 

18.  83 

19.  00 
17.17 
19.75 
18.75 
17.83 
10.75 
18.33 
18.  42 
17.50 
18.  83 
17.50 
18,33 
17.67 

17.  .')8 
17.00 
19. 08 
19.50 
18.75 
18.83 
18.83 
18.08 
17.50 

18.  .50 
19.00 
18.00 
18.  25 
18.08 
17.00 
15.33 


S 


t 


if 


142 


REPORT   OF    IJ.  a.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


Taulk  No.  M. — SI.  I.awnnm  Ktvcr  ttl  Montreal,  I'rovincc  of  (Jitehir — C'oiiliimcd. 


M 


Year. 


18511.. 
IKM.. 
185:'. . 

i85;i. . 
ia'.4.. 

is:>:<. . 

1856. . 
1857.. 
1858.. 
1859. . 
IKtiO.. 
1801.. 
18Gi.. 
18(K).. 
1804.. 
18ti5.. 
IKfifi.. 
Wi7. . 
1868.. 
181(9. . 
1870.. 
1871.. 
1872.. 
1873.. 
1874.. 
187,-.. 
1876.. 
1877. . 
1878. . 
187».. 
1880. . 
1881.. 
1882.. 
1883.. 
1884.. 
1885.. 
1886.. 
1887. . 
1888.. 
1889. . 
1890.. 
1891.. 
1892.. 
1893. . 
1894.. 
1805.. 


S<'i)t«iiilMir. 
\Utih.    Low.     Mi-Hii 


Fert. 

17.50 
17.58 
IH.  58 

19.  33 
17.07 
18.17 

18.  42 

20.  50 
21.42 

19.  50 
19.  58 

19.  75 

20.  17 
18.50 
18.50 
18.25 
20.  «7 
18.  50 
17.17 
20.92 
18.58 
17.75 
17.33 
17.  5(1 

17.  50 
17.25 

18.  25 

17.  25 
18.25 
17.17 
17.08 
16.50 

19.  00 

18.  58 
18.08 
18.25 
18. 25 
17.50 
17.50 
17.58 
20. 08 
17.67 
18.08 
20. 33 
16.  42 
15.00 


Feel. 
17.00 
17. 00 
18.  (Ml 
18.08 
17.08 
17.75 
17.75 
19.50 
20.  00 
18.83 
18.  00 
18.  75 
18.67 
18.00 
17.58 
17.  25 
18.58 
17.58 
10.  58 
19.00 
17.58 
16.  42 
16.50 
17.00 
17.00 
16.  50 
17. 75 
16.42 
17.58 
18.67 
16. 33 

15.  67 
18.00 
17.02 
17.42 
17.83 
17.83 

16.  50 
16. 75 
16.  83 
18.25 
16.  25 
16.67 
17.00 
15.92 
13.  83 


Oct(»l)<>r, 
JiIkIi.     Luw,  j  Moan. 


/'(■<•«. 


18.00 

19.  83 

20.  75 
10.17 
18.50 
10.08 
19.42 
18.25 
18.00 

17.  75 
19.50 

18.  00 
in.  92 
20.00 
18.08 
17.00 
16.83 
17.25 
17.25 
16.  83 
18.08 
16.67 
17.83 
17.00 
16.83 
16.17 
18.50 
18.17 
17.67 
18.08 
18.00 
16.08 
17.17 
17.08 
19.00 
17.00 
17.08 
17.83 
16.17 
14.  50 


Fert. 

18.  33 
17.58 
19.00 
10.42 
17.50 
19.68 
18.83 
20.  42 
21.17 

19.  50 
19.00 
20.83 
19.67 
18.  50 
19.58 
17.33 

20.  17 
17.8:1 
16.92 
21. 50 

18.  33 
16.92 
18.17 

19.  08 
17.08 
17.50 
18.17 
16.92 
20. 00 
16.  92 
17.17 
15.92 
18.67 
13.  33 
18.00 
2a  00 
18.25 
16.92 
17.26 
17.42 
18.42 
16.33 
17.08 
17.17 
17.08 
14.33 


November. 


High.     Low,    Mvun.  lliKh.     Low.    Moan 


Fret. 
17.00 
16.02 
18.17 
18.58 
17.08 
18.  00 
17. 58 
10.17 
19. 33 
18.58 
18. 42 
19.83 
18.75 
17.83 
18. 08 

16.  33 
17.83 
17.25 
16.00 
19.25 
17.17 
10. 17 
16.58 
17.25 
16. 42 
16.50 
17.58 
16.17 
17.76 
15.83 
16.25 
15.42 
17.08 
17.00 
17.42 
18.08 

17.  75 
16.25 
16.33 
16.08 
ir.75 
15.50 
16.00 
10.42 
16.00 
13.17 


Feet. 


18.33 

19.  58 

20.  42 
19.08 
18.  75 
19.08 
10.08 
18.26 
18.  83 
17.00 
18.83 
17.58 
16.42 
20.25 
17.67 
16.50 
17.68 
18.17 
16.  83 

16.  92 
17.83 
16.50 
18.33 
16.50 
16.67 
15.75 
17.50 
17.92 

17.  .^8 
19. 33 
18.00 
16.58 
18.75 
16. 83 
18.00 
15.92 
16.58 
16.83 
16.58 
13.83 


Feet. 
18.33 
17.67 
19. 83 
20.00 
18.25 
22.00 
17.83 
21.58 
20.17 
22.17 
20.  00 
21.25 
20.17 
20.17 
20. 50 
17.  50 
22.17 
17.08 
17.83 
19.00 
18.92 
16.83 

17.  83 
19.50 
10.58 
17.58 

18.  33 
17.  83 
20.25 
17.00 
19.08 
16.33 
17.67 
19.25 
18.75 
19.17 
18. 75 
16. 50 
20.08 
17.17 
18.75 
17.50 
18. 25 
16.92 
17.33 
15.60 


Feet. 

17.00 
10. 92 
18.42 
18.75 
17.08 
18.  .58 
17.00 
10.58 
18.75 
18.25 
18.83 
20.00 
18.83 
18.00 
18.  83 
16.25 
18.50 
16.42 
16.33 
18.00 
18.17 
16.08 
18.38 
17.83 
16.17 
16.17 
17.67 
16.  42 
18.92 
15.  42 
16.60 
15.58 
16.75 
18.08 
17  33 
17.50 
17.67 
15.83 
16  58 

15  67 
17.50 
14  92 

16  25 
16  17 
10.  00 
13.25 


Dw.eiiilicr. 


17.50 
20.  50 
19.58 
19.75 
19.50 
20.67 
19.42 
19.08 
19.67 
16.76 
20.  08 
10,75 
17.08 
18.  50 
18.50 
16.42 
17.17 
18.  50 
16.  42 
16.  75 
18.17 
16.92 
19.50 
18.08 
18.08 
16.08 
17.25 
18.42 
17.92 
18.08 
18.  08 
16.17 
18.00 
16.33 
17.92 
15.67 
17.08 
16.50 
16.83 
13.83 


Feet. 
33. 00 
13. 33 

24.  25 
30.  07 

30.  25 
25.68 

34.  83 
23. 08 
3;i,  50 

35.  92 
32.68 
26.42 
28.17 
32.  00 
25.75 
28. 17 

25.  .50 
32.75 

31.  83 

32.  17 
25.25 
31. 42 
27.  25 
34.  58 
20.58 
32.83 
34.92 
17.92 
21. 83 
32.26 
31. 42 
16.  .50 
30.17 
36.83 
34.17 
30.75 
33.50 
31.00 
27.00 
18.67 
33.92 
18.50 
33.00 
35.50 
27.17 
29.50 


Feet. 
17.58 
17.00 
19. 25 
18.33 
17.02 
19.00 
17.08 

19.  83 
18.17 

20.  25 
18.75 
19.83 
18.  07 
18.75 
20.33 
16.67 
21.42 
16.58 
16.67 
18..'>0 
17.67 
Ui.  17 
16. 17 
20.25 
10.17 
19.17 
17.75 
17.08 
19.42 
10.  OK 
17.58 
10.00 
16.50 
18.75 
17.  25 
18.08 
18.00 
16.  00 
16.17 
16.50 
17.33 
16.42 
16.67 
16.08 
16,92 
14.76 


/  V  et. 


23. 75 
20.50 
23. 42 
26. 33 
21.00 

21.  00 
21.. 58 

22.  08 
22.  17 
19.83 

22.  17 
25, 58 

23.  83 
25.  (,7 
18. -,5 

27.  .50 
l'.t.75 
25.  75 
21.50 

28.  H3 
26.17 
17.58 
20.  50 

20.  92 
22.  50 
16.  25 
22.  50 
23.(8 
22.  I  8 

21.  '.5 
25.  .'8 
18.(0 
20.  33 
17.58 
20.58 
17.50 
20.17 
26.25 
17.33 
21.08 


UEPOU 

Tahlk 
[Monthly  iiiraii  ol'  \v. 

Klevalions  of  tho  bp\ 

OsiletiHliiii')! 

(ial<i|>H,  iilil  Lrv'k  27  . . . 
(iiilopH,  iiltl  Lock  25.. 
liapiilo  riat.  old  Lock  ; 
Fill  laiiH  roiiit,  old  Loc 
Cornwall,  old  Lock  15. 


Mondi. 


1870. 


OK'I 


Fe 


January  ... 
Fcliniary  . . 

March 

Aitril 

May 

Jui'lH 

.Inly 

Au);iiHt 

SHjitunibcr. 
Octoln'r... 
Novonibcr  . 
DeccinlMsr.. 


1895. 


.Tannary 

Feliriiary 

March 

Ainil 

May 

•I  line 

July 

All^llMt I  -  1. 

Septtsinbcr — 1- 

October a— 1. 

November 

December ' 


XoTK.— Interpolated 
Jiilv,  1895)  at  Cornwall 
slojle  betweou  the  two  j 

Water  lei 
[Monthly  mean  of  wate 


Date. 


1800. 

January . . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October 


La: 

Su] 

rioi 

Dull 


a  Throe-tenths  foot  c 
river. 
b  Six-tenths  hundred 


11^ 


KEPOKT   OF    r.  fl.  DKKI'   WATKRWAYS   COMMISSION. 
Tahlk  No.  1."). — SI,  Lawrence  River  from  Prescotl  to  Moiitrral. 


143 


[Montlily  iiifaii  of  wmIit  IbvcIh  itliovoor  bitliiw  (liu  zero  nt'  k'^oK'^  f*''  OuiliMiHliurj;  rikI  itbov*<  iiiilcr  Mlh 

III'  till'  Btn'fi'iil  lockH  at  I  lie  )iliiri'H  iiiiiiiriV.  | 

Elevations  of  tlio  apvoral  jilanoH  of  rcfurcncp,  in  feet,  nlmvo  iiiran  ti»lu  at  Now  Vork  City  : 


OgiletiHliui't; 245.  3.1 

(iaIiipH,  olil  LiKk  '21 2;t.''>.  IT) 

(iiiloiiH,  iilil  Look  'A'i 21H.,VJ 

ltii|ilil<t  riiit,  old  Link  L';i 205.82 

rmiaiiH  I'liiiit,  old  Lock  22 19;i.  77 

Cornwall,  old  J.iMk  15 144.80 


<Niriiwiill,  now  Lock  l.'i 139  28 

ViilluylU'ld,  old  I.otk  14 142.  52 

Moloiliovillii,  old  1,04k  <l (lu  8;i 

Larhino,  old  I,o»  k  5 58.3U 

Moutruul,  old  Lock  1 7.10 


Moiitli. 


OKdonn- 
liiirg. 


1870. 

,  Feet. 

.Innn.iry 1.00 

Ffliniary 1.73 

Miinli 1.53 

Ai.iil 2.72 

May 3.24 

Juno 2.07 

Jnlv 2.73 

August 2.40 

.SopttMnbor 1.50 

OitolKT 1.24 

MovpMibor !  1.  01 

Dewnilwr a  .HI 

1805.  I 

.Tannary ■ 

Fiiliniary | 

Marcli ' 

Aiiril I 

May ;    -  .50 

.liiiio I  —  .07 

July I  —  .92 

AuKUMt -  1. 00 

Selittiinbor —1.54 

October a— 1.75 

Novombor 

December ' 


GalopH  Canal. 
Lock  27.  Lock  25. 


Feet. 
10.75 


Feet. 
12.25 


10. 50 
11.50 

12. 07 
12.42  I 
12.25 
11.75 
10. 67 
10.  50 
10.33  I 

10.08  I 

I 


12.  25 
14.25 
15.07 
15.  33 
15.17 
14.08 
13.58 
13.00 
12.25 
12.08 


Raitido 

Pint. 

Lock  23. 


Feel. 
10.42 


Far- 

ranx 

Point, 

Lock  22 


Feet. 
8.04 


10.60 
11.83 
12.  58 
12.;)3 
12.  08 
11.42 
10.75 
10.50 
10.17 
10.04 


8.00 

1 
8.83 

7.17 

7.  .50 

7.42 

8.00 

8.50 

0.92 

8.83 

10.  33 

8.07 

10.17 

8.33 

9.07 

8.25 

9. 42 

7.92 

8.83 

7.67 

8.33 

7.42 

7.83 

7.58 

7.83 

6.92 
7.42 
7.92 
7.  50 
7. 75 
7.58 
7.17 
0.02 
6.42 
5. 92 
5.50 
5.92 


7.02 

9. 42 

10.  83 

10.  75 

10.  ,50 

10.  33 

0.92 

0.  ,50 

0.  25 

8.75 


8.  .33 
7.25 
7.  33 
8. 33 
8.50 
8.33 
8.08 
7.92 
7.  ,50 
7.17 
0.67 
7.00 


Corn- 
wall, 
LcH'k  15 


Feet. 
Old 
Lock. 
17.08 
25. 42 
22.  83 
13.  25 
12.  42 

12.  08 
11.02 
11.67 
11.17 
10.  92 
10.58 
11.00 

New 

Lock. 

16  83 

14.17 

14.08 

(15.09) 

1.5.25 

15.08 

(14.70) 

14.07 

14.33 

14.04 

13.  92 
14.33 


Valley 

Held, 

Look  14 


Feet. 
12.83 

12.  08 
12.30 
13.31 

13.  42 
13.  28 
13.17 
12.  04 
12.  54 
12.  44 
12.28 
12.  19 


11. 50 
10.57 
10.  08 
11.95 
11.40 
11.28 
10.00 
10.98 
10.  54 
10.  39 
10.17 
10.47 


Me. 
liiclio- 

villo. 
Lock  0. 


Feel. 

12.75 

14.75 

14.  42 

14. 50 

14.07 

13.08 

12.50 

11.75 

10.  92 

10.42 

io.'o-y 


La- 
cliinc, 
Lock  5. 


Mon- 
treal, 
Lockl. 


I 


I 


12. 75 

15.67 

13  17 

12. 17 

12.33 

11.17 

9.07 

9.17 

8.07 

8. 58 

8.  33 

9.07 


Feel. 
11.7.-. 
11.50 
10.92 
14.75 
14.92  . 
12.08  I 
11.92  I 
11.42 
10  83  I 
10.(17  i 
11.01) 
10.75  I 


10.75 
0.  (18 
H.  ,58 

U.-f. 

12.33 

1 1.3:1 
9.  H\ 
0.  50 
K.  92 
H.  07 
8.50 
9.07 


Feet. 
33. 08 
.32.  17 
29.83 
30.  25 
24.  42 
20.  07 
19.33 
18.75 
18.08 
17.07 
18.  .50 
18.75 


28. 
24. 
23. 
25. 
20. 
18. 
15. 
1.5. 
14. 
13. 
13. 
21. 


92 
07 
08 
33 
.50 
58 
83 
33 
50 
83 
83 
08 


a  Xo  record  for  the  last  seven  days  of  tlie  rnontb. 

XoTK.— Interpolated  moutbly  means  arc  indicated  by  i)arontliesos.  Tlie  interpolation  (Aiuil  iinil 
July,  1895)  at  Cornwall  was  made  by  comparing  witb  tbo  record  at  V^alleytield  and  assuming  tbut  the 
sloi'ie  between  the  two  points  was  ]iractically  the  same  as  tor  the  preceding  and  following  months. 


Wate}-  levels  for  ISM  for  the  Great  Lakes  and  St,  Lawrence  Hirer. 

■els  above  or  below  the  plane  of  reference  ndop 
and  given  in  the  "Tables  of  Water  Levels.] 


[Monthly  mean  of  water  levels  above  or  below  the  plane  of  reference  adopted  for  the  several  localities 

bles 


Date. 


1890. 

January  

February  

March 

April 

May 

June 

Jnly 

August 

September 

October 


Sault  Ste 

Lake 
Supe- 

Marie. 

rior  at 

Above 

Below 

Duluth. 

the 

thu 

locks. 

locks. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

3.00 

3.27 

582.  88 

3.20 

3.27 

582. 96 

3.40 

3.47 

582.  03 

.3.31 

3.39 

,582. 19 

2.60 

2.77 

582. 11 

2.28 

2.30 

582.  51 

•.J.  22 

2.23 

582.  70 

2.20 

2.21 

582. 85 

2.  37 

2.35 

,582.71 

2.09 

2.77 

582. 25 

Lake 
Michi- 
gan at 
Milwau- 
kee. 


I  I  Lake 

Lake  |  Lake  \  Lake  ]  Cham- 
Huron  I  Erie  at |  Ontario  i)laiu 
atj^and  ;  Cleve-  ,  at  Os-  i  at  Fort 


St.  Lawrence 
Kiver. 


Beaeli.     land. 


'•'eet. 

Feet. 

5.67 

5.09 

5.63 

5.  57 

5.62 

0.07 

5.44 

5.04 

5.16 

5.24 

4.84 

4.87 

4.90 

4.81 

4.07 

4.77 

5.07 

4. 05 

5.12 

5.15 

wego. 


Feet. 
4.15 
4.23 
4.28  i 
3.83  I 
3.45 
3.28 
3.  29  i 
3.14 
3.41 
3.05 


Feet. 

-0.32 
.20 
.37 

al.30 

hi.  31 


1, 


Mont 
gouiery. 


Feet. 
3.28 
2.40 
4.15 
C.  03 
5.50 
3.03 
2.04 
1.35 
.81 
.92 


N'allev- 
Held. 


]iIon- 
treal. 


FeH. 
11.20 
11.19 
10.09 
11.90 
1 1.. 55 
11.45 
11.25 
11.00 
10.77 
10.  44 


Feel. 
27.63 
2(1. 10 
20. 02 
29. 52 
20. 51 
18.09 
10.  39 
15.  .55 
14.70 
14.78 


o  Throe-tenths  foot  of  this  (1.30)  was  due  to  eti'ect  of  bank  water  at  gauge  from  unusual  freshet  in 
river. 
b  Six-tenths  hundred  foot  due  to  backwater  " 


I 


P 


1^1. 


11 


J  I 


^ 


'11 


i     ! 


BASIN  OK  TI 


I  have  iiieasn 
ami  Ilmlson  li 
basins,  and  sub 
uiap  which  slio\ 
ill  relation  to  th 


Tlie  rosnlts  w 
issued  by  the  si 
(lovernnients;  i 
ditlerent  States 
maps  compiled 
eei's,  United  Sti 
^ew  York;  recc 


The  method 
quadrilaterals.  1 

The  area  of  Oi 
distances  togetl 
of  latitude  and 
di8tan(!e  betwee 
tanceon  themei 
and  results  tabu 
by  the  basins,  ii 
several  basins, 
i'rom  the  tables 
Hnrvey  for  1S84 
and  i)art  water, 
]»ortioned  by  nn 
ning  the  planii 
results  obtainei 
have  in  general 
tlu;  gross  area  ^ 
(leological  Snr\ 
total  of  420,000 


II.  Doc.  ] 


EXHIBIT  B8. 

BASIN  (W  THE  GREAT  LAKES  AND  OF  THE  ST.  LAWRENCE 

AND  HUDSON  RIVERS.' 


By  J.  E.  Maloney. 


INTBODUf'TION. 

1  havo  measured  the  areas  of  the  several  lakes,  and  tlie  St.  Lawrence 
and  Hudson  rivers,  and  their  watersheds,  also  several  suliordiniite 
basins,  and  submit  lierewith  tabular  statements  ol'  the  results,  and  a 
map  which  shows  the  basins  as  a  whole,  ami  the  important  divisions 
in  relation  to  the  surrounding  drainage  systems. 

DATA. 

The  results  were  obt.iined from  the  i'ollowing  data:  Maps  and  i^harts 
issued  by  the  several  departments  of  the  Canadian  and  United  States 
(iovernments;  maps  of  i he  geological  and  other  surveys  issued  by  the 
ditt'erent  States;  nuips  and  rei)orts  of  canal  and  water  power  projects; 
nuips  compikMl  by  lu-ivate  publishers;  reports  of  the  Chief  of  Engin- 
eers, United  States  Army,  and  of  the  State  engineer  and  surv<'yor  of 
I»Jew  York;  records  of  private  surveys  in  New  York  State. 

METHOD   OF   COMPUTATION. 

The  method  pursued  was  as  follows:  The  areas  were  divided  into 
quadrilaterals,  formed  by  30'  of  arc  on  the  meridians  and  ])arallels. 

The  area  of  each  quadrilateral  Avas  ligured  by  multiplying  the  middle 
distances  together;  for  instance,  the  area  between  .'itP  00'  and  30°  .'50' 
of  latitude  and  any  .'{()'  of  longitude  was  obtained  by  multiplying  the 
distan(!e  between  the  meridians  at  the  parallel  of  80°  15'  into  the  dis- 
tance on  the  meridian  fr<nn  39°  00'  to  39°  30'.  These  areas  were  ligured 
and  results  tabulated  for  each  30'  between  the  limits  of  latitude  covered 
by  the  basins,  and  the  tables  then  used  in  computing  the  areas  of  the 
several  basins.  The  middle  distancesuire  in  statute  miles  and  are  taken 
from  the  tables  in  the  report  of  the  United  States  Coast  and  (Jeodctio 
Survey  for  1.S84,  Appendix  No.  0.  Quadrilaterals  (Containing  part  land 
and  part  water,  or  divi<led  by  the  ditterent  watershed  lines,  were  pro- 
])ortioned  by  means  of  a  planimeter.  The  Avork  was  checki'd  by  run- 
ning the  planimeter  over  the  area  as  a  whole  and  comparing  with 
results  obtained  by  figuring  the  separate  quadrilaterals.  The  r<'sults 
have  in  general  compared  within  1  i)er  cent.  An  approxianito  check  on 
the  gross  area  was  taken  by  means  of  the  nmps  of  the  United  States 
(leologictal  Survey,  and  showed  a  difference  of  about  IjV  per  cent  in  a 
total  of  4L*0,000  scpuire  miles. 


11.  Doc.  192- 


*  At'coiiipanicd  by  Map  No.  B. 
10* 


if; 

:  I 

it 


145 


lilMii^' 


ll 

, 

' 

11 

'  t 

1 

l" 

, 

146 


REPORT    OP    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


AREAS   OF   WATER 


In  the  lakes  the  terininals  were  pla<;ed  so  as  to  inchide  as  near  as 
possible  for  each  lake  all  waters  on  the  same  level.  St.  Marys  Eiver 
is  divided  at  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  lock,  part  going  in  with  Lake  Supe- 
rior and  part  with  Lake  Huron.  Between  Lake  Huron  and  the  St. 
Clair  Kiver  the  division  is  made  at  Port  Huron  Just  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Black  River.  Between  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  Niagara  Falls  is 
taken  as  tlie  dividing  point.  Lake  Ontario  is  considered  as  ending  at 
the  head  of  Galops  Rai)id8,  including  ])art  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River 
in  its  area.  The  areas  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  were  figured  from  the  charts  of  the  Lake  Survey  and  of  the 
Hydrogiaphic  Office  of  the  United  States.  The  areas  of  the  Hudson 
River,  Lake  Champlain,  and  New  York  Bay  were  figured  from  the 
charts  of  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey.  The  areas  of  the  Great  Lakes 
and  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Hudson  rivers  and  Lake  Champlain  are 
as  follows : 


Name. 


Li)  k  e  Superior 

Lake  Michi^^an 

I^ake  Huron 

Lake  St.  Clair  (incliuling  St.  Clair  and  Detroit  rivers) 

Lake  Eric 

J/uke  Oiitario 

St.  Lawrence  River  ((ialops  to  inoiith) 

Hiulson  Kiver  (Troy  to  inoutli) 

Lake  Cliainplain  ..." , 

Total  area  of  water , 


Area 

iu  sciuare 

miles. 


31,800 

22, 400 

23, 200 

495 

10,000 

7,450 

C,  39.') 

140 

400 


101,280 


AREAS  OF   WATERSHEDS. 

The  lines  marking  the  limits  of  the  watersheds  under  consideration 
were  carefully  determined  and  marked  on  the  maps  of  the  several  basins ; 
the  lajid-oflice  and  post  route  maps  being  used  for  the  United  States, 
and  the  map  issued  by  the  department  of  railways  and  canals,  for 
Canada.  These  niai)8  were  then  checked  by  means  of  all  the  local 
majis  and  other  data  available.  This  method  was  followed  for  all  the 
divisions  in  the  United  States  and  for  the  subsidiary  basins  in  Canad> 
The  main  divisions  in  Canada  were  determined  and  marked  on  the 
maps  by  Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson,  deputy  head  and  director  of  the  geological 
8urveJ^  and  Mr.  Hugh  V.  Payne,  chief  of  the  meteorological  ollice, 
Canada.  The  areas  of  a  few  of  the  subsidiary  watersheds  were  taken 
from  actual  surveys  and  are  so  noted  in  the  tables.  The  areas  of  the 
several  main  watersheds  are  as  follows: 


Ifame. 


Lako  Superior 

LiiKr  M  it'.liifran 

i^nke  Hiinin 

Lake  St.  ( Hair 

Lake  Krio 

Lakt'  Ontario 

St.  Lawrence  River  (exclusive  of  Ottawa  huMu  and  Clianiplain  waterHhed) 

Uudrtou  River 

Ottawa  River  (total  lia«iu) 

LaketJIuiniplaiii 

Total  area  of  wateraliedH 


Area 

in  H(|uare 

miieH. 

48, 600 

4r., 

700 

r.2. 

100 

c, 

320 

24, 

480 

2r., 

.'■>30 

120, 

385 

i:i, 

140 

00,  470 

7, 

900 

409,  085 


REPORT 


The  area  of  the 
of  the  watershed 
mary  and  also  in 


The  elevations 
the  office  of  the 
The  elevations  ot 
and  divides  are 
elevations  are  iu 


The  following 
appear  in  detail 


Lake  Superior 

Lake  Michigan 

Lalie  Huron 

Lake  St.  Clair 

i-iko  Erie 

Lake  Ontario 

St.  Lawrence  River  (Gal 

Total  to  Montreal 

Ottawa  River  (head  to  n 

Lake  (Miamplain 

St.  Lawrence  River  (Mo 
St.  Lawrence  River  (Qu« 

Total,  Montreal  to 


Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence 
From  Montreal  to  nioutl 

Total  to  mouth  St. 
Hudson  River 

an 

by 


No.  1  gives  th( 
laterals. 

No.  2  is  a  list  ( 

No.  3  shows  a 
Mr.  L.  Y.  Scherc 
published  in  Ai 
Lake  Huron  bas 
the  Province  of  ( 
ligure  it,  is  large 
merhorn  gives 
other  differences 

Tables  Nos.  4 
and  the  areas  of 

Respectfully  s 

Mr.  L.  E.  (Joi 
Untjinee 


KEPORT   OP   U.  S    DEEP   WATERWAYb    COMMISSION. 


147 


AREA   OF  BASINS. 


The  area  of  the  basin  is  made  up  of  the  area  of  the  water  surface  aud 
of  the  watershed,  and  the  areas  of  the  maiu  basins  are  given  in  tha  sum- 
mary aud  also  in  detail  in  Tables  4  to  13. 

ELEVATIONS. 

The  elevations  given  in  the  tables  and  on  the  map  were  reduced  in 
the  office  of  the  Commission,  ami  are  from  the  best  obtainable  data. 
The  elevations  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  of  many  points  on  the  rivers 
and  divides  are  given  in  the  tables,  and  also  on  th3  general  map.  All 
elevations  are  in  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  City. 

GENJ3RAL   SUMMARY. 

The  following  is  a  general  summary  of  the  several  areas  which 
appear  in  detail  in  the  tables: 


Name. 


Areatof 

water  iu 

square 

miles. 


I     Area  of  Area  of 

;  watershed  basin 

!   iu  square  iu  square 

j      miles.  miles. 


Lake  Suiierior 

Lake  Michigan 

Lake  Huron 

Lake  St.  Olair 

i-ike  Erie 

Lake  Ontario 

St.  Lawrence  lUver  (Galops  to  Montreal). 


Total  to  Montreal 


31,800 
2-2, 400 
23, 200 

495 

10, 000 

7.450 

220 


95, 5«5 


Ottawa  River  (head  to  mouth) , 

Lake  (Miamplaiu 

St.  Lawrence  Uiver  (Moutreal  to  Quebec) . 
St.  Lawrence  River  (Quebec  to  mouth)  — 


Total,  Montreal  to  mouth  St.  Lawrence  River. 


400 

375 

4,800 


5,575 


48,  (ibO 

45,  700 

52, 100 

6,320 

24,  480 

25,  530 
5,710 


80,  400 
es.  100 
75, 300 

C,  815 
34,  480 
32, 980 

5, 930 


208, 440 


304,  005 


7,960 
37,  475 
86,  200 


a  56,  470 

8,  360 

37, 850 

91,  000 


131,635 


193, 680 


RECAPITULATIOK. 


95,565           208,440  i          304.  0( (5 

From  Moiitroal  to  luouth  St.  Lawrenco  liiver 

5,  .')75           131,035             193,080 

Ti)tal  to  month  St.  Lawrence  River 

101,140           340,075  1          497,685 

6  140  1           13, 140  '            13,  280 

a  Total  basin ;  water  surface  and  watershed  not  separated. 
6  Water  area  from  Troy  to  mouth  only. 

TABLES   APPENDED. 

No.  1  gives  the  elements  used  iu  figuring  the  areas  of  the  quadri- 
laterals. 

No.  2  is  a  list  of  the  charts,  maps,  and  other  data  consulted. 

No.  ({  shows  a  comparison  of  the  results  with  those  determined  by 
Mr.  L.  Y.  Schermorhorn,  assistant  engineer.  United  States  Army,  and 
published  in  American  Journal  of  Science  in  1887.  The  ditt'erence  in 
Lake  Huron  basin  is  probably  due  to  the  placing  of  the  divide  through 
the  Province  of  Ontario,  as  the  area  of  the  watershetl  in  Ontario,  as  we 
figure  it,  is  larger  than  the  total  watershed  for  the  lake  as  Mr.  Scher- 
merhorn  gives  it.  Ditt'ereut  terminals  may  account  for  some  of  the 
other  differences. 

Tables  Nos.  4  to  13  show  the  water  and  land  areas,  with  elevations, 
and  the  areas  of  the  different  subdivisions. 

Kespectfully  submitted. 

J.  E.  Maloney. 

Mr.  L.  K.  CooLEY,  C.  E., 

Engineer,  Deep  Waterways  Commission. 


!i 


i 


148 


REPURT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


N(».  1.  —  Table  of  distanceH  oil  vierldiana  and  parallelH  for  3i)'  of  arc,  and  areas  of 

quadrilaterals  formed  hij  ,"0'  arcs. 

[Ai'oaH  ll^iireil  Ity  iiiiildl*;  (liRtiiiicrH.] 


Lenijth  nf 

.10' of  am  of 

Latitude,     tlio  iiicriil- 

iivii  iiiHtat- 

I   tito  IIlilUB. 


Latitude. 


;i9 

m 

:io 

39 
39 

15 

3!) 

;t4. 492 

45 

40 

00 

:i4. 495 

40 

15 

40 

;i0 

.34. 498 

40 

45 

41 

00 

34. 501 

41 

15 

41 

'■'O 

34.  504 

41 

45 

42 

m 

34.  508 

42 

15 

42 

:iO 

34.511 

42 

45 

4;i 

00 

34. 514 

43 

15 

4;i 

;!0 

34.  517 

43 

45 

44 

l)!l 

34.  520 

44 

15 

14 

111! 

.34.  523 

44 

45 

4r) 

00 

34.  ,'i25 

45 

15 

45 

;jo 

34.  028 

45 

45 

l(i 

00 

31.531 

40 

15 

40 

;;o 

34.  534 

40 

45 

47 

00 

34.  538 

47 

15 

47 

;io 

34.  541 

47 

45 

48 

00 

34.  ,">44 

48 

15 

48 

111' 

34.  iJ47 

48 

45 

40 

(0 

34.  550 

49 

15 

40 

:io 

31.  5.53 

49 

45 

,')() 

00 

34.  nrm 

50 

15 

.^.0 

:io 

34.  559 

50 

45 

hi 

00 

34.  502 

51 

15 

LcncHiof 

Area  of 

30'of  arc.  of 

30'  quatlri- 

tlieitarni 

Latil 

udi«. 

latoral in 

IbU  in  stilt 

Hquari) 

uto  uiilo.s. 

miles. 

1 

26.  819 

o 
30 

t 
(10 

26.  628 

39 

30 

925.1 

26.  435 

40 

00 

018. 5 

26.  230 

40 

30 

911.9 

26.  041 

41 

00 

905.  3 

1        y'-  842 

41 

30 

808.  5 

'.     669 

42 

00 

891.8 

J.:>  4.37 

42 

30 

881.8 

2S. 231 

43 

00 

877.9 

25.  023 

43 

30 

870.9 

24.  814 

44 

00 

863.8 

24.  604 

44 

30 

856.  7 

24.  390 

45 

00 

849.  3 

24. 175 

45 

30 

842.  1 

23.  959 

4<; 

00 

834.8 

23.  740 

16 

30 

827.  4 

23.  520 

47 

00 

819.  t 

23.  298 

47 

30 

812.  4 

23.  074 

48 

00 

804.  8 

22.  847 

48 

30 

797.1 

22.  620 

19 

00 

789.4 

22.  391 

49 

30 

781.0 

22.  160 

.50 

0(1 

773.  7 

21.  927 

50 

30 

765.8 

21.  693 

51 

00 

7.^>7.  8 

Kemarks. — Distau(U!H  on  inrridians  and  parallels  taken  from  rojiurl  of  Coaut  and  Geodetic.  .Survey, 
1884,  Ai>iKndi.\  No.  «. 

No.  2 — Table  of  maps,  charts,  and  other  data  consulted. 

CANADIAN  DATA. 
Maps; 

Peiiiirtnirnl  of  railways  and  eanals. 

(ieologiial  .survey. 

Crov^nland  depafrnu'nt  in  tlio  Provinces  of  (Quebec  and  Ontario. 

Lake  Sinicoe,  showing  walcrsliods. 

Rcjiort  and  map  of  tlic(icor{;ian  liay  route. 
Letters: 

Dr.ti.  M.  Pawson,  doput.y  head  and  director  of  the  geoh)gical  survey. 

Mr.  Hugh  V.  I'ayue,  cliiof  of  meteorological  oUico. 

V.NITED  8IATK8  DAIA. 

Maps: 

Lane'.  Ofliro,  T)ppartmpnt  of  Tnl«rior. 

l*o.4lal  route,  rostOlliiT  Depart uiont. 

Geolo;{ical  siirvfv  of  Wisconsin  and  Michigan. 

United  States  (i(!ologic:d  SurvcNs. 

New  York  State  surveys  (geoloKieal  and  Adirondack). 

New  .lersey  geol();;lcal  survey. 

Sanitary  district  of  Cliicago  (watersheds  in  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Indian;)). 
Charts: 

I'nited  Slates  Lake  Survey,     (^'harts  of  tlie  Great  Lakes  and  the  St.  Liiwrenee  Kiver. 

Hvdro;rr;ipl\i(;  Otllco,  rniti>d  States  Navy. 

riiited  .Stales  (Joiist  and  Geodetic  Survey.    Charts  of  Lake  ('hamplain,  lltid.sou  Uiver  and  .Vow 
Vork  liay. 
Keporls; 

(!hief  of  Kiigiiu'ers.  Tnited  States  Army. 

Stale  engineer  and  surveyor  of  New  Vork. 

SI.  Louis  liiver   .valer  power  project. 

Lakes  and  Gnlt  waterway,  liy  L,  K.  (.'ooley,  C.  V,. 
Ma)is  of  surveys  of  lakos  in  Oswego  Ilasin. 
Letter:  TroL  K,  T,  Clarke  (lakes  In  Uswogo  Uasiu). 


REPORT 

No.  3. — Table  showin 
States 


Name  of  lake. 


Superior. . 
Michigan . 

Huron 

Sl.Cliiir  .. 

Krie 

Ontario . . . 


Area 

I  (' 

1  United 
I  Commi 

r 

a3 
hi 


'rotiifarea  of 
aii  basins.. 


a  Liike  Superior  inclnd 
bLakoilMron  includes 
cl.ake  St.  Clair  ;::;'!nd 
(I  Lake  Erie  includes  t 
<■  Liike  Ontario  includt 
the  heiid  to  head  oi  (i:do 
/Lake  Ontario  probab 

Tables  show'nuj  the  w 


Description: 

Term  inala— West  en 
lOlevation— Stanilartl 
Limits— Latitude,  40 
Length— 3.54  mih^s  oi 
Hreadth- 102  miles  f 
Area: 

Ari'iiof  w;iter  surl'a 
A  I  e:i  of  Wiltersli'Ml- 

(tntario  

Minnesota 

Wis(^onsin 

rpper  Michigan 


,  Total  ar<Ni  of  1 

Memoranda: 

Area  of  iill  islands. 

Area  of  detached  ht\ 

Ste.  Marie,  40  siiiui 

Lake  Nepignon  - 

Elevation  (Dawi 

Area  of  water  s 

Area  of  watorsi 

Total  area  of  1 

St.  Louis  liiver — 

Elevation  at  \\vi\ 

Area  of  basin  at 

NoTK.— All  ijlevatioiiH 

iug  tables. 

Descrii>tion ; 

Teiniiniils — South  e 
Ciiy  Mght-llinise 
Klevation— Stfliidan 
Limits— Latitude,  4 
Length— 310  miles  <i 
Ureadth— 118  miles 
Area : 

Area  of  wat.r  surff 
Area  of  watershed- 
Michigan  

Wis(;onsin 

Indi;in:i 

Illinois 


Total  arei 


REPORT    OF    U.    S.    DEE.     WATERWAYS    OOMMISSION. 


149 


No.  3. — Table  showing  cofnpariaons  of  areas  of  lakes  and  waiershcdH,  as  figured  hy  I'nited 
States  Deep  IVaterways  Coumission  and  as  prerioiisly  used. 


Name  of  lake.   |  — 


Area  of  water  Hurfaco 
(nqnare  iiiileH). 


Area  of  waturshodH 
(Hqiiaro  miles). 


Superior. . 
Mic'higau . 

Huron 

Sl.Cliiir  .. 

Krio 

Ontario... 


I  United  States 
I  CtnnniigHion. 

a  31, 800 
22,400 

1)  23,  200 
c4'J5 

(i  10, 000 
(•7,450 


Totiifarea  of 
aJI  basins.. 


L.  Y.  Seller- 
nierliorn. 


;tl,  200 

22, 450 

23,  950 

4U0 

it,  975 

/7,240 


I  nited  StateH 
(JoniniiHMion. 

48,  COO 
45, 7U0 
r>'i.  lUO 
(i,  320 
21, 480 
25,  530 


L.  T.  Srlier- 
nierliorn. 


.51,600 
37,  700 
32,  500 
8,400 
23, 000 
21,600 


A  rea  of  aggroj;ato  basin 
(square  miles). 


United  States 
ComiiiisHion. 

80, 400 
08,  100 
75,300  I 

0,815 
34,480 
32,080  ' 


li.  y.  Srher 
iiiorhorn. 


82,  HOO 
(iO,  l.JO 
.lO,  4!'>() 
8.  HOO 
32.  !)7.-> 
2K,  840 


298,  075 


70,  075 


a  I.ukc  Su;ierior  includos  the  St.  Marys  River  to  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 

b  Lake  ll'irop.  includes  the  St.  Mar.TH  Kiver  from  Sault  Ste  Marie  to  the  month,  aiid  (tiMir^ian  I'.ny. 
(sLake  St.  Clair  ir.vlndes  the  St.  U.   ..  and  Detroit  rivers. 
(/Lake  Krie  incliidcH  the  Niagara  River  to  the  falls. 

e  Lake  Ontario  includes  the  Niagara  River  from  the  falls  to  the  mouth,  and  St.  Lawreucf  UiviT  from 
the  head  to  head  ol  (iahiiis  Rapids. 
/Lake  Ontario  pi'obably  doe.s  not  include  any  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 

Tahles  showing  the  water  and  land  areas,  with  eleralions,  and  the  arias  of  the  di(l'ereiit 

snhdirisions. 

No.  4.— LAKK  SDPERIOR. 
De.sciiption : 

Terminals — West  end  at  inontli  of  .St.  Louis  River;  east  end  .it  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
Elevation— Standard  low  water,  OOO.OO  feet;  standard  high  water,  CO4.70  fci-t. 
Limits— Latitude,  4(i,J^'  to  49^  north  :  hmgitude,  84J='  to  02^-^  weet. 
Length  -1154  miles  on  right  line  (from St.  Louis  l!ay  to  Miehipicoten  Huy). 
Kreadtb— 102  miles  on  right  line  (about  on  meridian  80^  40'  west). 
Area:  Sq.  miles. 

Ari'iiof  water  suiface ..t 31,800 

Area  of  watershed— 

Ontario 30,780 

Minne.sota 0  800 

Wisconsin 3,  1(10 

1  ■  ppcr  Michigan 7,  8t(0 

.»8,  GOO 

'i'ot al  ii i<ia  of  basin 80, 400 

Memoranda ; 

A  rea  of  all  isl.inds,  020  square  miles. 

Area  of  detached  hays  and  St.  Alarys  Ui -er,  l,4.'iO  square  miles  (St.  Marys  Kivir  to  Sault 

Ste.  Marie,  40  s(|uare  miles). 
Lake  Nepignon  - 

Klevation  (Dawson),  854  feet. 

Area  of  water  surface 1,730 

Area  of  watershed (1,400 

Total  area  of  basin 8, 100 

St.  Louis  Uiver— 

Klevation  at  head  of  ritpids  above  Thompson.  Minn.,  1,173  feet. 

Area  of  basin  above  Fond  du  Lac  (from  water  power  ri'port  by  .1.  Hirkinbiue,  V.  K.) 3.  721 

NoTK.- -All  elevations  are  given  in  feet  above  mean  tide  at  New  York  (.'ity  in  tins  and  the  follow- 
iug  tables. 

No.  5.— LAKK  MICIIKiAN. 
Description:  ' 

Termin:ils — South  end  at  parall.'l  41°  30'  north;  north  or  oast  end  at  meridian  through  Mnel<!naw  ' 

Ciiy  l.ight-llousc.  about  84°  39'. 
Klevation— Stfliiclard  low  water,  .')79.00  feet;  standard  high  water,  584.34  fi-et. 
Limits-Latitude,  414  '  '"  *<^k°  north;  longitude,  84J    to  88°  west. 

Length— 310  miles  on  right  line  (from  shore  line  south  end,  at  87"^  30',  to  north  shore  line,  at  853  45'). 
Rreadth— 118  miles  on  right  line  (about  45"  25'  north). 
Area:  S(|.  miles. 

.Area  of  wat.r  surface 22,  40i) 

A  rea  of  watershed- 
Michigan 28,, 11)0 

WiscDnsin 14,  200 

Indiiiiia 2,  300 

Illinois 700 

45. 700 

Total  area  of  basin 08, 100 


i1 


150 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


Tables  ahotvivf/  the  water  and  land  areas,  with  elevations,  etc. — Coutinued. 

No.  r..— LA'KK  MICHIGAN-Coiitiimod. 
lileniorniula :  Sq.  miles. 

A  rt-a  i>r  inlniiiln 140 

A  rcii  o(  (li'tnclied  buy n,  vW 1, 930 

Lake  Winnoltagn-  - 
Klevatioii,  7.10  (Vet. 

Armi  of  water  siirfaco 210 

Area  of  wulrralied 5,840 

Total  area  of  bsHiii 6, 050 

Graiiil  Uiver- 

IClevutioii  at  (irand  Kapida,  58C.(i  feet. 

Ari'ii  of  baalu  uliove  Uraud  Jvai>ids 4,870 

St.  Joaejdi  Ulver — 

Klevatioii  'it  South  i5end. 

Area  of  basin  above  South  lieiid,  Ind.— 

iM  ieh  i  Ran 2, 000 

ludiaiiu 1,550 

TotijI  area  of  baain 3,  .ISO 

No.  C. -LAKE  HURON. 
Desri'iptir,',! : 

Tc^niiinals— North  end  at  Sanlt  Ste.  Afarie;  west  end  at.  meridian  throiigli  Mackinaw  City  Lij^ht 

HoMse;  south  and  oast  end  at  ])arallel  through  Vnrt  Huron,  juHt  below  mouth  of  ISIaek  Hiver. 
Klovation — Stanihird  low  water,  579.0  feet;  stand.iril  liiah  water,  58 1. HI  feet. 
Liniils— Latitude,  43^  to  401°  north  ;  h)n}jitnde,  TilJ*^  to  843°  west. 
Length— 207  miles  on  ri^lit  lino  (from  I'ort  Harris  to  Driiunntind  Lsland). 
Breadth--101  miles  on  right  lino  (about  44°  35'  north). 
Area:  Sq.  miles. 

Area  of  water  8nrfac<\ 23, 200 

Area  of  watershed- 
Ontario 35,400 

Miehiuau 16.700 

52,100 

Total  area  of  basin 75, 300 

Memoranda : 

Area  ol  islands 1.703 

Area  of  detached  l)ays,  ote. — 

Georgian  Ha v .  - -'- 5, 000 

North  Channel .  1,000 

St .  Marys  Ki ver 150 

Saginaw  Bay 1, 050 

Tota'  area 8,400 

Lake  Nipisaing— 

Elevation  (Ells  &  Bnrlow),  642  and  049.5  feet. 

Area  of  water  surface 330 

Area  of  watershed 3,000 

Total  area  of  basin 3,930 

Lake  Simooe — 

Elevation  (i)nblie  works  profile),  714  feet.  ' 

Area  of  wa(  er  surface 300 

Area  of  watershed 1,750 

Total  area  of  basin 2, 0.'iO 

Saginaw  Kiver,  area  of  liasin  above  Saginaw 6,000 

No.  7.-LAKE  ST.  CLAIII. 

(Inelnding  St.  Clair  and  Detroit  rivers.) 
Description : 

Teiininals— 'North  and  west  end  at  parallel  through  Port  Huron  Just  below  mouth  of  Black  River; 

east  end  al  jiarallel  through  Bar  Point,  mouth  of  Detroit  River. 
Elevation  — Lake  St.  Clair,  standard  low  water,  574.26  feet;  standard  high  water,  578.04  feet. 
Limits— Lake  St  Clair,  latituife42V   to423';  longitiule  82J'^  to  8;P. 

Length— St.  Clair  Kiver,  37  miles  (fnun  United  States  Ship  (Janal  to  Port  Huron) ;  Lake  St.  Clair, 
20  miles  (on  right  lino  about  82  '  45') ;  Detroit  River,  27  miles  (from  Wind  Mill  I'oint  to  parallel 
through  Bar  Point);  Lake  St.  Clair,  24  miles  (on  right  line  about  pniallul  42    25'). 
Area : 

Area  of  water  surface—  Sq.  miles. 

St.  Clair  Ri ver 15 

St.(Jlair  Lake 445 

Detroit  Kiver   35 

Total  area  of  water  surface 495 


REPORT 

Tablen  showin 


Area- Continued. 

Area  of  watiersliod" 

Ontario 

Michigan  ... 


Total  area  of 

Total  area  of 
l\teinoranda: 

Are:i  of  islands. 


Note.— The  area  of  S 


Description  : 

Terminals— West  en 
Elevation— Standan 
Limits— Latitude  41 
Length— 239  miles  o 
Breadth— 59  miles  oi 
Areii : 

Area  of  water  surfac 
Area  of  watershed- 
Ontario  

Ohio 

Michigan 

New  York 

Indiana 

Pennsylvania. 


Total  area  of  b 

Memoranda : 

Area  of  islands  in  Ki 
.\reu  of  islands  in  L; 

Niagara  River— 

From  head  to  th< 

Area  of  wnterslu 

Now  York. . 

Ontario 


Total  area  of  bi 


Description  t 

Terminals— West  en' 
Elevation  Standard 
Limits- Latitude,  43 
Length— 193  n  iles  ci 
(about  en  meridiai 
Area : 

Area  of  water  surfac 
Niagara  River . . 
St.  Lawrence  Ri' 
Lake  Ontario  . . . 

Area  of  watershed - 

Ontario 

New  York 


Total  area  of  1 

Memoranda 

Trent  Kiver  - 

Elevation  lialsai 
Area  of  hasin  al 

Genesee  River  - 
Elevation  Genet 
Area  of  basin  al 

Black  River- Area  1 

Oswego  Kiver— Arc 


k^ 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


151 


Tablen  ahoivimj  the  water  and  land  areas,  with  derations,  rlc. — L'ontiuued. 

No.  7.-LAKK  ST.  CLAIR-C'oiitimieil. 
Area— Continued. 

Areiiitf  wiitershort—  Si|.  miles. 

( (iitario 4.  IfiO 

Micbigun :!,  16U 

Total  area  of  watorsUed (5,  ;i20 

Total  area  of  basin 6, 815 

IMtMnoninda : 

An-a  of  inlauda 80 

Note.— The  area  of  St.  Clair  Kiver  is  taken  from  Port  Huron  to  Toint  Aiix  (Mieve.s. 


h 


No.  8.~-LAKE  EKIK. 

De.scription  : 

Terniinals— West  end  nt  mouth  of  Detroit  River;  east  end  at  Nia;:arii  Falls. 

Elevation— Standard  low  water,  .'iTl.ll.^  feet;  standard  high  water,  575.'_'()  feet. 

LimitH— Latitude  41J"  to  43'^  north  ;  I-.-n-iilude  78jc^  to  8:tJ'-  west. 

Length— 230  miles  on  right  line  (from  liiill'alo  via  Point  Pulee  to  west  end). 

ISreadtli — 59  miles  ou  right  lino  (from  Ashtabula  to  Point  Talbot). 
Area:  Sq.  miles. 

Area  of  water  surface 10, 000 

Area  of  watershed- 
Ontario  f),  480 

Ohio H,i)50 

M  ieh  i  pan 'J,  900 

New  York L',  LMO 

Indiana 1 ,  '270 

Pennsylvania .'i80 

24,480 

Total  area  of  basin 34, 480 

Memoranda : 

A  roa  of  islands  in  Niagara  Uiver 29 

Area  of  islands  in  Lake  Erie 55 

Niagara  Kiver — 

From  head  to  the  Falls,  area  of  water  surface 21 

Area  of  watershed- 
New  York 789 

Ontario 420 

1,209 

Total  area  of  basin 1, 230 


No.  9.— LAKE  ONTAKIO. 

Description : 

Terminals— West  end  at  Niagara  Falls ;  east  end  at  head  of  Galops  Kapids,  St.  Lawrence  Kiver. 
Elevation     Standard  low  water,  244.53  feet:  standard  high  water,  249.04  feet. 
Limits— Latitude,  431'^  to  I4i  '  north  ;  longitude.  76^  to  80°  west. 

Length— 193  n  iles  on  right  lino  (liurliugtou  liay  to  Sacketts  Harbor) ;  53  miles  on  right  lino 
(about  en  meridian  77^  35'  west.) 
Area : 

Area  of  water  surface—  Sq.  miles. 

Niagara  Kiver 5 

St.  I^a wrence  Kiver 185 

Lake  On tario 7, 260 

7,450 

Area  of  watershed - 

Ontario 11,  255 

New  York 14,275 

25,  .530 

<  ■  ,  ,  

Total  area  of  ba.sin 32,080 

Memoranda : 

Trent  liiver  - 

Elevation  Ilalsam  Lake  summit  level,  Trent  Valley  route,  835  feet. 

Area  of  basin  above  mouth 4,750 

Genesee  Kiver  - 

Elevation  Genesee  Alleghany  Canal  summit,  1,490  feet. 

Area  of  basin  above  mouth  (from  State  survey) 2.  44B 

Black  Kiver— Area  of  basin  above  Watertown 1,  900 

Oswego  liiver— Area  of  basin  above  mouth 5,  ooo 


11 


ttr 


m 


152  REPORT   or   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

Tablna  ahowimj  the  water  and  land  areas,  with  elevariona,  elr. — Coutiuued. 

No.  ;i.-LAKK  ONTAJaO-ContiiiUfd. 
Ari^a  and  elevation  of  lakes  in  Oxirerjo  batin. 


Name. 


Tioke  Onpida 

L;ike  iSenoca 

Liiko  (Jay iigii 

liiike  (Jiinandaiciia 

I/iike  Skaiieatelos 

Lake  Crooked  (n'  Keiika) . 

Lake  Owasco 

Tiaku  ()iion(la;;a 

Lake  Otisco 

Lake  Cuzuiioviu 


Area. 

Klevation. 

Sq.  mileg. 

J'i'et. 

80 

;«!!).  4 

08 

442.  a 

00 

:!79.  a 

10 

082 

M 

802 

27 

720 

10 

705 

5 

3(i0 

4 

a 

1,177 

No.  10.— LAKE  CHAMPLAIN  AND  OTTAWA  KIVEU. 

Lake  (-hamplain. 
Description: 

Terminals -South  end  at  Whitehall;  north  end  at  St.  Johus  on  Rit'lielieii  River. 
Klevation  -Low  water, 9.5.o:i  feet;  high  water,  loa.78  feet. 
Length— 125  miles  (from  Whitehall  t'l  St.  Johus) ;  breadth,  Kl  miles. 
Area: 

Area  of  water  surface 

Area  of  watershed — 

(Quebec 740 

Vermont 4, 270 

Now  York 2, 050 


Si|.  miles. 
400 


,  000 


Total  area  of  basin 8, 300 

Memorantla: 

Lake  George — 

Elevation  low  water,  .'i20  feet. 

Area  of  water  surface 50 

Richelieu  River— 

Froui  luturnutioual  Boundary  to  St.  Johns,  .are.-i  of  water  surface 16 


Ottawa  River. 
Description: 

Terminals — From  headwaters  to  mouth  at  Isle  of  Montreal. 

Elevation.s— A t  Ottawa,  by  Rideau  Canal,  llti  feet;  by  Ottawa  River,  ia0..'>  feel ;  Lac 
(Dawson),  848  feet;  Lake  Temiscamiog  (Dawson),  088  feet;  mouth  of  Matawau  R 
Barlow),  409-513  feet. 
Area : 

Basin— 

>'rom  heml  waters  to  month  of  Matawan  River  

Krom  mouth  of  Matawan  River  to  Ottawa  City 

From  Ottawa  City  to  mouth  of  river 


des  Qiiinze 
iver  (Ells  &. 


S(i.  miles. 
....  18,430 
....  27,100 
....  10,880 


Total  area  of  basin 56, 470 

No.  11. -ST.  LAWRENCE  RIVER. 

[Omitting  Ottawa  and  Champlain  basiihs.] 
Description : 

Terminals— liead  taken  at  Galops  Rapids;  cast  end  at  line  acro.ss  mouth  at  Poiute  des  Monts. 

Elevations- 


Location. 


Ogdcnsbnrg  

Lake  St.  Francis,  at  Valleyfiold 
Lake  St.  Louis,  at  Melocheville 
Montreal 


Standar<l 
low  water. 


Feet. 
244. 28 
153.  50 

70 

23.10 


High 
water. 


Area: 

Area  of  water  surface 

(Area  Lake  St.  Francis,  70 square  miles;  Lake  St.  Louis,  57  square  miles.) 

Area  of  watershed — 

New  York 3, 

Ontario 

Quebec 124, 

V  ermuut 


Feet. 

248.  57 

155. 04 

77.50 

35.78 


Sq.  miles. 

,..       5,305 


805 
620 
;i45 
015 
129,  385 


Total  area  of  basin 134,780 


REPORT 

Tables  showinij 


Memoranda:      „    ,     ,,.    t 

Divisions  of  the  St.  i- 

From  Galops  Rap' 

Area  of  waterslie( 

New  York 

Ontario 

tiuebec  — 

Total  area  o 

From  Montri-al  to 
Area  of  watershe 

Quebec. 

Vermont. .. 
Now  York . 


Total  area  o 

From  (}uobec  to  i 
Area  of  water.she 

Total  area  of  bi 

Lake  St.  John  (elevat 
A  rca  of  water  su 
.\  rea  of  waterslu 

Total  area  of  b 

Little  Montreal  Rive 
Area  of  that  pan 
New  York  . . . 


Total  area 


Description:  , 

Terminals— Head  wa 

Elevations— Troy  Da 

116.4 feet:  Chaniph 

1,122.7  feet;  Oneidi 

Area : 

Area  of  water  surta( 
Area  of  watershed- 
New  York 

New  Jersey 

Vermont 

Massachusetts.. 
Connecticut..... 


Total  area  of  bat 
Memoranda: 

Divisions  <.i  the  Uii 
Hudson  River  a 

Hudson  River  a 
New  York . 
Vermont... 
MassachuBC 

Total  area  of  ba 

Hudson  River  I 
Area  of  wa 
Area  of  wa 
New  Y( 
New  Je 
Massac 
Couuec 


Total  area  of  basin 

Mohawk  River 

Area  of  ba 

Area  of  ba 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION.  153 

Tables  sliowimj  llw  wafer  and  land  arcaa,  tnth  elevations,  etc, — Continued. 

No.  IJ.— «T.  LAWUENCK  RIVEK— Continued. 

Memoraiiila: 

DivisiiiiiH  of  the  Ht.  Lawrence —  Sq.  miles. 

Fidiii  <ialo|i8  Kiipidn  to  Montreal,  urea  of  water  surface 220 

Area  of  watershed — 

N(  w  Yor k I!,  800 

()u  t  II  rio 620 

Quebec 1, 2«0 

5,710 

Total  area  of  basin 5, 0'.IO 

From  Montr'-nl  to  (Juebee,  area  of  water  surface 375 

Ari'a  of  watershed-r 

Qufbrc. 30, 855 

Vernion  t 015 

Now  York 5 

37,475 

Total  area  of  basin 37, 850 

From  (Juober.  to  month,  area  of  water  surface 4,  XOO 

Area  of  watershed — (Quebec 80,  200 

Total  area  of  basin 91 ,  000 

Lake  St.  John  (elevation,  203  feet)— 

A lea  of  water  surface 3,50 

A  roa  of  watershed 23,  ISO 

Total  area  of  basin :.'  i,  500 

Little  Montreal  Hiver — 

Area  of  that  ]>art  of  basin  lying  south  of  line  from  St.  Johns  to  La  Prai  -ie,  (,)uebec  ..  105 

New  York 3 

Total  area 1U8 

No.  12. -HUDSON  RIVER. 

Description: 

Terminals— Head  waters  up  about  44°  north  parallel;  mouth  at  New  York  City,  Battery  Park. 
Elevations— Troy  Dam,  mean  low  tide,  3.37  feet ;  mean  high  tide,  4.17  feet :  Fort  Edward,  low  water, 
116.4  feet :  Cbamplain-Hudson  divide,  146  feet ;  lUack-Moha  wk  summit  level  of  caual  at  Boonville, 
1,122.7  feet;  Oneida-Mobawk  summit  level  of  Erie  Canal  at  Rome,  420.7  feet. 
Area ;  Sq.  miles. 

Area  of  water  surface  from  Troy  Dam  to  mouth 140 

Area  of  watershed- 
New  York 12,250 

New  ilorsoy 180 

Vermont 520 

Massachusetts 175 

Connecticut 15 

13,  140 

Total  area  of  basin 13,280 

Memoranda: 

Divisions  >.i  the  Hudson — 

Hudson  River  above  Fort  E<1  ward,  area  of  basin 2, 700 

Huds(Mi  River  above  Troy  Dam  (exclusive  of  Mohawk),  area  of  basin- 
New  York 4,010 

Vernumt 520 

Massachusetts 160 

Total  area  of  basin 4, 690 

Hudson  River  from  Troy  Dam  to  mouth — 

Area  of  water  surface 140 

Area  of  watershed- 
New  York 4,760 

New  Jersey 180 

Massachusetts 15 

Connecticut 15 

4,070 

Total  area  of  basin 5, 110 

Muhawk  River — 

Area  of  basin  above  Cohoes 3,480 

Area  of  basin  above  Amsterdam 3, 180 


154  REPORT    OF    IT.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 

Tables  shoiving  the  water  anil  land  arcan,  with  elevations,  etr. — Continued. 

No.  IJ.-GVLV  OF  ST.  LAWKENCE  AND  NEW  YOKK  HAY. 

Ou^f  0/  St.  Latorencf. 
Descrip'.inn : 

TuiminalH— Moiitli  of  St.  Lawronco  Kiver  at  Ptodu  MouU;  Straitb  ut  Belle  Islo  about  at  (/'ape 

N  trman ;  iit  a  lino  from  Cape  Ray  to  Cape  North. 
Lim.ts-Latitudti,  40°  to  Sip ;  lougitudo,  50°  to  07'^. 
Area:  Si).  iiiileH. 

Area  of  watiir  Hurfacr. 87, -00 

Area  of  watersLod '.10,500 

Total  area  of  basin 183, 700 

Area  of  priucipal  inlauds  iu  Gulf T),  300 

New  York  Hay. 
Description: 

Torininala— Moufb  of  Hiulion  Kiver  at  tlio  Battery,  New  York  City;   line  from  Tlirogs  Nock 
acro.MH  Loug  lulaud  Sound  to  WilletH  I'oiut;  line  from  Sandy  ilook  to  west  end  Uuckaway 
Beaub. 
Area:  S<i.  niiloH. 

A rea  of  water  8\ (rfaco 220 

Area  of  water'  !.jd  — 

New  Jersey 2, 1145 

New  Y'ork 575 

2, 920 

Total  area  of  baein 3,140 


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AUTHORITY 

Crmipiled  fiyAssr'-sMrtt  t/^JS'-J^f/oi/ey .  un*/er  f/te 
cffrcctio7t  ofZt.K.  Cooley ,  C'.S^. 

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jyie  h'-atcr sited  l/'/ws  are  bdsec/  on  ^e  /'ailway 
ma/f  o/'  {yinncfu  ,  on  i/te  Crntvrt  Zarids  ma/is  of" 
Oi.i^ar'io  and  Quebec j  on  tht'La/uf  Ofjftvc  and Fhst 
J^onfc  rna/ts  of  the  United  SfaHw ,  on  i/te  (ri*o7offirfd 
m<i/is  o/'//ie.  Ifnded  Stales  a/id  (Irtntrda ,  ctnd on 
the  if  est  toco./  nia/ts  a  rat  I  a  hie  in  speeirjt  lora/itiesj 

7yfe£'/ryat/ons  noted  are  from  the  latest  restrtts^ 
and  are  adore  rruran  sea,  leref  at  Near  ybr/c 

IVh^n  ftro  f/a  ant  dies  are  ffiren ,  the  last  refers 
lo  the  e/eraliony  of  high  trater. 


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EFFECTS  or   GALES   OS   EXKE   ERIE. 


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4-1    laropst  fluctuations 
of  surt:u-.  in  ^-V^^  ^  ^^  ^iln  body,  .  ifb  -  ^  ;;:;^Son  arc  almost 

invariably  V"  '^^^^^'iVt-  tbe  wind  nviII  bo,  '^^  a  n<^^^^,       ^^,  luivigatovs 

tivolv  sbo''«*'  ^^'^'  ^^^      •  ti  Mike  and  consequent^ lau^t  „ovtbNvest 

li:isAl.esbanow,.es.o^tW.la^^^ 

and  tbe  fact  that  ^^'^  -J^;^     ^ Jud  t.>  make  ^'^'""^^^^  *  \,„  other  lakes. 

loa<l«  ^li^'^^y   '/J,  t  :!v  M?  ;eve  Vbey  not  l^'^Jf  Jj^  f    anient,  .«  lu^arly 
al)k^.  nndin4M>vtant.  evji  .,     ^^,■^^^^^^  are  n"''^^/'V'  g-askatebewan, 

Strong  ^vestevly  am      aste.  y^    ,    ^^^'^'*^'^:/:Cig     to  l.vke  Kri.  ^^o 
every  storm  evossun,       .  ,,ses  '^^^^  .'^ "  \^  ,^^^^ny  follow  ni- tl.3 

t.ter)pass  to  tbe  no  t  >  NjU  ^^^  ^,^^  Houtbv  nd, 

,  tvin.  the  westNvaul,  H  >t  1  ,i,turbanees  pass  to  the 

winds  will  result  ^^.  iuM^ortant  d  st  rba^^^^  .l,,,,,,e 

Uy  far  the  5i''''^^^y ..","  ^vest.-rly  ji'ab'S  are  the  'Vf  .^^.  '' \aeavoring  to 
,„,{l.vvar.l..onse.UUM        y^^^  ^^,J^.  vv^^^"' messes  ^^.^';,,,, nee  is 

usually  <MHur  '"  ^ '*   ^'jutwv  more"  trjps,  ^.^^  ;\^  :  'nu,re  often  o.eur 
close  the  season  sv  tu  *^^,.  A,,,,  ^f  eiisterly  ^alos,  ^^  ^^i*  " 

in  tl>e  early  f^V^."  J ''L,.|v  winds  ui)«)U    ho  w  at  .jp^voaebniii 

The  enert  o     ^^^'^^J^^.terly  winds.    T^'^^^V-lVledo  earlier  thau  at 

.reater  than  tha    ^^    ^      .,i,  to  befjin  at  »  ^»^;\^^.,  ,,,ead  of  it. 

Un  tbc  ^vestward  causes   ^  ^^^^^    f^'^^^^^^^"^; nt     In    ddition  to  this, 

liurtalo:  ••""T'^V^^'Xdn       the  water  towar.l it.  

.Uile  the  e-terl,  gale  a  ,_....  Toledo.  Ap..  i-- 


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]')G  REPORT    OF    U  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    (.'OMMISSIoN. 

tlu'  barrier  tbrined  by  tlio  close  lino  of  islands  near  tlio  Avest,  (m\(1  undoubt- 
edly acts  in  tlie  same  direction,  ])artially  turning'  back  tli<^  l>road  wall 
ol'  water  t'loni  tbe  eastward,  bnt  allowin<if  [li<>  ])assji;4<^  oi"  the  smaller 
amount  from  the  westward  into  the  larjuer  expanse  to  the  eastward. 

It  is  <;eiun'ally  true  that  in  each  year  the  most  severe  «>asterly  .ualo 
occnrs  in  or  near  April,  raisin-^-  the  water  4  to  (>  feet  at  the  west  end  of 
the  lake  and  h>weiin,<;'  it  al)out  the  same  at  iho  east  end;  an<!  tlie  most 
severe  westerly  y-ale  in  or  iwar  October,  h)werin^'  the  water  7  to  S  t'vvl 
at  the  west  end.  and  raising'  it  o  to  S  feet  at  the  c^ast  «'nd.  At  other 
times  of  yeai' iMnmlly  extrenu'  conditions  sonu'times  obtain,  bnt  not  as  a 
rule.  (Mian*irs  of  2  to  \  f»'et  (or  a  total  of  1  to  S  feet  in  the  len<j:th  of 
the  lake)  are  of  so  frei|uent occurrence  as  tobe  consideriMl  common,  and 
not  heretolbre  matter  of  six'cial  record. 

lv»diable  records  of  water  levels  be<jau  in  1S5!)  at  (llevelaiid,  somewhat 
later  at  I'^rie  and  liulValo,  and  (inite  recently  at  Ashtabula,  .Monroe,  and 
West  Sister  Island.  None  of  these  records  aie  entirely  complete  as  to 
extremes  reached  between  the  reiiiiilarly  riMjuired  thre«»,  leadings  pcM-day; 
consecjueutly  in  all  except  ji<Mieral  studies  of  lake  levels  we  are  con 
fronted  at  once  by  that  common  bugbear  '  iiisuthcient  (lata." 

For  a  detailed  study  of  storm  ellei'ts,  the  recoi'd  of  variations  alonf>' 
the  nortli  shore  is  also  a  ])rinu'  necessity.  So  far  as  1  hav<'  be<Mi  able 
to  learn,  there  is  no  such  lecord. 

The  datum  ]>lan(^  adopt<Ml  l>y  tlur  I'nited  Stat(^s  Lake  Survey  lor 
reduction  of  its  soundinjjs  was  the  nu^an  level  of  tne  lake  during  the 
sixteen  years  1.S<m>  to  ISTo,  inclusive,  as  observed  on  the  ('leveland 
liauge;  and  while  the  mean  level  will  be  varied  somewhat  by  tlu;  addi 
tion  <d'  each  year's  observations,  it  u\-yy  \u\  noteil  that  the  inean  tor  th<^ 
thirty-live  years  JSOO  to  18!tl,  incluSi  ,'e,  is  praitticallv  the  same  as  that 
for  ls({(>  to  is;."). 

Before  the  determination  of  lake  elevations  above  inean  tide  at  Xew 
York,  a  ''i)laiie  of  reference"' was  used  for  Lake  I'^rie,  which  itiiiported 
to  be  the  high  water  of  June,  IS.'JS,  as  lixed  witli  inoi'e  or  less  accuiacy 
at  Oleveland.  This  assumed  horizontal  plane  was  referred  to  bench 
marks,  and  the  n^an  lev<'l  (lS(t()-LS7rj)  was  found  to  be  L'.'!!  feet  below 
it.  It  is  still  (juile  generally  used  lor  coiuenient  comi)arison  with  past 
records.  Since  the  connection  of  tlu^  Hudson  River  le\r*ls  with  those 
of  the  lakes  in  ISTo  the  referenc(>  to  mean  tide  at  New  York  has  come 
into  general  ui^e.  While  this  reference  plane  is  itself  deternunate.  and 
while  instrniiicntal  levels  have  connected  it  with  tlu^  east  end  of  Lake 
Ontario,  ;he  rigid  deternnnation  of  points  along  the  lakes  has  never 
been  iiM  If.  s<»  llij.t  all  heights  referred  to  mean  tide  must  still  be  held 
as  a)ipro\iHK((e.  In  the  survey  of  the  Northern  and  Northwestern 
Lakes  tU^i  assumpnon  was  made  that  the  mean  suitace  of  each  lak(^ 
Mas  level  witliiii  i:i'  lindt  <»f  possible  instrumcMital  ei-rors  in  traversing 
its  leiigrh,  ai.d  all  in  ights  ami  gauges  west  of  Oswego  have  been  based 
on  this  aHsnm}>tion.  The  iictual  period  of  observations  used  to  transfer 
tli(^  le\el  by  !'>ke  surface  was  from  May  11  to  August  M.  1S7."»;  and 
while  it  is  certuin  that  tlse  emini^nt  ollicer  then  in  (diarge  of  the  surve.\' 
took  every  i)re<'aution  to  obtain  accurate  results,  it  will  still  b(^  a  mattt?!' 
of  scientilic  if  not  of  i>ractical  interest  to  have  a  verili<'ation  of  theses 
ele\ations.  When  we  (tojisider  the  nmrke<l  etiects  of  e\»'n  light  winds 
on  the  surface  of  Lake  lOi'ie,  tlu!  very  decided  etfects  of  strong  con- 
tinuous winds,  and  the  extraordinary  etfects  of  gales,  inconnectiou  with 
the  fa<'t  thaf  the,  great  preponderanci^  of  winds  is  from  the  westward, 
the  proi>ositi(Ui  that  even  the  hjcan  surla<'.o  is  level  appears  Somewhat 
clouded;  it  at  least  requires  veritiiiation. 


REPOK' 

The  following 
r.ureau,  at  Tole 

I  Kroi 


H* 


Montli. 


.liiniinrv,  IHO'J-or. . 
I'ol.niMr.v,  18112.(15 
Manh,  ia'."2  '•>''••■ 
April,  lH'->-  '•'&.--- 
Mi.v,  lH'.>'J-'.>5 

JliW,  iH'-ii-y^ 

.r.iiv.  tsiii  !ir. 

\il"iisl.lH'Jl  '.b. 
S.'pTrnilM'r,  1K91  1 
OitoliiT,  IHltl   Ul 
Nnvfinlicr,  IH'.tl   '.' 
Uocciubcr,  18'Jl-'-»' 


•:.. 


A  vtrnjio  ■ 


NdiK.     Dmiiiji  I 


JiinuiiiT- <"""*' i'"'"' 
I'diriiaiv,  lour  .v»i' 
Miirili.  toiii'  vfais 
Aiiril,  loiH'  >'''"''  ■ 
May,  t'oiii"  yt'iii's  • 
■linio  livt'  vtara 
■liilv.  livo  .Y«'iii'»*- 
Aiiiiiisl.livo  years 
St'iitcnilifi-.  live  >!■ 
Octol'i'V.  four  year 
NovoiiilnT.  It'll 
Ufceiiilier,  iDiir  yi 

AviM-ap'..- 


IJcsMllaiil  iiiiivi 

Kesiultaiil  tliri( 

SO  (lay  iiiiiiilli 

The  folloN 
First.  Th 
cent  (»f  the- 
and  covers 
the  live  olli 

Second. 
\V.,  and  N 
movement, 
than  in  tin 
Third.  '1 
as  a  whoh 
are  compi' 
from  SW, 
predonunt 
winds. 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP    AVATERWAYS    OOMMIKSION. 


fi- 
ll 

lie, 

r'" 

jst 

hi 
|er 

:i 

loi' 

lid 

to 

Jy- 

•11 


'ff 


.lo 


%y 


157 


Tln'  lollowiiiiL;  I  able  is  coiiii)!!!}!!  lioiii  thuoirieo  records  of  the  Weather 
Ijiireaii,  at  Toledo,  Ohio: 

I  l''i(»iii  roiLtiiiiiciiis  Mi'll'icniHliTiiif;  irciird,  lip;;iiiiiiii;;  in  .liiiir,   IHII|.| 


Moiitli. 


.laminrv,  IKn'J-O').. 
r'tsltriinVy,  IKirj-Hr). 

Miinli,  iki'J  !ir. I  4 

April,  18!)L'  !I5 1  4 

Miiv,  I8!"'J-!»5 4 

.riilic,  18!II-U5 r. 

July,  IHill  itri fi 

Aii'^iist.  1H!)I  !•'>.  ...  r. 

Scltli'inlii'r,  1K9I   il.'i.  .". 

OitdliiT,  IHIM   iM   ...  I 

Novfiiihcr,  18ill   '.14  4 

Uu(:<;ml)cr,  18Ul-!»4.  .  4 


Total 

« 

wind 

*•* 
0 

IIIOVI'- 

inoiit 

5 

(liiriiii; 

0 

IIIDIlthsi 

-• 

IIRIIIUll  1 

'A 

1 

(iiiili'H).i 

I'niiiortioiM  of  total  iiiovcim^nt  IVoiii  (liUcniil  iioints  of'conjpuHs  (iirr 


cunt) 


4  1  ;t2,718 


;ii,(w:! 

f) 

IM.Klll 

li 

:i(i,  tioi 

11 

no.  'iu;i 

.1 

:;(!,  :>62 

t 

•M,  7tiO 

!) 

Xi.  <.M4 

li 

■M.  ti7() 

( 

;i'j,  ri-J4 

~ 

:i4.  w.i 

'.} 

NK. 

i 

n 
o 

w 

m  :  2 

1    ( 

( 

;i      1 

7       f) 
III      III 

10       11 


11     i::     II 


A  VI  rnjir 


I   j     7,^0!)  I     fi*      8 


I' 

£ 

S 

^ 

O 

^ 

(—1 

."i 

5 

9 

11 

;:! 

15 

IH 

20 

\2 

i;i 

10 

Hi 

a 

12 

14 

14 

11 

i:) 

7 

« 

'1 

4 

»i 

** 

10 

u 

RK 


III 
14 


s. 

SW. 

W. 

r. 

■f. 

tn 

X 

t 

V 

3 

JS 

3 

3 

<< 

w 

?^ 

W 

<1 

W 

'    «  :    7 

25 

21 

30 

:io 

4       5 

20 

17 

17 

i« 

IM 

li 

i:t 

ii; 

xw 


?!    W 


!)      Ill      10 


10     r. 


Ill     II 

12        9 


li 


i 


9 


li 
.'t 

(i 


7  :  8 
10  !  9 
10  I    10 


20  I  20 
29  I  29 

21  ':  20 
Iti  ,   12      10  I   11  i   19  I   19 


20      17  ,   15  ;   10 


10 


20 


17  14  ,   20  ;  20      Hi      15 

18  15  I  2;!  !  Z\  \   19      Hi 


1.1 


i;t  I   18  ■   10      1')      14 


19  I  10  I  19  I  19  1  18  18 

24  19  I  20  '  21  I  25  21 

29  211  1  17  I  17  I  27  :  27 

;t9  32  i  17  I  18  10  '  10 


7ii     74J  2U!   18  I  18jl  19  I  2li»,    lO.i, 


NoTK.  — Diiiinn  I  jiiT  ifiil  (pf  tiiiir  wind  was  l('><s  than  i)  iiiiln.s  pii-  liniir. 


Month. 


AviMiiun  1  l'i'<»i)oi'liiiiiH  alonn  axi.^  of  Laki' 
wind     I  ''''■'•'  M"''"  <'onl). 

movr- 


!    month  

I   (miles).     Miles.  lUours. 


SW.and  \V. 
Miles.    Ilmiis. 


.I.'iniiary,  four  yivira  .. 
Kidiniarv,  four  vtars  . 

Marrh.  foiii'  vcaiH 

.Vjiril,  lour  muts 

May,  four  yrars 

il  UUP.  live  years 

iliily,  livo  yt'iir.s 

.\ii;;ii.'<t,  livo  yi'ar.'* 

Sr|ptt'inlii'r.  li vo  yrais. 
<  litiilnr.  four  yisir.s  . . 
NoveinliiT.  four  .\  i-ais 
Dficnihcr,  four  years. 


180 

023  j 
8;i8  1 

723  I 
tills  ^ 
105 
112  ; 
7,^3 

7h:i 

109 
131 
021 


.Avi'T-ajii' 


7,  309 


8 
16 
23 
28 
17 
20 
19 
27 
18 
11 


'.I 

51 

10 

37 

35 

25 

31 

30 

31 

26 

23 

19 

35 

33 

25 

37 

34 

20 

41 

38 

25 

33 

29 

20 

38 

35 

13 

44 

40 

s 

40 

40 

9 

56 

50 

IS 

40 

37 

I\f.'<ultanl  iniiviiiit'iit:  S.  84"  W.     27  piT  ci'iil  of  total,  or  1,098  miles  per  month. 

i{i'siillaut  diicrlioii:  Wist.    23  iiir  cent  of  total,  or  100  hours  at  vclot'ity  of  12  mik'H  i»'-  limir  in  a 
.30  da\  mouth. 

The  following'  points  are  worth  notinjj;: 

First.  'IMie  total  wind  inoxeineiit  tVoiii  SW.,,  W.,  and  NW.  is  (H).^  ])or 
cent  of  the  whole,  or  one  half  more  than  that  from  the  live  otlier  i)oints, 
and  covers  5(1.]  jier  cent  of  the  time,  or  one-third  more  than  that  from 
the  live  oilier  points. 

Second.  The  j)ro[)()rtion  of  movement  to  time  is  in  excesi;  in  theSW., 
V\'.,  and  NW.  winds,  while  in  the  live  other  points  time  is  in  excess  of 
movement.  In  other  words,  (he  veU)cities  in  westerly  winds  are  j.;ieater 
than  in  those  from  other  tiuarters. 

Tliirtl.  'IMie  only  winds  havinj^:  any  decided  ellect  on  the  lake  surface 
as  a  whole  are  those  from  SW.  and  W.,  and  from  NE.  and  I*-.  These 
aie  conii)ared  in  the  second  tabic  above.  Both  movement  and  time 
from  vSW,  and  W.  nro  more  than  <louble  thosolrom  XE.  and  L.  Time 
pn'duminates  in  easterly  wiutls,  while  the  reverse  is  true  in  westerly 
winds. 


I 


158 


KKPOHT   or    U.  S.  BEEP   WATERWAYS    (JOMMISSION. 


REPOV 


Fouitli.  The  resultant  movement  and  direction  in  the  average  niontli 
are  most  dccridedly  from  tlie  west  ward.  In  order  to  vividly  comprehend 
the  nieaninu'  oftliis,  we  may  imaj^ine  a  ])article  of  matter  movinj;-  abso- 
lutely with  the  wind.  It  follows  exactly  the  movement  of  each  chanj^e, 
and  at  the  end  of  the  month,  havinjj  tra\  jled  7,400  miles,  it  is  foun(l 
2,000  miles  nearly  due  east  from  its  startinji:  point. 

While  these  deductions  are  based  on  the  nM'ord  at  Toledo  alone,  Ihey 
are  fairly  indicative  of  the  conditions  existing  at  other  Kak*!  l-'rie 
stations,  as  is  shown  by  a  glance  at  such  records  as  are  at  hand. 

At  all  Lake  Erie  stations  havin}?  continuous  self-registering  instru 
ments.  in  the  year  1S94,  both  the  resultant  movements  and  directions 
were  from  the  southwest  quadrant,  the  resultant  movement  being  from 
L'5  to  50  i)er  cent  of  the  totiil  movements. 

This  naturally  tends  to  keep  the  mean  level  of  the  east  end  of  the 
lake  higher  than  that  of  the  west  end.  No  current  has  ever  been 
iletermined  to  show  a  fall  as  an  offset  to  this  teiulency. 

However  this  may  be,  we  must  assume  for  the  jiresent  the  following 
tigures: 

Feet. 

Me.Tu  level,  18(i0-187.5,  on  Lake  Erie  above  mean  tide  at  New  York 572.86 

Ifif^h  water  ol'  18I-i8  on  Lake  Erie  al>nve  mean  tide  at  New  York 'yl'y.  20 

And  that  the  mean  levels  used  at  all  Lake  Erie  harbors  are  actually  at 
tiic  same  height  above  mean  tide. 

On  the  general  subject  of  Lake  Erie  levels,  it  is  well  here  to  refer  to 
an  extremely  valuable  and  exhaustive  pai)er  written  in  1859  by  Charles 
Whittlesey  and  i)ublished  in  the  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowl- 
edge, Vol.  \ll.  It  is  entitled  "Fluctuations  of  level  in  the  Nortii 
American  lakes,"  and  contains  the  results  of  his  researches  among 
records  and  traditions  as  far  ba(;k  as  1788.  lie  refers  his  levels  to  the 
miter  sill  of  the  enlarged  Erie  Canal  at  Buffalo,  and  his  context  shows 
this  to  i)ave  been  11.4  feet  below  high  water  of  .June,  18.38. 

The  mean  level  ot"  Lake  Erie  for  November,  1805,  Avas  lower  by  three- 
tenths  foot  than  that  for  any  other  month  since  the  record  began  in 
1S.")0,  viz,  4.4  foot  below  high  water  of  18.')8;  and  in  only  nine  years  of 
that  jieriod  has  the  lowest  monthly  mean  been  as  low  as  the  highest 
of  IS95,  which  was  in  dune,  .{.5  feet  below  high  water  of  18.'{8. 

Heferring  now  to  IMr.  Whittlesey's  i)ai)er,  his  tables  show  that  the 
only  records  of  monthly  means  between  1788  and  1857  which  were  as 
low  as  that  of  November,  1895,  were: 


h 


Speaking  of 
Whittlesey  say 

Coverniuent  liai 
iliff  ])erte(!t  refjist 
and  tliiTO  would  1 
woiild.juHtify  Hiie 
that  always  folio 

Again,  as  to 

III  diseuHHiufi;  t 
iiotHtrietly  level 
water  at  ditVercn 

water  ih  att'ected 
northeast  keep 
one  or  two  inont 
weHt  and  sonthv 
ajiitroaehiut;  eac 
of  Eundy. 

On  the  18th  of 
fromthenorthe 
Burlaeeoi"  Oetol 

Following 
storms  of  th( 


ft.s 


Above 

miter 

sill. 


I      Feet. 

June,  1819,  Clpvelnnd fi.  3 

Winter  nf  1H18  Ht,  Dpfroit  (Dr.  Hoiightona  ohRorvation) 4.7 

.r iiniiarv,  1840 ft.  0 

•Iiiniiarv,  1841 <i.  7 

M  arc li ,  1 84 1 ">.  « 

OctolnT.  Novcinlier,  and  Oet'oniber,  1841 fi.  !> 

!•  iliniarv.  184r> 7 

M.in  h,  1846 0.0 


Below 

hifili 

water  of 

18B8. 


Feet. 


5.1 
6.7 
4.5 
4.7 
4.8 
4.5 
4.4 
4.5 


Of  these,  even,  only  that  of  1819  is  more  than  slightly  lower  than 
that  of  November,  1895.  The  present  low  stage  of  water  is  therefore 
unequaled  in  the  past  fifty  years,  and  seldom  reached  since  18 L9. 


jl 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEKP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


159 


Id 

•y 

pie 

[II 

Ins 

mi 

he 

|<M1 


l"fj 


h'l. 
\.  20 

at 


Speaking  of  <li(s  necessity  of  daily  rcfjfisters  of  level  on  eaeh  lake,  Mr. 
Wliittlesoy  says: 

(iovoiniiKMit  lias,  howevnr,  throiiKh  its  li^ht-honse  Icoopors,  llin  nioniiH  of  proonr- 
iufi  jiorfect  legiaterH  of  water htvels  on  all  tlio  lakes,  witli  tlie  h^aHt  )MiHsil>i('  o,x])eiiHe; 
anil  tiiero  would  bo  littlo  (lini(;ulty  in  ])ointin<r  ont  nnnitrons  )>iii<'fci(^al  results  that 
Avoiild  justify  Hueli  a  systcin  of  observations,  without  re^ardinK  the  nnspen  lienelits 
that  always  follow  llio  acquisition  of  seientitic  kn(twledfr«. 

Ayain,  as  to  clianges  in  surface: 

In  diseussinfj;  the  data  hero  presented,  it  is  apparent  that  the  surfaee  of  the  lake  is 
not  stric^tly  level,  and  thus  there  are  discreiiantries  as  to  the  lime  of  hijjjii  and  low 
water  at  ditlercnt  ]>laceH.  The  form  of  the  eoastat  Hufl'alo  is  such  that  the  lieij;ht  of 
water  is  atfected  l>y  it  in  c(mnoction  with  certain  winds.  Those  from  (he  ciast  and 
northeast  keep  back  the  waters  and  cause  a  depression  that  may  ho  observed  for 
one  or  two  months  at  a  time.  The  rtiverso  occurs  with  jtrevailinj;-  winds  from  the 
west  and  southwest.  The  waters  driven  eastward  between  two  shores  constantly 
a|)proaehiug  each  other  aro  raised  above  the  fjeneral  surface  like  the  tides  in  the  Bay 
of  Fundy. 

On  tho'  18th  of  April,  184S,  it  ap)>ears  from  the  rofjister  of  Mr.  Lothrop  that  a  gale 
from  tho  northeast  reduced  the  level  of  the  lake  to  a  point  15  feet  0  inches  below  the 
Burfaeeof  Oetolu^r  18,  18'lit,  when  a  terrible  storm  occurred  from  the  southwest. 

Following  is  a  tabular  statement  of  information  relating  to  various 
storms  of  the  past  ten  years  and  to  tlieir  ctieet  on  the  lake  surface. 


»1> 


iJ 


rii 


1(10 


REPORT    OF    TT.  S.  DEKP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


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163 


•  • 


Tliit'c  tracings  accompany  this  paper,  one  showing  a  chart  of  Lake 
Erie  with  contours  ^^i'  bottom,  one  the  wind  movements  and  their  result- 
ants, and  the  third  the  changes  in  surface  at  ditterent  points  on  the 
soutii  shore  during  storms.  From  the  hirge  number  of  storms  tabuhited, 
those  of  nu)st  (complete  gauge  record  are  selected — twelve  westerly  aiul 
seven  easterly  gales.  The  greatest  change  known  at  each  point  from 
the  prevailing  general  level  of  the  lake  is  noted  for  each  storm,  also  the 
l)osition  of  that  general  level  relative  to  mean  level. 

The  regular  thriu'-  readings  per  day  seldom  show  the  nuiximum 
change;  in  one  (!as«^  of  record  at  Hulfalo  the  maximum  attained  was 
r>.l  feet  higher  than  the  extreme  regular  reading.  It  will  thus  be  seen 
that  any  c«)mparisons  made  without  the  nuiximum  being  known  will 
show  always  less  than  the  actual  variations. 

Wifitrrly  .stnniix. — >\'hile  in  several  cases  there  is  a  recor<l  of  the 
maximum  change  at  each  end  of  the  lake,  there  is  but  one  storm  where 
the  riM'ord  along  tlie  south  shore  is  anything  like  complete.  Tiiis 
was  the  SW.  gale  of  October  14,  18l)ii,  which,  owing  to  the  favorable 
conditions  for  study,  was  the  subject  of  the  following  special  otticial 
report  by  the  writer.  (See  Annual  K'eport,  Chief  of  Engineers,  United 
States  Army,  18D4,  Appendix  D  1)D3.) 

('i,RVKr-ANi»,  Ohio,  Jiinr  :jO,  1894. 

>Sin:  I  hiivi-  (h<-  lionor  to  ,siil)iiiit  Mid  rollowiii^  rcpurt  upon  tho  variatiooH  iu  the 
Burt'aie  <>!'  Lake  Erie  duriiiv;  tlie  westerly  giile  (t(  Oi-vober  14,  1893: 

PUKLIMINAHV   AND   (iKNKUA;  , 

TIh'  I'xtoiit.  of  LaliP  Erie  may  In*  divided  into  tiivee  well-delined  l)asins: 

'the  west  husin,  west  of  tlie  "Islands,"  contiiiuing  about  1,L'()0  S(|nare  miles,  and 
having  a  compiiiativily  ilat  Itottom  at  5  to  t!  fathoms  when  away  from  the  imnie- 
diat<^  vicinity  of  the  shore. 

Tho  main  basin,  between  the  "Islands"  on  the  west  and  tho  narrows  at  Krio  and 
I.on<r  Point  on  th*^  east,  eontiiinin<;  a))ont  *),7i)0  Bi|i)are  miles,  and  having  a  marked 
shelviiiix  bottom,  deei)enin<;  j^radnally  t<»  11  fathoms. 

The  east  basin,  (;ast  of  tht«  narrows,  containing  aliont  2,100  8i|nare  miles,  and  hav- 
ing i\  deep  depressioM  of  150  falhomsjnst  east  from  Long  I'oiiit  Island. 

between  the  main  and  east  basins  lies  an  extensive  (lat  at  11  fathoms  depth,  with 
only  a  narrow  cut  of  \'l  lalhonis  near  tho  Aim^rican  shore. 

The  general  axis  of  tii<'  lake  lies  east  northeast  and  west  southwest,  while  that  of 
tin-  west  basin  makes  a  decided  turn  to  west  by  north. 

It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  a  westerly  wind  lowers  the  water  surface  at  the  west 
end  of  the  lake  and  raises  it  at  tlu^  cast  end,  while  an  easterly  wind  h.istho  opposite 
oD'ect.  The  anionnt  and  extent  of  fall  or  rise  varies  with  the  force  and  extent  of  tho 
win<l.  A  fresh  loial  breeze  will  often  change  the  level  locally,  while  not  atVeeting 
it  materially  in  the  open.  A  continued,  general,  and  .«*.rong  wind  will  have  a  gen- 
eral ellcct  on  the  surface  curve  of  the  lake,  lowering  it  considerably  at  the  end  from 
which  the  wind  blows  and  r.iising  it  somowhat  less  at  the  opposite  end.  The  varia- 
tions due  to  this  cause  are  most  marked  at  the  extreme  ends  ol  the  liike,  notably  at 
Toledo,  Monroe,  and  Ibill'alo.  At  the  month  of  Detroit  Kiver  they  are  tempered  by 
tlu'  contiiiMoiis  Hiipjdy  from  that  river.  At  Toledo  the  record  in  the  past  eight  year.s 
shows  an  extreme  iail  of  Ik  feet  and  an  extreme  rise  of  .5  feet.  As  my  data  are  more 
eomjdete  for  till'  west  end  and  for  westerly  storms,  this  lejiort  will  deal  more  fully 
with  wcstcrlv  g;ilcs  and  (uinseniicnt  fall  at  west  end  of  lake  than  with  the  op])osite. 
I'lie  variation  in  the  shoal  and  inclosed  west  basin  in  a  continued  gale  is  much 
greater  than  in  tlie  main  basin.  .V  high  westerly  wind  for  several  hours  will  lower 
the  water  in  the  west  basin  L'  feet,  as  shown  by  gauge  at  West  Sister  Island,  which 
IS  well  toward  its  center.  This  same  wind  will  Tower  tho  water  east  of  tho  islands 
only  a  few  tenths. 

this  idiange  of  surface,  due  to  heavy  winds,  has  been  many  times  remarked, 
usually  ill  a  giueral  way,  but  I  have  no  knowledge  of  its  ever  having  been  dis- 
cussed on  the  basis  of  deiinite  data.  It  would  seem  that  the  i|iiestious  involved 
would  not  only  beofgreat  interest  froniuscientilie  standpoint,  but  would  he  of  vital 
interest  to  navigators  as  enabling  them  to  correctly  Judge  of  depths  and  enrrents 
dining  a  severe  storm.  My  own  observatiims  at  the  west  eudof  tlie  lake  for  the  past 
eight  years  have  convinced  me  that  the  subject  should  receive  more  than  passing 
uutice,  uud  it  is  the  purpuau  of  this  report  to  show  a  reasuu  fur  that  belief.    About 


^ 


164 


KEl'OKT   UF    U.  8.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


oiico  ill  cinh  yi'ar.  usii.illy  in  April,  a  liPavy  northeiist  storm  occurs  which  ruisos  Iho 
water  5  ict«t  at  the  west  end  of  the  laiie,  and  also  onco  in  each  year,  usually  in  Oclo- 
Iter,  a  heavy  westerly  ^;ale  lowers  the  water  7  to  7A  feet.  These'two  storms  are  almost 
certain  to  come  au<l  to  he  attended  hy  jjreat  loss  of  jnoperty  and  life.  Never  until 
last  tall  have  cin-uinstances  jierniitted  iiit«  to  examim>,  pcrsoually  or  to  iiive8tij;ato 
guueially  the  cuuiUtiuiis  atteudiug  such  storms. 

CONDITIONS   OCToBKK   14,    1S!)3. 

On  the  morniiij:  of  this  day,  while  the  steamer  Sivanmi  was  t  ied  up  without  steam, 
cleanini;  Itoiler,  the  win<l  freshened  from  northwest  ami  all  indications  were  for  the 
annual  low  water.  As  often  ]iap|)ens  in.  such  cases,  the  day  was  lull  of  diawhacks, 
so  tiiat  th«\  boat  could  not  leave  the  pier  until  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  at  which 
time  the  water  in  the  river,  5  miles  from  its  mouth,  had  receded  to  7. J  feet  helow 
mean  lev<'l.  A  trip  «»l'  unusual  interest  was  then  nuulc  to  the  bay.  In  tlie  river,  ll.its 
were  showing,'  where  a  few  clays  before  Ave  hatl  found  H  feet  of  water.  The  banks  of 
the  Straight  Channel,  where  maps  show  (5  feet  de))th  around  J*res(|ue  Isle,  were  li  feet 
out  of  water,  and  for  2  miles  these  banks  showed  above  water  jierfectly  .straiyht  as 
if  on  a  canal.  Darkness  came  on  as  avo  reachctl  the  bay,  so  that  my  intention  of 
photographing  the  view  was  friistrated.  As  we  reached  the  main  <Tib'in  the  middle 
of  the  bay  we  found  tlui  large  Mreymann  dredge  aground  in  the  17-foot  channel  Jind 
a  retlex  current  rushing  back  against  the  gale  with  such  force  that  the  steamer  could 
not  bo  turned  and  had  to  remain  there  over  night.  '  Hy  It  o'clock  the  water  had  set 
back  to  within  {{  feet  of  its  n«)rmal  level,  notwithstanding  the  gale  continued. 

It  so  happened  that  in  man/  harbors  we  had  inspectors  at  the  time,  but  it  also 
unl'ortiiiuitely  happene<l  that  none  of  them  took  special  measurements  of  the  stage  of 
water,  though  I  tdtta-iued  from  them,  with  the  help  (»f  others,  a  very  fair  general  idea 
of  it.  The  general  level  of  the  lake  before  and  after  the  storm  was  0.7  foot  bi-low 
inejin  level  of  lS(i(>-l!<7r»  as  used  for  our  datum  plane.  This  general  level  must  of 
«'ourse  be  used  in  discussing  the  elVects  of  this  storm.  The  variations  from  this  level 
at  dilleieiit  points,  together  with  notes  showing  their  reliability,  are  given  below  : 


|-Ia('< 


AinlifTHtlmrg.  iiiHiilc 
iiiiiiith  lit'  Detroit 
Kivor. 

Miiiirou 


Kott'8. 


Time. 


4  p.  III. 


Toledo 

West  .Sisitr  Inlaml  .. 

(Jrerii  ThIuihI 

.Suiiiiii»kv 


Unroll . 


ViTiiiillioii   . 
lilaok  Itivi'i' 

Oevcliiml 
Fairporl  . . . . 

AHlitaliiilii   . 

(Joillirailt ... 

I''.rii' 

ISiillalo 


(iaii^e  niaiiitaiiiod  liy  Gen.  I'oo:  Hliowed  extrenie  at  4  p. 
III.,  and  iioarly  thexaine  nt  11  a.  iii.  to  0.30  p.  in. 

l-ijjlit  ktM'iicr  iiifinsiirpd  at  noon,— 0.2  fpet,  and  tliinks  it 

wan  nliii.it  U.fi  t^)  1.0  foot  loworiii  the  afternoon. 
Measured  l>y  writ<>r  nt  .Vtiains  street,  5  miles  from  liay ....    .'!.,'((>  p  iii . . 

EHtimate  al'nioiithof  river,  liy  appearance  of  liaiikN. ."i  p.  in 

Kstiiiiate  by  li^lit. keeper  at  main  crib  in  t)ny 4  p.  m 

Liirlit  keeper   walked  dry-Hhod  around  the  jtior,  wliero     p,  m 

dejilh  at  mean  level  isalioiil  (i  feet. 
Liglit  keeper  sayn  54  fi-el  below  usual;  eoiild  have  walkeil 

around  pier  but  for  sea. 
In«])ect(ir's  I'stimate  at  )iier,      2.8  I'eet.    Criblijjlil  keeper 

took  Hoiimlinc  in  boatlioiise ;   sounding  aflrrwardH  at 

known  stage nlves — 
Iji>;lit  ki'e|>i'r  says  at  leant  11  I'eet  below  ordinary;  oI1;-"m 

saiii";  could  walk   halt'  way  to  li^'lil  lioiiHe;  ^sollndiliKs 

hIiow 

bi!;lit  keeper  cHtiniated  1  ffwit  ImjIow  bottom  of  Ksinpe p.  in 

Inspectors  «'Mtiniale,  U  feet  or  more  below  mean  level;      ji.  in 

others,  4  feet. 

■ach 


Vai  i- 
alioii. 


p.  m 


]i.  Ill 


4  |i.  III. 


p.  Ill 


Ke;;iil;ir  j;au;{e  reading  at  12  and  fi  o'clock 

All  Hiiy  very  low:  lijjlit  keeper  thinks  H  to  10  inches  be- 
low former  level. 
Inspector's  fiaiiKi':  Noon,    -0.1;  0  p.  m.,  — 1.3 

Inspector's  piujie:  Noon,  :i.4;  4  p.m.,   |  11.4 


rr.'m  . 

Iti  p.  m 


fl2m  .. 

i4  p.  Ill 

(Jaiicc  reading  furnished  by  Ma,,.  Uull'iier  as  extreme 1  p.  m. 

do 10  H.  Ill 


-5.0 

0.8 
-0.8 

7.:i 

-0.8 
-5.-i 

-5.  ;i 


2.8 

2.  .■( 
-2.8 

1.2 
1.0 

-1.3 

2.0 

5.  :i 


It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  both  Krie  and  Hulfalo  show  a  minimum  gaujfo  of   -0.8 
and  — L'.H,  respectively,  at  'J  a.  ni.,  giving  a  range  of  8.1  at  Itutl'alo  during  this  storm 
It  will  further  be  noted  in  the  weather  record  below  that  at  lintfalo  the  wind  was 
from  the  eastward  until  2  a.  in.,  and  about  the  saiui^  at  Krie. 

.\  tracing  accompanies  this  report  showing  a  contour  map  <»f  Lake  Krie  and  a  ]iro- 
tile  ol  the  w;itcr-surlacc  curve  along  its  south  shore. 

During  this  storm  the  weather  conditions,  as  courteously  furnis'ned  me  by  the  vari- 
ous observers,  were  as  follows: 

I'olciln. — Light  easterly  winds  on  13th,  rain  in  evening.    Wind  backed  to  north  and 
northwest  about  miduigiit,  increasing  in  force,  and  blew  from  northwest  contiuuonsly 


T 


r 


Vaii- 
iitioii. 

-5.0 


0.8 

-0.8 
-l.-.i 
-0.8 
-5.3 

-5.3 

-2. 5 


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o 

—2. 

8 

1. 

o 

1. 

0 

1. 

:i 

i;i 

1 

•1 
5 

REPORT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS   COMMISSfON. 


165 


T 


till  n  ]).  III.,  ir>tli,  when  it  l)flcamfi  variable  and  dropped  to  G-inil»  velocity.  Maximum 
veiority  Its  inilo.s  iioithwoHt  at.  10.30  a.  m,,  lltli ;  jjeuoral  velocity,  20  to  30  inihis  iiorf  h- 
ucst;  niiiiiiiiiim  bni-oinetur,  2S.4(>,  2  a.  in.,  14tli. 

Sdiiditxk!/. — Easterly  winds,  13tli,  lifjlit.  Wind  increased  and  backed  to  nortiiuast 
in  altcrnoon.  His''  westerly  winds  from  2  p.  in.  to  midnight,  Ittli,  and  continued 
till  (ivcninfj,  l">tb.  when  shifted  to  northerly. 

( 'hvcliiiuL — Harometrr,  midnight  13th,  28.33.  At  7  p.  m.,  13th,  increasing  .sontbeast 
wiixl  bad  bu(^kt>d  to  northeast  27  miles.  AtK|>.  m.  backed  to  northwest  and  increased 
to  V'l  miles;  backed  to  sonthwest  35  miles  and  reached  Ki  miles  west  at  2  a.  m.,  1  Itb, 
and  18  sonthwest  at  2.10  p.  in.,  11th.  Minintinn  barometer 2S. 20  at  2  a.  m.,  llth.  tlicn 
rose  steadily,  (iale  continued  on  15t.h  from  southwest  and  northwest  tl  miles  max- 
ininm  at  2.50  p.  m. 

/•>(>. — Wind  sontbeast  forenoon  of  13th  backed  to  northeast  in  afternoon.  Havom- 
ctcr  fell  rapidly.  Windstorm  began  early  in  morning,  maKimnm  31  miles  southeast 
at  4.15.  Another  windstorm  began  at  8.30  ]i.  m.  and  reached  maximum  of  42  south- 
west at  10.40  a.  m.,  llth.  High  wind  began  5.30  a.  ni.,  velocity  30  to  35  mihts,  max- 
innim  42  sontbwest.     Aliated  after  2.30  ]>.  in.,  15th. 

lUiffaht.—Vnnw  5  p.  m.,  13th,  to  2  a.  m.,  llth,  barometer  fell  1.05,  reaching  27.80, 
the  lowest  known  here.  Wind  shifted  from  northeast  to  southwest  at  3  a.  in.  and 
blew  a  gale  till  after  midnight,  llth,  maximum  01  miles  southwest  at  4.10  )>.  in.,  13th. 
C>a1e  c.ontinuetl  till  4  ]>.  m.,  I5th. 

This  storm  is  noted  by  the  Weather  IJnrean  to  have  been  a  typical  West  India 
cyclone,  developing  east  of  the  West  Indies.  It  was  one  of  the  excejiiioual  cases, 
when  such  a  storm  i»asscs  inland,  the  storm  center  being  near  Charleston  on  morning 
of  i:!th  with  00-iiiile  velocity,  immediately  west  of  Washington,  evening  of  VMh,  38 
to  48  miles  velocity,  thence  ]»asBing  rapidly  over  Ibilfalo  and  being  north  of  Lake 
Ontario  on  nnuning  of  llth.  A  very  steej)  gradient  existed  mi  morning  of  14tli  over 
the  whole  country  east  of  Missouri  Hiver,  which  was  not  dissipated  until  evening  of 
lalli.  Ordinarily  all  storms  a]>]>roach  this  region  from  the  westward,  so  that  the 
gale  does  not  commence  at  east  end  of  the  lake  (|iiitc  as  early  as  at  west.  end.  In 
tliis  case  its  whole  fury  struck  Lake  Erie  over  its  entire  length  at  once.  Its  unusual 
course  also  i»roduced  the  erratic  ])henomenon  of  a  "backing"  win.l  ludding  steadily 
from  one  ilirection  (see  Toledo  record)  i»v  forty  hours.  Many  <iisastrous  wrecks 
oc(!UiTed,  and  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  several  of  the  worst  were  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  "  Narrows,"  before  mentioned,  between  Long  Point  and  the  Americ.in  shore  near 
Erie  and  Dunkirk.  The  steamers  Deau  Uichmoud  and  il'ocolcni  and  the  schooners 
C.  11.  IleiisDU  and  Itirerxidc  were  all  lost  during  this  storm,  and  all  in  the  same  local- 
ity— at  these  "Narrows."  Seven  lives  were  lost  with  each  of  the  schooners,  which 
w«'re  considevd  to  be  seaworthy  boats,  as  both  were  in  the  grain  trade.  Not  a  suill 
was  saved  from  the  Ukhmoud,  and  but  three  from  the  Wovokea. 

coNCMnmoNs. 

It  will  bo  observed  that  while  few  of  the  heights  are  accurate,  they  carry  sufTicient 
reliability  to  warrant  a  general  discussion  of  the  matter  in  tlu(  light  of  this  crude 
data,  ami  the  bojie  that  it  will  hiail  to  the  obtaining  of  more  delinite  knowledge  and 
]>«>rlia]>s  mor(t  sound  conclusions.  A  discussion  of  otlu^r  points  of  intert.'st  than  those 
touched  upon  in  this  report,  though  tempting,  is,  I  feel,  hardly  justilied  by  tiie  data 
now  at  hand. 

It  must  also  be  noted  that  all  data  we  have  was  recorded  along  the  south  shore  of 
the  lake  and  that  the  times  of  record  are  not  coincident,  thougli  generally  nearly  so, 

l'(»liowing  now  the  jirotileof  water  and  surface  in  connection  wilh  tbe  above  data, 
we  lliid  that  in  the  West  Itasin  the  fall  in  tlu^  funnel-shaped  end,  containing  Monroe 
and  T(dedo,  was  (i.S  feet;  in  the  open  it  was  5.3  feet.  In  tbe  main  basin,  immedi- 
ately wo  iiassed  the  Island  barrier,  the  fall  was  but2.0  feet  forall  points  until  Cleve- 
land is  reacluMl,  at  the  wiilest  part  of  the  lake.  Hero  we  find  a  tail  of  but  1.2  feet, 
and  practically  the  same  at  Ashtabula.  Detween  Ashtabnhi  and  Coniieaut,  a  dis- 
tance of  13  miles,  we  meet  a  solid  wall  of  water  4.7  feet  liigh,  there  having  been  a 
ris'i  of  :t.4  feet  at  Conneant.  At  Erie  the  rise  was  0,8  foot  less  than  at  C<niiieaiit,  and 
at  r.ulValo  thohighest  point  readied  was  5.3  feet. 

Tlu^(|nestion  now  at  once  arises.  Do  these  surface  heights  along  the  south  shore  cor- 
rectly re])resent  the  heights  of  water  in  the  lakef  Assiiining  it  to  be  so — that  is.  that 
tbeHurliice  is  level  on  each  line  normal  to  the  shore — then  the  surplus  water  in  the 
eastern  end  of  the  lake  slionhl  btt  about  ecpial  to  the  deficiency  in  tb«»  west  end.  We 
iiiid  Die  line  of  no  variation  from  the  normal  stage  before  and  after  the  stortn  to  have 
been  betwetui  Asbtaliula  and  Conneant.  The  arer.  we»t  <»f  this  line  is  approximately 
7,0IH)  si|uai'e  miles,  that  east  of  it.  3,000  square  miles.  In  order  to  make  the  two 
(iuantitiesei|ual,  the  ])ro|)ortion  of  fall  to  rise  should  be  as  3  to  7.  The  records  of  fall 
being  more  nnuit^rons,  covering  larger  territory  and  to  n  fair  extent  agreeing  iimoiig 
themselves,  we  may  assume  a  fall  of  5.3  fe«'t  over  1,200  sipiare  mih's,  2,0  feet  over 


166 


REPORT   OF   U.  8.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


J 


r 


1,800  sqtiaro  miles,  1.2  foot  ovor  4,000  square  miles,  to  equal  a  fall  of  2.:$  foot  over  7,000 
square  miles;  which  would  give,  if  our  assumptiou  is  oorrt'ct,  uu  iivjirii^e  rian  of  ",  of 
2.;i  feet  — 5.1  over  ;i,(XX)  8(|uan>  miles.  This  is  not  liorue  out  by  tlw  data,  uh  it  is  as 
largo  as  the  maxiiuum  height  at  liutfalo.  and  twice  as  lar^ro  as  lliat  at  Erie.  To  show 
its  absurdity,  we  have  really  au  average  rise  of  jterhaps  ;j.7  feet  over  IJ.OOO  square 
miles,  which  leaves  uuat-couute*!  for  a  body  of  water  aniountiu;:;  to  16,0()0,0()0,()(M)  of 
cubic  feet,  enough  to  sujqily  the  ordinary  outflow  of  Niagara  for  20  hours.  Tiiis 
amount  is  beyond  that  already  aicounUid'for  by  tiie  re<'ordcd  rise  at  BulValo,  which 
by  itself  would  scarcely  <Ioubl(>  the  ouV.fiow  even  while  it  lasted.  Wiien  we  consider 
tiie  prosaiue  wiiicli  must  have  existe«l  in  connection  with  the  change  of  olevivtuiii  ni' 
4.7  teet  in  \'.\  miles  between  Ashtabula  and  Conneaut,  and  consider  also  the  immense 
volume  of  water  displaced  west  of  them  and  not  fomul  to  the  eastward,  it  suggests 
the  idea  of  an  enormous  eddy  or  nwirl,  more  or  less  forcible,  in  that  ]>ortiou  of  the 
lake,  the  current  setting  down  :>.iong  the  south  shore  and  up  along  the  ( 'anadian  side. 
The  observations,  though  cvu<le,  seem  to  show  conclusively  that  the  surfaci'  of  the 
lake  is  not  level  on  the  normal  lines,  but  is  much  higher  on  the  north  shore.  This  is 
borne  out  by  the  /act  before  mentioned  that  during  the  height  of  the  gale  there  is 
invariably  a  retlo  <'iirreut  into  the  west  point  of  the  lake  too  strong  to  allow  of  the 
belief  that  it  i  ;'aiised  by  the  gravity  of  the  "  ))iled  u|)"  water  overcciiuing  tlie  force 
of  the  win*!  in  a  fact  that  most  of  tiie  Lake  Erie  wrecks  during  a  westerly  gale 

are  in  the  vicniity  cf  the  "Narrows."  In  an  easterly  gale,  when  these  peculiar  con- 
ditions do  not  exist,  thcio  is  seldom  a  loss  in  that  region. 

Is  it  not  jtossible  that  in  these  serious  storms  there  are  force's  at  work  f«ir  destruc- 
tiiui  with  which  we  are  net  familiar,  and  that  a  ])ro])er  study  would  give  the  means 
for  combatting  them  successfully! 

I  beg  leave  to  suggest  that  the  line  of  thought  here  touched  upon  is  important 
enough  to  warrant  further  and  nu)re  accurate  study  on  the  basis  of  definite  data.  If 
thi-  conditions  here  suggest  mI  do  actually  exist,  it  will  be  of  vast  importance  to  the 
navigation  interests  t(»  know  of  them;  and  in  order  to  gain  the  iiilormjition  for  a 
more  thorough  and  a<'curate  discussion.  1  resjiectfiiUy  recommend  that  steps  be  taken 
to  have  all  light-keepers  on  Lake  Erie  record  the  height  of  water  three  times  daily, 
together  with  the  wiiul  directions  and  velocities,  ami  to  have  special  instructions 
issued  that  they  shall  note  any  unusual  conditions  of  weather  or  water.  In  any  ]U'o- 
longed  and  severe  storm,  particularly  those  of  April  and  t)ctober,  they  shall  carefully 
note  the  extremes  of  water  level  and  wind. 

To  be  of  any  service  in  a  further  consideration  of  this  subject,  the  Canadian 
authorities  should  be  re(|uested,  through  the  jirojier  channels,  to  cooperate  fully. 

I  am  thoroughly  impressed  with  the  idea  that  such  observations  will  Itear  fruit  of 
some  importance  at  v»'ry  slight  expense. 
Very  respectfully, 

\Vm.  T.  Hum. 

Lieut.  Col.  .lA)tEi>  A.  Smith,  Jgnintiml  UntjiHicr. 

Corjin  of  I'hujineers,  V.  S.  J. 

While  the  profile  of  extreme  ehange.s  in  this  storm  of  Oetober  14, 
IS'.Ki,  hiys  no  <'hiim  to  exji(!tm-ss,  the  j>enenil  ajireemeiil  oC  dtita  is  siuh 
lis  to  indicate  eonc^liisively  tliat  there  ar*'!  four  distinct  j?eneral  steps  in 
the  resultant  8urfa(^e  due  to  a  westerly  ^ale. 

First.  In  the  small  shoal  basin  west  of  the  isliinds. 

Second.  In  the  small  l>ij;!it  immediately  east  of  them. 

Third.  In  the  broad  expanse  of  the  lake. 

Fourth.  In  the  east  basin,  after  the  choking  begins  off  Ashtabula  and 
Conneaut. 

The  grade.s  between  these  steps  are  somewhat  abrupt  jit  tlie  islands 
and  near  ('onnejiut,  Jind  at  these  jioints  dangerous  currents  must  surely 
exist  of  unknown  an«l  varying  directions  and  velocities. 

Undoubtedly  much  the  same  conditions  obtain  in  all  westerly  gah^s, 
though  at  jnesent,  with  only  <me  well-detined  curve  on  rexord,  the  trat; 
iiig  of  the  ideal  curves  for  other  storms  with  the  fev;  actmil  observa- 
tions as  arguments  seems  hardly  justitied. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  at  Toledo,  no  matter  from  what  h'vel  the  fall 
starts  nor  how  severe  the  gale,  the  limit  of  tail  seems  to  be  7  to  TA  feet 
lM'h)w  mean  level.  I  can  learn  of  no  instance  when  it  fell  below  thtit 
limit,  and  yet  it  is  known  to  have  reached  it  no  less  than  seveti  times 
since  1880  in  storms  of  varying  energy.    The  indications,  based  on 


t 


' 


■■ 


REPORT   OF   U.  8.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


1G7 


illy, 
fniit  (»r 


niter. 


a  ',uu\ 


ralos, 

Mac- 

isi'iva- 

liofiill 

\  foot 

w  that 

tilllOH 

;eil  uu 


the  iccoided  uiiixiiiia  at  Butfalo,  are  <iuite  (rouclusive,  liowever,  that  in 
at  least  live  other  cases  during  that  period  this  hniit  was  reached  at 
Toledo.  The  maxima  of  high  waters  have  recently  been  (luite  fully 
renuded  at  IJuft'aio  and  at  l^^rie,  but  at  the  west  end  of  the  lake  the  only 
continuous  record  is  at  Monroe,  where  the  light  keeper  is  not  obliged  to 
be  on  wateh  through  the  night,  and  therefore  can  not  always  follow 
the  changes. 

The  greatest  change,  as  well  as  the  most  extreme  actual  level  reached 
at  each  en<l  of  the  lakc^  in  westerly  gales,  occurred  in  the  storm  of  Jan- 
uary 10,  ISSl).  At  BulValo  the  extreme  a(;tual  level  was  7.8  feet  above 
mean  level  and  the  rise  from  the  prevailing  level  was  8.2  feet.  At 
T<)ledo  the  extreme  actual  level  was  7.5  feet  below  mean  level  and  the 
fall  was  7.1  feet.  This  storm  was  of  Texas  origin  and  passed  well  to 
west  and  north  of  the  lake,  the  gale  reaching  an  extreme  velocity  of 
82  miles  |K'r  hour,  with  a  nuixinuim  of  65  miles  at  HutValo.  This  record 
sliows  a  ditfereni'e  of  level  of  15..}  feet  between  the  two  ends  of  the 
lake.    Several  other  occasions  show  ditterences  of  12  to  14  feet. 

As  denoting  the  occasional  rapidity  of  fall  in  a  westerly  gale,  my 
Journal  shows  that  on  October  15,  188(),  the  water  at  Toledo  fell  .'J  feet 
in  one  hour.  This  was  on  tiie  second  day  of  a  heavy  gale,  during  which 
the  water  liad  already  fallen  7  feet  and  returned  during  a  lull  in  the 
storm. 

EuHierlii  sforni.s. — The  definite  records  of  easterly  storms  are  almost 
entirely  ('onlined  to  the  extreme  ends  of  the  lake,  and  ev<'n  then  are 
not  of  great  frequem-y.  The  observations  recorded  at  other  points  are 
not  sulVicient  to  warrant  any  attem|)t  at  deliuing  the  particular  changes 
of  surface.  The  greatest  change,  as  well  as  tlie  most  extreme  actual 
level  reached  at  each  end  of  the  lake  in  easterly  gales,  occuired  in  the 
Htorn<  of  February  12,  181>4.  At  lUitfalo  the  extreme  actual  level  was 
0  feet  below  nuian  level  and  the  fall  from  the  prevailing  level  was  5.1 
feet.  At  Toledo  the  extreme  actual  level  was  7  feet  above  mean  level 
and  the  rise  was  7.0  feet.  This  storm  was,  like  tln^  westerly  storm  of 
Januaiy  1(>,  1881),  of  Texas  origin,  but  passed  across  Ohio  south  and 
east  of  the  lake,  the  gale  reaching  an  extreme  velocity  of  88  miles  per 
hour,  with  a  nuiximum  of  00  miles  at  Toledo.  This  record  shows  a  dif 
fertince  of  level  of  l.i  feet  between  the  two  ends  of  the  lake.  Othei 
easttM'ly  storms  may  have  caused  greater  change,  but  unfortunately 
their  re<'oids  are  not  comi)lete.  For  instance,  on  April  20,  1803,  a  rise 
at  Toledo  of  5.0  feet  is  recorded  (5.4  feet  above  mean  level),  whih'  at 
Buffalo  we  have  no  record  of  extreme.  At  other  times  we  hud  tlie 
extreme  record  at  BulValo,  but  none  at  the  west  end  of  the  lake. 

A  comparison  of  the  two  storms  causing  the  largest  effects  in  easterly 
and  westerly  gales  shows  that  the  nuiximum  recorded  liuctuation  is  at 
Buffalo,  13.8  feet  (7.8  feet  above  to  0  feet  below  mean  level);  and  at 
Toledo,  14.5  feet  (7  feet  above  to  7.5  feet  below  niean  level). 

Occasionally  a  severe  but  short  easterly  gale  precedes  a  (lontinued 
wcsteily  storm,  causing  a  detnded  change  in  surface  in  both  directions. 
On  October  14,  1803,  at  Bulfah),  with  a  short  northeast  gale,  the  water 
fell  to  3.5  feet  below  mean  level  at  2  a.  m.  The  wind  shifted  to  south- 
west at  3  a.  m.,  atul  the  water  reached  a  height  of  4.(i  feet  above  mean 
level  at  10  a.  m.  The  rise  was  thus  8.1  feet  in  eight  hours.  On  Novem 
ber  25,  ISO."),  at  Butt'alo,  with  a  northeast  gale,  the  water  fell  to  3.4  feet 
below  mean  level  at  7  a.  m.  In  a  southwest  gale  on  the  2(ith  it  rose  to 
6.(»  feet  above  mean  level  at  11  a.  m.,  then  fell  again  to  3.1  feet  below 
at  4  J),  m.    This  gives  a  fall  of  8.7  feet  in  live  houri? 

These  largo  tluctuatious  of  surface  due  to  storm  winds  can  not  of 


i 


168 


REPORT   OP   U.  8.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISBIuN. 


course  be  controlled,  but  a  kiiowlege  of  tlieir  action  and  i)robable  limits, 
including'  the  (;urrent8  induced  by  tbem,  will  be  of  large  benefit  in  the 
consideration  of  any  s(!benio  for  control  of  tbe  general  level  of  the  lake. 
For  tlieir  proper  study  data  must  be  obtained  in  much  more  <letail  than 
that  now  available.  At  important  points  continuous  records  by  self- 
registering  gauges  should  be  had  for  at  least  one  year,  rcenl'orced  by 
regular  observations  at  each  available  point  on  both  shores,  carefully 
covering  the  extremes  reached  iu  all  severe  storms,  the  courses  of  cur- 
rents, and  iu  fact  all  phenomena  incidental  to  surface  chauges  or  weather 
conditions. 

The  writer  contihues  to  be  impressed  by  the  thought,  as  expressed  in 
the  report  of  .June,  1S04,  that  dangerous  currents  of  unknown  direction 
and  intensity  accompany  such  severe  storms  as  are  outlined  iu  the  fore- 
going context,  and  if  so,  the  fact  will  give  additional  interest  and  worth 
to  the  further  investigation  of  the  subject. 

Preferably  all  gauges  should  be  referred  to  a  known  horizontal  plane ; 
but  as  this  necessitates  extensive  and  accurate  work  at  c(»nsiderable 
expense,  the  yearly  mean  level  at  each  point  of  observation  will  serve 
us  a  standard  suHiciently  accurate  for  practical  purposes. 

1  am  indebted  for  material  assistance  in  collecting  data  used  in  this 
crude  discussion  to  Lieut.  Col.  Jared  A.  ^mith  and  Lieut. ,).  U.  Cava- 
uaugh.  Corps  of  Kngineers,  United  States  Army,  and  to  the  various 
officers  of  tlie  Weather  liureau  along  the  Lake  Erie  shore,  more  espe- 
cially Mr.  E.  A.  Uauner,  at  Toledo. 

Wm.  T.  JiLUNT, 

United  States  Assistant  Enijinecr. 
Toledo,  Ohio,  ^ipril  8y  1896, 


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General   Contour  Chart  of 

L-AKE     ERIE:. 


TOLEDO 


yif!  T.  BLUNT,  U.S.AssT.  ENom.  ^ 


•urrALO 


EFFECTS  OF  GALE3  ON  LAKE  ERIE 

U.S. DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 

Diagram   No.1 

April,  1886 


ScAt-K  or  Miucs 

40  So 


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t'<»iirso  btMioi 
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conditions. 

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expense,  t 
as  it  stand 

J  am  iu< 
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daily  Mr. 
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To  LED 


EFFFXTS  OF  GALES  ON  LAKE  ERIE 


V 


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Fij^uita  ahoK  Jit 
duictiotui  iiUi 


fftsuLTAtrr  omtCTiON  or  »ii  fii"*  ^ w 

IV~lf  JOtSuJUmMt,  ctwtalnan..  of. 


GRAPHICAL  REPRESENf/^TlON 

OF  WIND   DIRECTIONS  AND  MOVEMENTS 
v,„„THti«  RESULTANTS 

FOR  THE   PERIOD  ,  JUNE  1831    ro  SEPT.  1895 

WrT.BLUNT,  US.AssT.  Ens*. 


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„,    MOV*"""--- . 

ttsuLy^Z  —  —  —  -  —  K,.siUvuU_  jncj_ 

'r^-^—  —  *^  —  —  S.^Sl^  ^  —  —  *»  — *_^ 
/1'    /fi 


eutotn 


till-   Wtll^tr?    i."OMPANy.  AnWON  0 


IE 


U.S. DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 

Diagram   No.  2 

April,  1896 


DlHtCTIOM  ■ 
/^,x,u,i^  sfunv  fj^rc^'nla^M  or' Umy  from  th>:  >-ur,o,uf 

i*'jhei.nti   caJiri'. 


TAtrt  amtcTioM  or  mi-  "i"'^  w 

^t^^ars!  S'S ^  Jl  —  J 1^ . 

IV.  If  Jtts\il*ant,  cOu-ectuin..  or.^lf.,  V.aiut  -^-^  iriivj^-. 


\ 


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MOVtMCNT. 


Fiflurfs  skow  perctnt^^M  af  nurvvment  rmm  th»  varioius 
dirccOftui  CncUiMOtd^,  in.  tJm  M'era^e  itt^nth.  haviruf 
eutotxvL  -nove-nent'  of  74-00  ntiies. 


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H»<uy  riiU  hne  rcynumtt  pmaHmg  UnL,  iiiul  Hguru  upon  it  stum  its  tlavaUon.   J^,'  '  •Mtaii  Lern 
SfoTun  lirut  coruMcts  pautta  af  hrumn'  ohtuuft  of'  te^'ol . 

Hocuy  facml  figurts  show  txtrnmt  chaitgo  tpoamUy  obaorytd.;  ii\,  th»  libainta)  oftku  infai-mation..  i 
^  /=?  Z_  V 


ON      LAKE 

tlRIE  .                  Wr  T.  BL  UN  T,      U.  S.  A,mt.  Enxr. 

U.S.OEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 

re*  upon,  it  shew  its 

tImaUoK    iiZ'v  -    •^""'  ^**»l    '""''-''-J 

Diagram   No.3 

tfUttl. 

April,  1886 

uly  obstrvJL:  m  tku 

absfiue  of  this  int'armatioii .  light  fat.    I  tiqiuvs  show  grsattst   cAaiu/c  ivcarjed. 

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KXIIIJ5IT  J5  5. 

WATI'R  iJi VELS  I'OK  THE  GREAT  LAKES  AXI)  ST.  LAWRENCE 

RIVER  (PRIOR  TO  i.SOo)/ 

INTUODUCTlON. 

This  piesentation  covers  all  obtainable  information  rcsjxM'tinj"'  the 
levols  of  the  several  (Ireat  Lakes  prior  to  1800.  It  c(>ini)ris(s  three 
(Icduced  lables  whicii  jjivc  the  results  for  three  lakes.  Michij^iin  Huron, 
Erie,  and  Ontario,  so  far  as  justitied  by  the  data  and  tiie  study  jjiven 
tliesiuneup  to  this  time;  and  a  table  of  characteristic;  hi}j;h  and  low 
waters  from  the  earliest  records  to  date,  is  included — and  all  are  referred 
to  tlie  same  planes  of  refereuce  as  used  in  recordinj;'  tlie  "  Water  levels 
for  the  (heat  Lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  Kiver"  for  the  jKuiod,  ISOO-l.SDo. 

The  record  proper  is  set  forth  in  the  accompanyinj>-  tables,  pajics  00 
to  00,  inclusive.  No  attempt  is  made  to  i)resent  data  resjiectinj^  the 
St.  Lawrence  lliver  and  Lake  Champlain,  except  as  hereinafter  noted. 
In  niakinj?  uj)  this  record  great  pains  have  been  taken  to  obtain  tlie 
t^ame  in  each  case  and,  when  imssible,  as  originally  recorded,  and  this 
has  involved  much  research  and  extended  correspondence.  In  ea<'h 
case  the  plane  of  reference  has  been  given  where  it  could  be  deduced, 
so  that  the  record  can  be  referred  to  the  standards  now  in  use.  Should 
subsecjueut  information  change  .any  of  the  arbitraries,  the  record  as 
thus  i)resented  enables  the  correction  to  be  readily  applied. 

The  i)res(;ntation  includes  considerable  matter  not  heretofore  ymb- 
lished,  as  the  record  made  by  J)r.  I.  A.  Lapham  at  Milwaukee,  the  record 
of  IH')S  for  Lake  Erie  «at  Cleveland  by  Whittlesey  and  Staninird,  and 
the  early  record  at  Port  Colborne,  and  the  reccnds  at  I'ort  Dalhousie 
and  at  Kingston  Mills  for  Iiake  Ontario.  This  is  also  tiie  tirst  attempt 
to  jnesent  a  comideto  collection  of  data  in  the  original  form,  and  to 
systenuitically  refer  the  same  to  the  i)lane8  now  in  use. 

An  endeavor  has  been  made  to  follow  all  clues  to  a  iiiuil  determimition. 
This  has  not  been  inconclusive  in  some  cases,  but  in  all  such  the  results 
have  been  negative  and  of  a  character  to  indicate  that  the  anticipated 
data  did  not  exist.  There  yet  remain  possible  sources  of  infornnition 
which  will  take  much  time  and  labor  to  examine,  and  Avhich  have  been 
beyond  the  available  resources  to  attei  .pt.  The  results  are  likely  to  be 
very  meager,  but  in  view  of  the  value  to  be  attached  to  all  authentic 
information  of  this  character,  it  seems  desirable  to  completely  exhaust 
the  tield  of  infjuiry. 

Jt  has  not  been  thought  expedient  at  this  time  to  attemi)t  important 
conclusions.  This  should  await  the  more  exhaustive  research  aiul  tuller 
compilation  suggested  above,  and  a  careful  study  of  all  collateral  evi- 
dence.   It  is  believed  that  it  will  be  found  feasible  to  reproduce  api>rox- 


'Compiled  from  antliontic  sources,  iiinler  llie  direction  of  L.  E.  Cooloy,  ('.  1',.,  by 
Absistaut  J.  E.  Alalouey,  C.  E.,  uccoiupuuied  by  seventeeu  tables. 

169 


170 


KEFOUT   OF    IT.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


iiiiiiU'lyJhe  sipiili(!iiiit  I'eatnresof  tlie  rt'cord  for  the  jiivjitei'  |»arl of  the 
tinst  half  of  tlie  centuiy,  and  lo  mako  the  same  suhstaiitially  complete 
siiu'c  the  remarkable  low-water  period,  iiicliuling  1847,  if  not  back  to 
the  high  water  of  1636, 

SOURCES  OF   DATA. 

The  following  notes  give  the  direction  in  which  inquiry  has  been 
made  witli  negative  results  for  the  most  j)ait,  and  the  probable  avenues 
of  further  iiifornnition  if  the  Hanie  is  in  exJsteuee: 

Ijuic  Superiot: — Mr.  Lucius  L.  Hubbard,  JState  geologist  of  .Mi<;higan, 
in  letter  <lated  N'ovend)er  5,  189(1,  refers  to  a  report  on  water  levels 
nnule  by  Mr.  CI.  A.  Marr,  United  States  assistant  engineer,  and  in  ref- 
ereiu'e  lo  water  levels  i)rior  to  18G(),  states:  "in  this  oiUce  we  have  no 
recor<ls  wliatev(!r  that  bear  u\>on  the  question." 

Miij.  ('linton  M.  Sears,  Oorpsof  lOngineers,  United  States  Arfny,  on 
November  !►,  180(j,  forwarded  the  report  of  Mr.  G.  A.  Marr  referred  to 
by  Mr.  1j.  L.  Hubbard.  There  is  nothing  in  the  report  referringto  water 
levels  prior  to  18(H).  Mr.  Marr,  in  letter  to  MaJ.  C  H.  Sears,  dated 
Novendjer  !>,  18!H;,  says:  "I  <lo  not  thini;  we  can  give  Mr.  Cooley  any 
additional  information  beyoiul  what  he  already  has.'' 

Mr.  E.  S.  NV heeler.  United  States  assistant  engineer  at  Sault  Ste. 
Mari«',  in  letter  dated  Septend)er  12,  18i)(),  says:  '*!  have  your  note  of 
the  8th,  in(|uiring if  there  sue  any  water  gauge  re(M)rds at  the  (^anal  ear- 
lier than  18(}().  I  do  not  know  of  any.  1  feel  (piite  confident  that  the 
State  authorities  never  kept  any,  and  I  havenever  heard  of  any  other.'' 

A  letter  of  inquiry  in  regard  to  water-level  records  prior  to  18(50  was 
addressed  to  the  city  engineer  of  Manjuette,  Mich.,  but  no  reply  has 
been  received  to  date.  It  is  not  likely  that  any  record  has  been  kept 
at  this  point. 

In  addition  to  theabove,  research  has  been  made,  and  the  reports  and 
documents  consulted  are  noted  in  table. 

It  is  very  doubtful  if  a  further  research  of  (!anal  records  will  disclose 
additional  data  at  Sault  Ste  Marie,  and  old  Missions  and  Hudson  Bay 
Company  posts  are  the  most  available  sources  for  further  in(iuiry. 

As  to  what  may  have  be*  ••  the  condition  in  early  tiuies  may  be 
inferred  trom  the  following  extract  from  report  made  by  Mr.  V).  S. 
AVheeler,  United  States  assistant  engineer,  dated  Detroit,  danr  try  U, 
1881  (Report  of  Chief  of  Engineers,  1884,  Part  111,  p.L'015): 

'i'lm  <liiiimcl  roiinectiiig  Fortii^ie  liiike  with  Torch  li.ike,  or  Lake  Linilon,  as  it  is 
iH»\v  cjilh'ii,  showH  Monio  iiulciitioiis  that  the  surface  of  Lake  Superior  has  been  I  or  5 
lert  lower  tliau  at  present.     "     »     * 

AssJHtant  Kii;fiiict'r  Hurus mentions  the  chanuels  in  Superi()r  Kay  and  J^ake  (ieorge 
as  a  posHililc  conlirniation  oC  the  low-water  theory.     *  It  is  not  likely  that 

the  luaxiuiuni  or  niiuiiniiin  has  occurred  dnrinjj;  this  time  (1S7()  to  1881).  It  is  (|nito 
imi»rol)able  that  the  lowest  stajjo  has  occurred  since  1870.  The  Lake  Linden  outlet 
indicates  that  i|uite  recently  there  has  been  a  stage  at  least  M  feet  lower  than  the 
lowest  observed  stage  (1870  to  1881 ).  The  negative  proof  is  uiiuih  stronger  that  for 
at  least  a  century  the  lowest  stage  has  not  been  much  more  tiiau  I?  feet  lower  than 
the  lowest  known  stage. 

In  a  letter  dated  December  15,  189(),  Mr.  E.  S.  AVheeler  speaks  of 
the  above-mentioned  report,  and  adds: 

Since  then  1  have  had  some  opportunity  of  watching  the  ice  ellectH.  In  very  cold 
winters  the  ice  sometimes  freezes  to  a  (  epth  of  8  teet.  This  would  force  the  water 
running  under  it  into  a  much  narrower  t  pace,  an<l  might  jiossibly  cause  the  exeava- 
tiiui  of  the  deep  channels  mentioned.  Ti\e  natural  channels  in  Lake  (ieorge  seem  to 
have  been  formed  under  conditions  diti'ereut  from  any  tiiat  ha\e  yet  t,c(!n  observed. 
A  low-water  period  Avould  be  a  suflScient  explanation.  So  also  would  very  thick 
ice.  The  two  conditions  might  occur  simultaneously,  liuleed,  they  would  be  likely 
to,  for  u  long,  cold  winter  causes  low  water  until  the  snow  and  ice  begin  to  molt. 


^ 


» 


.1 


i 

r 


RKPORT   OF    U.  R.  DEEP   VATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


171 


It  8«!0iiis  to  1110  ([iiito  ))rohal)h'  that  tliorc  liavo  Itceii  witl'iii  i^t'olojjically  rerciit 
tiiiicH  lu-riods  when  the  water  in  the  (Jroat  Lakes  has  hocii  several  fret  hiwor  than 
till*  h)west  ohserved  st'vge. 

Lake  Mivhigim- Huron. — (Jai)t.  Creoi};e  A.  /iiin,  (loips  of  I'-n}iiiu'ers, 
United  States  Army,  in  letter  dated  September  U3,  ISOd,  stiUes:  ''In 
reply  lo  your  'etter  of  tiie  L'2d  iiist.,  askinji'  if  there  are  any  {isiu^ie 
i'e<'ords  at  tlie  lower  lo<*,k  on  the  Fox  liiver  ini]»rovement  openin};  into 
(Ireen  l>iiy,  taken  between  1S4J>  and  isr»l,  I  liii.ve,  to  inform  yoii  that 
llu're  sire  no  records  in  this  ollice  of  any  such  {fange  being  kept  for  the 
time  mciitioned." 

Mr.  (i.  H.  IJenzenberg,  eity  engineer  of  Milwaukee,  in  response  to  an 
inqiiiiy  for  records  prior  to  18(10.  furnisiied  a  partial  profile  of  water 
level  from  18.'»«»,  taken  from  the  n'cords  of  the  late  Dr.  I.  A.  liapham. 

Mr.  I.  S.  Jiradley,  librarisin  of  tiie  State  Historical  Soc  iety  of  Wis- 
consin, in  letter  dated  ()« tober  1,  l.S!l(»,  slates:  "We  hav(i  made  a  very 
thorough  search  for  nuiterial  on  the  subject  in  this  library,  an«l,  am  sorry 
to  say,  have  not  ln'en  .success*  il." 

Mr.  N.  S.  Uoynton,  mayor  of  Port  Huron,  Mich.,  states:  "I  do  not 
know  of  any  re(U)rds,  and  can  not  lind  that  any  of  our  r<'sidents,  even 
among  the  sailing  iVaternity,  have  kept  a  record  iclative  to  water  levels 
])rior  to  ISol.  I  have  made  iu(|uiries  \  f  persons  win)  miglit  i)ossibly 
kee])  track  of  matteis  of  that  kind,  but  can  not  gather  anything  which 
would  be  at  all  reliable/' 

In<|niries  for  records  ()f  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Caiml,  supposed  to 
have  been  kei)t  at  the  Bridgepcut  lock,  were  not  successful.  TIm'  fol- 
lowing statcnuuits  are  noted: 

Mr.  Horace  M.  Singer,  superintendent  of  repairs  for  several  years 
alter  the  canal  was  opened,  (ialled  at  the  oi1i«e  of  the  ('ommission  a>id 
stated  that  he  had  no  knowledge  of  any  records  being  kept.  He 
believes  that  theie  ar<^  none. 

Mr.  VVni.  Thomas,  Ibrmerly  superintendent  of  canals,  referred  to  Mr. 
BntuT,  of  Lockport,  formerly  clerk  to  the  collector  at  Bridgeport. 

Mr.  C.  L.  Harrison,  ('.  K.,  in  letter  of  Xovend)er  2,  1S{M»,  states:  '•  1 
have  seen  Mr.  Butler  and  he  inlbiins  me  that  he  did  not  keei>  any 
re<'ord  of  the  water  levels;"  also,  '"•  there  seems  to  be  no  infoiniation  on 
this  subject  in  the  canal  office." 

Mr.  VVm.  Milne,  formerly  clerk  of  the  canal  board,  in  letter  of  October 
17.  1S()(>,  says:  "  1  have  no  distinctt  recollection  of  any  record  such  as 
you  desire.  Think  jsossibly  aimmg  the  ])apers  returned  from  the 
Bridgeport  office  to  the  general  office  at  Ijoikpoi t  some  data  might  be 
found." 

The  records  of  the  canal  office  at  Locki»ort  have  been  examined  by 
Mr.  V.  L.  Harrison,  C  K.,  but  without  result  as  noted  in  his  letter. 

A  lettei-  dated  Xovembei-  r»,  l.SiH],  from  Mr.  l^'rank  H.  Desuoyers, 
mayor  of  (Jreen  Bay  City,  indicates  the  (^xistenye  of  some  <lata,  and 
that  he  will  forward  it  as  soon  as  it  is  compiled.  (This  has  not  been 
received.) 

The  record  kept  at  M'lwaukee  by  the  late  Dr.  I.  A.  Lapliam,  which 
has  not  been  ]»ub]islied  heretofore,  was  obtained  through  the  courtesy 
of  Miss  Julia  liapham. 

It  is  possible  that  further  research  amongthe  archives  of  the  Fox  River 
Injprovement  and  the  Illinois  and  Mi(!higan  (^aiial,  and  the  notes  of 
early  surveys  for  these  projects,  may  disclose  data  of  importance,  and 
in  this  connection  it  may  be  worth  while  to  consult  early  mission 
records  at  Mackinac  and  other  points,  otherwise  there  is  little  proba- 
bility of  information  except  of  -i  very  general  character. 


172 


RKPOirr    OF    IT.  R.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


l,tth('  Tlriv, —  Inquiries  wcro  iuhliosscd  to  Mr.  I'-dward  I'..  (Jutliric, 
♦•lii<'l'  <',iij>iiH'('r,  "ity  ol"  Iliilfiilo;  .Mr.  M.  M.  ItiiwHoii,  cliicf  ciijiiiUM'r, city 
of  ('U'vclaiid,  jiihI  Mr.  J.  L.  Jiittlc,  «li\  ision  t'lij^iiicer,  iSew  ^ Oik  Stat«', 
canals,  and  tlie  answers  show  liiat  no  records  prior  to  ISOO  arc  in  any 
of  tlu'sc  olliccs.  Mr.  Little:  in  his  letter  notes  the  destriiction  by  fire  of 
the  records  in  the  (saiial  ollice  at  Rochester,  N.  V. 

A  letter  ad<lressed  to  Prof.  (1.  Frederick  Wright,  Oherlin,  Ohio,  was 
referred  by  him  to  Mi'.  I'etei'  Nell",  se«'retary  o  'cstcrn  l{eseiv«' 

Historical  Society,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  throi  ,  .nc  cll'orts  of  Mr. 
William  T.  HInnt,  iJnitj'd  States  assistant  enjiineei',  and  Mr.  Nelf  s(nne 
nnpiiblished  data  were  obtained  from  the  orij^inal  maniiscriptof  Charles 
Whittlesey  now  in  the  i)ossession  of  the  socii'ty. 

A  letter  of  in([niry  sent  to  the  (lepartment  of  railways  atid  canals, 
Canida,  in  reference  to  a  record  at  I'ort  Colborne,  met  Avitli  a  favoralde 
response,  and  the  tlatiii  at  that  ]»()iiit  from  1810  <lown  were  promised. 
(This  has  not  been  leceived.) 

It  is  inesnmed  that  the  record  for  IS.")!)  as  kept  at  Cleveland  will  Ite 
fonnd,  and  it  may  be  that  further  search  amonjj  the  early  notes  of  the 
Wcllandand  lOrie canals  will  <liscoverimi)orlantdataat  Port  Maitland, 
l\nt  ('olboine,  and  at  Hnlfalo  or  JJlack  Pock;  otherwise,  fnrther  infor- 
nnilion  other  than  of  a  ju;enera).  <*liaracter  is  not  to  be  anticipated. 

Litl^r  OntariiK—X  letter  to  Col.  A.  T.  Smith,  Thirteenth  Infantry, 
United  States  Army,  at  l'\nt  Niagara,  K.  V.,  in  reference  to  jian.nc 
recoi'ds  at  the  month  of  the  Niajjara  liiver,  was  referred  lo  I^laJ.  NN'.  S. 
Stanton,  Corjisof  hiiiyineers.  United  States  Army,  and  made  the  sub- 
ject (►f  special  iiKpiiry  by  Mr.  William  Pieison  .Indson,  United  Stales 
Army,  assistant  enf-ineer.  An  examination  of  the  records  of  I'ort 
Niagara  fails  to  show  any  re(H)rds  not  at  jiresent  in  the  hands  of  the 
Connnissi(Mi.  A  reference  is  noted  by  jMv.  .hulson,  as  follows:  •'  Under 
date  of  .lannary  14.  isi;{,  is  the  following  ])assag«^  in  a  letter  to  the 
(!liiefol  I"]ngineers:  '  I'he  t(>i)  of  the  sill  is  1  foot  S  inches  abov(M  he  level 
<>t  the  highest  water  ever  known,  and  about  o  feet  S  inches  abo\ c  the 
present  surface.'" 

Mr.  llngli  \'.  Payne,  Rni)erintendent  meteorological  ollice,  Toronto, 
Canada,  states  in  letter  of  August  IS,  1890:  "  I  find  we  have  norec(n'ds 
of  the  lake  hovels  here,  either  in  this  oilice  or  at  the.  harbormasters 
<iHice.  1  believe  there  are  none  in  existence."  ]\Ir.  Paym^  ri'fers  to 
dei)ai'tiiient  of  jmblic  works,  and  of  railways  and  canals,  as  ])ossible 
sources  of  data. 

Peconls  were  obtained  from  IVIr.  Thomas  Monro,  engineer  Sonlanges 
Canal,  and  from  the  department  of  railways  and  canals,  aii<l  are  noted 
in  list  of  data  furnished. 

The  sei^retary  of  the  department  of  railways  an<l  canals,  Canada,  at 
Ottawa,  notes  thedestnicti<Mi  by  lire  of  the  ollice  records  of  the  I'ideaii 
Canal  at  Kingston  Mills,  other  than  those  furnished. 

To  Proi".  G.  Frederick  Wright,  Oberlin,  Ohio,  the  Commission  is 
indebted  for  references  to  many  of  the  docnments  consulted. 

The  following  notes  are  taken  from  an  article  on  Levels  of  Lake 
Ontario,  by  !*jdward  (Jiddings,  published  in  pamphlet  at  Locki»orl,  N. 
Y.,  in  l.s;>8.  Abstracts  uiade  at  New  Yoi'k  State  Library  by  courtesy 
of  the  secretary  and  director,  Mr.  IVFelvil  Dewey. 

I'roiii  1S15  to  1S21  iiiy  oltaervationa  wero  not  iiuiile  with  a  rojjiilarity,  i'leqnency,  or 
])ie<;iNi<)ii  to  insme  exactnese  aw  to  tlit'  yearly  rise  and  fall  of  tlio  lakt^  waters;  and  as 
set  down  in  the  annexed  taltle  they  may,  tlleref(H'(^,  occasionally  vary  in  a  small 
(lefjree  I'roi'i  corre('tne-*8 ;  bnt  from  tiie  attention  I  <;avo  tin;  snltjcset.  ami  tin'  i)aiiis  I 
tuuk  to  make  the  tuble  u  near  approximation  to  faet,  I  am  coniident  the  errors  in  no 


^ 


^• 


Rlil'OKT    OK    V.  S.  DEKP    WATKIIWAYS    COMMKSlSION. 


17;} 


•^. 


I 


cast'H  oxrt'cil  ;t  iiu'licH.  l"r<>iii  IH'JI  to  lH'27  my  ulmcrvatioiiH  \v«'H>  inaili'  iiii<ntlil.\',  as 
iifar  tlir  liiNl,  ot'  cai'li  iiiDiitli  an  a  Nottlt^il  Ntato  of  tin*  lakes  would  ailiiiit,  lor  ,1  liii^li 
wiiiil  (if  liiii^  ciiiitiiiiiaiir)',  lildwiiig  lt'ii;;tli\viHi>  tlii^  lakr,  will,  near  llii>  Nia;;aia,  >oiiii>- 

tiiiii'H  iiiaKc  ii  ililVi-KtiKM)  of  iK-arly  u  loot  uliovi-  or  liciow  tiii^  1 111  live!,  mh  tli«i  wintl 

lia|i|)<-nH  to  favor  an  a<'riiiiiiiluti<)ii  or  r*><-t'Hsioii  of  tlio  waters,  'i'lii-sc  uiiservatioim 
went  reconli'il  with  ininiiln  uxaetimss;  and,  liosides  tliese,  I  toolv  interniedialit  iiieas- 
iiri'inents  w  lieiicv  er  tlio  tdian;^«  of  level  made  it  necessary,  so  that  the  niasiniii  antl 
minima  for  these  yeaiH,  as  recorded  in  the  talde,  may  lie  dupended  njion  assrni|in- 
lonsjy  exait.  The  taldudoi^s  not  contain  tho  monthly  llnct nations,  nor  is  it  neces- 
Kary ;  they  am  exceedin>;ly  small,  and,  conii)ared  with  the  yoarl\,  are  like  the  small 
waves  th;iti  ride  iijiou  tho  hea\  y  hwcIIs  of  the  ocean.  The  principal  Hood,  as  will  Im 
seen  liy  the  taldu,  altainH  itH  maximinii  in  .Inne  or  .Inly. 

I'rom  October,  ISliT,  to  Anj;nst,  IS  iH,  a  period  of  m-arly  eleven  years,  I  took  no 
measnreniei.(s  ati<l  nnido  m>  olmervations  whatever,  an  my  reimival  from  the  lake 
reiideied  it  inconvenient  for  mu  to  atti-nd  longer  to  asnhject  in  which,  however,  1 
took  no  little  interest,  and  which  I  was  in  hopes  of  eontinnini;  withont  interrnption. 

On  the  "jsth  of  August,  iH;{-<,  I  a;^ain  took  a.  ineaHuremcnt,  and  ascertained  from  it, 
in  connection  with  the  concnrrent  testimony  of  the  noi^^hliorin);  residents  and  the 
water  marks  njion  ohjeitson  the  mai'^in  of  the  rivt^r,  hoth  the  I  ime  and  I  lie  i|nantily 
of  th<«  maximum  for  the  present  year,  whi(  h  may  he  f(mn<l  recorded  in  the  tahle. 
'I'he  maxinnim  or  extremis  ehl>  may  he  fonnd  this  fall  or  winter,  and  fiom  the  »)xtra- 
(ir<linar\  scarcity  of  inin  diirinj^  the  past  four  months,  in  connection  with  the  nnex- 
anijiled  decree  of  heat,  we  may  ani  Icipate  a  fall  of!!  feet  at  least;  not  so  riinch, 
howcxtr,  from  «!Xccssi\o  e\aporation,  althon^^h  that  has  its  share  of  inllnence,  as 
from  the  absence  of  rain  and  conseciueut  draining;  of  the  streams  which  feed  the  lake 
triliiitaries  and  tho  lakt;  itself, 

I  havit  been  nnable  to  learn  anythin;;^  delinite  respectin;;'  the  llm-tnations  of  the 
lake  between  IKL'7  and  \>i'Mi,  but  from  all  the  inlbrmatioii  1  can  ;;ather  on  the  snitject 
worthy  of  credit,  am  of  the  o])inion  that  from  1S2H  to  \K>\,  both  inclusive,  they  did 
nut  materially  dill'er  IVcnn  those  of  the  jireeedin;;'  seven  years;  but  sinc((  l)s:>l  the 
Hoods  hii\  e  invariably  exceeded  the  ebbs,  a  eonset|uent  yeaily  rise  of  the  waters  has 
ensucil,  until  tlu;  ])resent  summer  has  I'ound  them  hi;;her  than  they  have  belbre  been 
know  n  foi-  lilty  years,  accordin^f  to  the  testimony  of  an  »»ld  and  res|)e(!table  uentlc- 
man  w  ho  has  resided  duriny  that  jieriod  on  tlm  lake  bolder,  'i'he  hij;hest  llooils, 
dnrinjj  the  i)ern)d  of  my  residence  at  the  lak*;,  were  those  of  IHl'i  ami  |S17,  but  by 
the  table  it  will  be  seen  that  of  IH3S  far  exeeoded  either  of  them,  bein;;  22  inches 
above  that  of  ISI,")  ami  25  above  that  of  1S17,  1  also  learn  that  tho  tloods  reached 
their  nni.xinni  iibcnit  midsniunier,  as  was  almost  invariably  tho  case  during  tho  years 
of  my  oliservatious. 

There  ,iro  some  other  facts  connected  with  this  subject  which  oufjlit  not,  perhajis, 
to  be,  i>assed  entirely  unnoticed.  Tho  yearly  rise  of  water  is  almost  invarialily  more 
rapid  than  the  Jail.  When  the  yearly  Hoods  attain  their  height  they  do  not  remain 
stationary  there,  but  connnence  ebbing  immediately.  Not  so  witli  the  ebbs,  they 
are  often  stationary  for  mouths. 

The  causea  of  the  liiko  lluctnations  are  too  manifest  to  raise  a  shadow  of  doubt. 
They  are  tho  ascent  and  descent  of  water  evaporation,  rain,  and  snow;  but  the  pro- 
jtortiou  of  inllucnce  exerted  Ity  each  of  these  is  the  true  »|uestion  at  issue,  and  nnist 
remain  undecided,  or  at  least  involved  in  more  or  less  doubt,  until  meteorology  is 
better  understood  than  it  is  at  present, 

Mr.  Cii  (1(1  ill  j's'.s  record  is  com  piled  among  the  Jippeiided  records  for 
Lake  Ontario. 

Mr.  Tliomas  Monro,  in  letter  of  October  li8,  18!»0,  gives  the  lollowing 
information  regarding  the  low  water  on  Lake  Ontario: 

In  Octolicr-Novendter,  IStiT,  in  connection  with  the  projected  Murray  Canal,  I  made 
souHt  iminiries  and  took  measurements  having  IVh'  their  object  the  determination  of 
lowest  water  of  J.ake  (Ontario,  Satisfactory  information  was  obtained  as  to  the 
level  of  the  water  during  the  year  ISIS,  atwh'.h  period  it  was  said  to  ha\e  lieeu 
lower  than  it  e\er  has  been  since.  This  wa*;  found  to  be  1  foot  0  inches  lower  than 
the  water  in  October-November  last  (18(57),  highest  water  mark  being  o  feet  over  the 
level  at  that  time,  thus  show  iug  tho  dilference  between  these  extremes  to  have  Ijeeu 
■I  feet  t)  inches. 

Hut  it  was  stated  l)y  several  of  the  oldest  residents  that  a  lower  level  even  than 
this  had  occurred  alxnit  the  year  lSlS-1820,  when  certain  shoals  (which  had  in  <  teto- 
ber  last  about  2  feet  of  water  on  them)  were  said  to  ha\e  been  dry.  Thus  the  low(!st 
water  level  at  the  above  ])eriod  seems  to  have  been  (J  inches  ]oW(!r  than  it  was  in 
1818,  and  a[»pears  to  establish  the  greatest  lluctuation  at  5  feet,  as  above  stated. 
This  extreme  variation  is  corroborated  by  the  record  kept  at  Tort  Dalhousie  and 
Oswego 


174 


KlOroKT    OK    U,  H.  DliEl*    WAIKKWAYS   COMAll.SSlUN. 


i 


Yoii  will  SCO  tlijtt  (lio  above  Ih  very  iinitliiiiti'  uiiil  liaiii^H  dm  tlio  ]i<iiiil  iih  to  how 
iiiiii'li  till'  >lioalH  wri'c  (liy.  i  raniHlatnl  into  our  IiuuIh,  the  low  wtitor  of  I<M!)  waH 
24!t.(i!i—  (3.12  -f  1.5(11      l.Ml.17  feet. 

'J'lii.s  iifj^rei's  with  tlici  low  wjitcr  of  l.si!>,  as  j^ivon  by  Mr.  >lii(lsoii  (s<^e 
i'C'(!(ir(l),  \vli(»  liiiH  {>iven  (lie  elevation  at  liil.L'l  i'vvi.  TliiH  i.s  probably 
the  h'vel  (Imiii};  the  fall  of  the  year,  ami  is  not  iii(!oii.sist«'nt  with  IMr. 
(ii«l<liii};8\s  i'e(U)nl  of  inaxiimiiii  and  inininmni  for  the  year. 

The  most  probable  sources  of  future  inquiry  w  ill  l»e  among  the  early 
]»ap«'rs  and  notes  ol  the  Welland  Canal,  the  Oswejjo  biaiieh  »it  the  Mric 
Canal,  and  the  Kideaii  ('anal.  I*ai>eis  mjiy  still  be  in  existence  which 
would  leward  a  research,  and  it  may  be  that  other  points  around  Lake 
Ontario  would  <levelop  some  additional  data.  This  lake  snyj^ests  more 
pr»)bal)ilily  of  furl  her  data  being  found  than  any  other. 

J.al.r  (Jliumplain. — The  imjuiries  made  and  the  data  available  have 
been  fully  noted  in  "Water  levels  of  the  Cireat  Lakes,  etc.,  lS()()-181>r)." 

As  noted  the  additional  sourci's  of  inl'ormation  are  very  doubtlul, 
being  ccmlined  to  the  i)ossibility  of  unknown  records  in  coniu'ction  with 
tlui  camils  at  Whitehall  and  St.  -lohns.  It  has  been  suggested  that 
the  marks  of  characteristic  waters  nuide  at  Shelburnc  r>ay  since  1S2(), 
by  llu'  Chanii)lain  Transportation  Company,  should  be  leveled  up 
while  thii  siinu'.  can  be  identilied. 

aS7.  iMwrcmr  h'ircr. —  A  record  at  Ogdensburg  from  IH.'iO  to  1857  is 
available  and  is  noted  in  Lake  Ontario  reirords  ai)pen(led. 

On  the  camils  of  the  iSt.  Ijawrence  Kiver,  a  record  has  been  kei)t 
since  184!>,  the  higlusst  and  lowest  of  each  month  being  published  in 
the  annual  repiu'ts  of  the  minister  of  public  works  of  the  department  of 
railways  and  camds,  Canada. 

An  inquiry  was  sent  to  Mr.  John  Kennedy,  «!hief  engiiu'er,  harbnr 
conmdssitiiu'rs  of  Montreal,  in  regard  to  records  previous  to  185(1;  Mr. 
Kennedy  in  his  reply  states:  I  regret  1  can  not  give  you  any  informa 
tion  respecting  low  water  ])revious  to  1850;  in  fact,  we  have  lu)  records 
whatever  beyond  those  already  sent  you.''  The  rec(nd  at  Montreal 
from  18r>(>  t()  l.S!>5  is  i)ublishcd  as  Table  No.  li  in  "Tables  of  water 
levels  for  the  Great  Lakes,  etc.,  18G0  to  180.5." 

The  St.  Lawrence  offers  little  luobability  of  further  data,  as  thecanal 
system  was  not  undertaken  until  sometime  in  the  forties,  the  only 
sources  being  the  very  minor  works  undertaken  in  a'^u  early  day  above 
Montreal  at  the  two  ends  of  Lake  St.  Louis. 

(HIaira  Hire): — A  record  lias  been  kept  at  tbe  entrance  lock  of  the 
lti<leau  Canal  at  Ottawa,  and  the  observations  on  the  1st  and  15th  of 
each  month  imblished  in  the  annual  report  of  the  minister  of  public 
works  and  the  department  of  railways  and  canals,  Canada.  This  record 
begins  iu  1850. 

DATA    I'URNISHED   AND   DOCUMEiNTS   (JDNSULTED. 

The  references  and  data  spei;ially  furnished  and  which  copstitute 
the  record  are  given  succinctly  in  the  compilation  below: 

SmithHouiaii  ContributioiiB  to  Knowledge,  vol.  12,  1860;  article  by  Charles  Whit- 
tlesey. 

Fugitive  Kssays,  by  (Uuirles  Whittlesey. 

MiscellaneouH  Papers,  liy  Charles  Whittlesey. 

History  of  Clevelund,  by  Charles  Whittlesey. 

Foster'and  Whitney's  Report  on  (ieology  of  Land  District  of  Wisconsin;  article 
by  Char'es  Whittlesey. 

Hiogvapiiy  of  Charles  Whittlesey. 

Abstract  of  original  manuscript  of  Charles  Whittlesey  with  diagrams,  by  Mr. 
William  T.  liluut,  United  States  assistant  engineer,  through  the  courtesy  of  Mr. 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  l)i:i;P    WATERWAVH   COMMISSION. 


17') 


)i   IS 


i«to 


Petor  Nort",  Hocrotiuv  luid  liliriiriaii,  Westj-rii  HeHrrvo  liiNtoriiil  Society,  Clevcliiiid, 
Ohio. 

'I'll))  to  Lako  Superior,  by  Professor  A(,'aHHi/. 

(Joolonical  Siirvt'y  ol"  Cauatia,  IKIJl-lsril',  by  Ales  Murray. 

(••MiioL'it  a!  Sinvuy  of  Oliio  aixl  MicbiKaii. 

(itM;loiri<'al  Survey  of  WlBcoiiHiii,  .Miiiiitmiitii,  ami  Iowa,  ]H'i'2,  by  I».  D.  Owen. 

K'«'|Miit  on  Meteorology,  N«nv  Voik,  liy  I'.  M.  Ilonj^h  (lK'>(»-lHii:i) ;  from  lb«i  New 
York  State  Library,  by  eoiirtesy  of  Mr.  .Sleivil  |)e\vi'y,  Hoc^'etary  anil  (liiector. 

Ameriiaii  AHMoeiation  for  Ativaiiceiiioiit  of  Sciunee;  Proeeedin^'*,  \K'.\,  IS7."),  IS.-dj, 
and  vol.  :t7. 

American  .lonrnal  of  Scionee,  vols.  Id,  'JO,  L'7,  '»(», .^»7,  (>!t, 7<>,  77, 1 !<>,  and  111. 

Hunt  H  Mercliant  Ma^axine,  voIh.  K  and  'JH. 

Aninils  of  Seionco,  vol.  1. 

'i'raiiNactionH  and  Proeeodingw  of  Koval  .*<oeiety  (d'  Caniida,  vtd.7. 

('ana<lian  .l(nirnal  of  Science  and  ArtH,  v(d.  I. 

LitteH'H  Liviii^j  AiH',  vol.  ^5. 

.ScieiicM',  vol.  7. 

llouHe  and  Senate  doennionLs,  Thirty-serond  and  'rinrty-Heventli  ('oniireHsca,  nxnni- 
ined  by  index. 

('o|'.V  of  Report  of  Ohief  of  KiigineerH,  I'nited  Stales  Army,  lor  IJStlO,  by  courtesy 
of  Mr.  I).  I'arrand  Henry,  C.  K. 

Heports  of  the  (jliiof  of  Knj,'iiiPf*rH,  United  States  Army. 

.loint  Documents  of  the  Michigan  .\ssembly,  IH,"i-l8()l). 

Record  of  the  Detritit  Waterworks  Kiif^ineers,  Itv  «!onrtesv  of  Mr.  (i.  Y.  Wisncr, 
C.  K. 

("opy  of  orifjin.'il  notes  of  the  late  Dr.  I.  A.  La|iliam,  by  courtesy  of  Miss  .hilia 
].a|diani. 

Welland  (.'anal  Data,  from  ])rivato  papers  of  Mr.  Thomas  Mcniro,  engineer  Son- 
langcM  Canal, 

Ho(!or<l  at  Kinjjston  Mills,  Hidoan  Canal,  from  the  do]>artment  of  railways  and 
canals,  Canada. 

Kec(trd  at  Oswe;;o,  by  J.  W.  .ludson,  C.  K.,  by  conrtosy  of  Mr.  \Yilliam  I'ierHon 
Judsoii,  C.  K. 

Record  at  Mihv.aukee,  by  conrte.sy  of  Mr.  O.  TI.  Ponzenborp;,  city  en},niicer, 

Piimphlot  )MibIisln!d  Ijy  Kdw.  (iiddin<j;s,  at  Lockport,  N,  Y.,  IHliS,  oriyiniil  in  Now 
York  State  Library  ;  abstracts  furnished  by  .Mr.  Melvil  Dewey, secretary  and  ilirector. 

Documentary  Ilistoiy  uf  the  Krie  and  Champlain  Canal,  1808  to  I8'-'I). 

Records  of  the  Illinois  and  Michi<;an  Canal,  at  Lockport,  III.,  examined  by  Mr.  (J.  L. 
Harrison,  C.  K. 

Rejiorta  of  department  of  public  works,  Chicago. 

Penny  Magazine,  vol.  G. 

American  .Naturalist,  vols.  4  and  20. 

United  States  Service  Magazine,  vol.  2. 

Clhristian  Examiner,  vol.  49. 

Forum,  vol,  5. 

Magazine  ^Ve8tern  History,  vol.  3. 

Ohl  Documents  of  Chicago. 

Biography  of  (Jovernor  Clinton. 

Biography  of  (Jid<lings  Family. 

Anti-Masonic  Almanac,  1838,  by  Edward  Giddings  (Now  York  State  Library^. 


DEDUCED   TABLES  OF  WATER  LEVELS. 

The  tbree  table.s  herewith  give  the  results  for  Lakes  Michigan-TTnron, 
Erie,  and  Ontario,  so  far  as  Justified  by  the  data  and  the  stnily  thereof 
ui)  to  this  time.  The  water  levels  are  referred  to  the  same  plaues  as 
used  for  the  records,  18G0-1895. 


17G 


RKPORT    OF    ir.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


LAKK  MICUIGAN. 

(Dt'tluced  table). 

[UcudiujfH  HIT  below  liifili  water  of  1838,  or  tliti  Lake  Survey  idaiio  of  rel'oreuee. 

feet.  I 


Elevation:    . '584. 34 


Year. 

Jan     Fob. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

.Tuiio. 
bi.  07 

July. 

Auj;. 

1 
Sept. 

1 

Oct.  ; 

1 

Nov. ' 

Dec. 

tfoan. 

](jlll                  

(j6.07 

1 

i            1 

^H■>^) 

1K2I    

1822      

1823                  

1824 

18''iJ 

1820 

1827               

1828           

61.84 

1.78 

1.84 

]82!l 

1H30 

61.84 

1831     

1832 

1833         

. 



1834                     .   .. 

1835 

1 

1836 

4.00 

61.00 
60.  59 

(0.  00) 

1 

1837 

3.20 

1838    

0.00 
61.33 
62.  02 

183!l 

('1 88) 

63' 23* 

63.38   63.  .50 

63.07    

18411 

/<4.  .'iO 
b:\.  71 

/,3.  07 

62.  !»C 

62.  88 

63.79  ' 

IHIl 

4.43    

1842 

1843 

1844 

1 

181.') 

3  50 

1810 

1.S47 

1848 

184'.l 

(4.  40) 
5.38 
5.  2!t 
4.80 

4.42 

5.  r.o 
5.34 
4.70 

4.  27     3.  7i) 
5.28     5. 19 
(••'■).  35     5. 110 
4  90     f4  701 

3. 43 
4.98 
5.  30 

M    KCW 

3.44     (3.3S) 
4.57     4.51 
5.  05  1  4.  47 
(4.  05)  I  3.75 

3.05 
4.50 
4.40 
3.75 

4.13 
4.45 
4.0i 

4.  .38 
4.77 
4.  72 

4.00 
4.88 
4.82 

5.  03 
5.  09 
4.77 

4.08 
4.  il3 
4,  03 

18,''.il 

1851 

2.57 

2.  30 
1.50 

62.  43 
1.90 





I8r)2 



2.  02     2. 10 



1853 

18,J4    

.    3. 70 

3.  05 

(2.78)  (2.40)  (2.  .50) 

2.01 

2.48 
2.87 
l..')fi 
1.33 

3.18 
2.  01 
:i.  00 
1,49 

1    J8 

3,  45 
2,81 
3  12 
2,  30 
(1.81) 

3.  53 
2.71 
3.  35 
2.  20 
1.79 

18.").'; 

18,'iO 

18.'-.7 

18.')8 

3.  79 

2.  0,'-. 

3.  .15 
2.33 
2.  28 

(3.  82) 
3.14 
3.27 
2.  02 
2.15 

3.  75     3.  07 
3,12     2.99 
(ii.  14)    2.08 
2  7(1     2  18 

3.10 
2.  .'■.0 
2.33 
1    711 

2.  f  7     2.  08 
2.  03     2.  !)0 
2.03      1.00 
1.28     0.89 
1  M)     11  or> 

l..)0 

2.57 
2.  75 
1.41 
0.  93 
0.95 

3.  (iC 
2.90 
2.  30 
1.  75 

ISiV.I 

2  n<t     1  J*".     1  :!<i 

1   19      1   ?■•" 

2  02      1   '15 

1  57 

1 

Michifjan  Goologieal  Keport,  183'.),  mikI  table  by  Mr.  .\.  W. 


«  From  'Miebiiran  Pieolojiieal  Ueport. 
6  l''i'iiiii  Jirtiele  by  Cliiirlis  W'biltlosoy 
Ifiiiyin.s. 
cMiircli  0,  1,S48,  lowest  water,  5.05  feot. 

Ukmauks.— 1800  to  1802  very  bijib;  1814  and  1815,  nJiiianally  liifjb  ;  from  artirii;  bv  Cliarlcs  Wbittb'- 
sev.  I>r,  I,  A.  liapbaiii  luake.s  tlie  foUowiu}?  .statonieiit :  "Slilwaukee  zero  (.\Iareli,  1H30)  i,s  iilmut  3 
fei-t  iiliove  low  wiilerof  1819-20."  Mn.j.  K.  hacblan  (jives  1819  as  0  feet  below  1H3S:  Mr.  A.  W .  IW'AjZ'mn 
ffive.s  1819  as  5.25  fret  below  1838.  but  tliis  i.s  not  stated  lis  lowea,'  water,  'fables  iiivinrf  inaxiinniii  and 
niiiiiniMiii  reailiiifis  for  au.v  year  bave  boon  used  bypMtliii.ii  tbe  iiiaxiinuiii  in  .liil.vand  tlie  iiiiiiiinuiii 
in  Deieinber  or  .lauuary.  .lul.v  aiiil  .Vujfiist,  1828,  from  observations  by  (iovernor  Cass  at  (Jreeii  I  lay; 
1830  to  May,  18,54,  ineliisive,  willi  tli(>  ('xe(\ptioii  of  tlu)8(!  marked  6.  readings  from  Hr.  I.  .\ .  I.apbaiil's 
oriKiiiiil  record  :  Sej)! ember,  1854,  to  Heeiunber.  18,55,  iiirlusive,  from  (Nd.il.  U.  (ir'ibam'soriuiiial  reconl ; 
18.')0  to  18,59,  iiiehisive,  from  record  by  Mr.  W.  J).  (Mark,  assistant  engineer,  board  of  public  works, 
('liicayo.     Inserted  (2.88)  for  August,  1840,  as  approximately  correct. 

Interpolations  are  indicated  by  pareutbeses  and  are  oldained  as  follows:  January,  1840:  From  llio 
mean  ol  Febriiarv,  1847  1849,  tako  IVliruary,  1810,  and  subtract  tnis  dillereiice  from  Ilieine;.n  fortlanii- 
a ry,  1847-1849.  .fuly,  1840;  From  tlie  nieaii  for  dune  anil  Autiust,  1847  1848.  take  ini'an  of  .1  unc  and 
AuiiMst,  1S(0,  .and  Hubtractdill'i'veiicefroni  mean  for  .Inly,  1847  1S18.  .\i)ril.  May,  ami  .lime,  1S(9:  I'rom 
tlmmondilynii'ans  for  live  monilia  of  1840  1848  take  correspond  inu  readini;sfor  1849  and  .iinily  111'  aver 
np-diU'ereiice  to  ■nontlily  means  for  .\|iril-.Tuiie.  February,  1855,  and  March,  1857:  l''rom  tlic  nicanol 
mciiitlis  on  eilbi'r  side  fuv  oilier  years  take  readiiij;  on  oltbcr  side  foi'  same  year  and  apply  t  !i'>  :;vcra'.  « 
dilferencc>  to  tlie  mean  of  the  same  monllis  for  olliei' years.  iTnne,  .1  iily.  and  ,\iii:ust.  JS'il:  from  the 
mean  of  mniilbs  on  eithi'r  side  for  the  years  1855-185'.)  take  rcadiniion  either  side  lor  same  yeai'  and 
apply  the  average  <lilference  to  the  mean  of  the  same  inontlis  lor  the  years  1855  1859.  Nii\  nulier,  18ri8: 
(irit.'liial  readinju'  assunieil  to  be  in  error  and  re]daeed  by  uuu  inlerpidatod  from  the  nioiitlis  on  either 
Bide. 


.')84.34 


4.08 
4.  iin 

4.9:< 


.-)3 

71 

:i.  00 

;i5 

2.90 

2(1 

2. 110 

79 

1.  75 

!I5 

1.57 

REPORT    OP    IT.  S.  DEl^P    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


LAKK  P:RIK. 


177 


(Deduced  tabic.) 


[  Ueatliiig.s  ar(^  biilow  liigli  water  iif  I8;i8,  ortbe  Lake  Survey  jdane of  reference.    Elevation  =  575.20  feet.] 


Tear. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mur. 

Apr. 

May.' 

Juno. 

July. 

Aug. 

a5.75 
5.04 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  Mean. 

181!)  



a5.33 

1820 



.... 

1     i 

• 

1821 

1 

1822 

(5.  00) 

'     1 

]82;i 



.  1.  ...  i 

1824 



i  .  . 

1825 

(4.00) 
(2.83) 

1820 

! 

1827 

■ 

■ 

1828 

4.04 

3.  39 



]82'.t 

I 

18H0 

3.39 

!.  . 

i8:n 

i 

1832 

(2.83) 

1833 

(3  17) 



1 

1834  

2.52 
2.77 

..   ..'    -  1 

1835   . 

3.27 

1 

1830 

2.39 

1.89 
0.81 
1.21 

{).  94 
3.04 

1 

1837 

3.10 

2.58 
60.33 
1.51 
0.44 
2.10 

'6.' 25' 
1.20 
1.01 
2.54 

3.50 
1.22 
2.01 
2. 114 
3,59 

1 

1838 



i.bo 

1.04 
1.01 
1.84 
1.84 
2.38 
2.13 
2.04 
3.13 
2.54 
2.88 

1.01  ! 

l.'.Mi 

1839 

3.00 

1 

1.04 
2.24 
4.47 

1840   

1841    

2.75 

•y.ho 

1842 

2.35 

1843 

1844 



i 

18J5 

'2.'84' 

'i'sh' 

2.03 
3.00 

2.95  3. 18  1  3.47 

3  80 

1840 

4.  05 

4.39  j  4.47 

4.10 

1847  

2.84  

2.40  

1848 

1849 



1850 

1851 

! 

1852 

1853  

],i54  

. 

1.94 

•J.  •>7 

2. 41   2  11   ''  ll'.l 

18,-)5 

1850 

2.72 
1.80 
3.  37 
1.20 
1.03 

3. 03  2.  07 
2.  20  2.  .59 

2.08 
2.10 

"\'.h2 
0.27 

2.16 
2.14 
1.61 
1.26 
0.39 

1.8^ 
1.70 
1.23 
-0.10 
0.42 

1.38 
1.73 
1.14 
—0.  05 
0.30 

1.10  1.81 
1.88   2.13 

1.57   1..^0 
2.  79   2.  !il 

1,22   2.01 

1857 

1858 

1859 

3.34 
l.fiO 
1.25 

i.'oij' 

0,84 

1.18 
0.04 
COO 

1.43 
0.  CO 
1.20 

1.89 

0.  70 

1 .  05 

1  :!.•)  i.;i.^i  

1.12   1.02   0.89 
1.23   1,43   0.85 

aUntfalo  Commercial  Advertiser:  1838  wan  5.33  feet  above  1819  in  June,  and  5  7,">  feet  in  August; 
accordiuft  to  Dr.  Ilougliton  it  might  l)n  0  feet.    Mr.  A.  W.  Uiggins  gives  1838  as  5.25  feet  above  1819. 
6  Juno  25  tlio  reading  vas  0.00  (C.  Whittlesey). 

ItEMAUKS.— Maj.  U.Lachlan:  1815  and  1810,  2  feet  below  1838;  1817  and  1818,  fallinir.  Cliarles  Whit- 
tlosev  :  1822,  5  feet  below  1838;  1825,  4  iVot  below  1838;  1826,  2.83  feet  below  1838;  1832,  2.83  feet  liclow 
1838;'  1833,  3.17  feet  below  1838.     General  level  1830,  same  as  1828,  Maj.  U.  Laeblan. 

(Inuralndt n.-  \'8S  to  1815,  no  records,  but  reports  froju  old  settlers  (Iroiii  (Jharles  Wliilllesev's 
table).     From  table  by  Maj.  K,  haclilan:  1790,  5.150  feet  above  1819;  179,'>-96,  deserilied  as  low;  IHl'lO 
1802,  high;  1800,  low ;  "1810-11,  0  feet  below  1838. 

The  readings  in  this  tal)le  aro  taken  from  the  original  records  by  Whittlesey  at  Cleveland.  Conimer- 
ciiil  Adv(>rtisei'  at,  Hlack  Keck,  and  J.  Lathrop,  ('.  K.,  at  lUaek  Itoek,  The  deduced  tables  of  Iklessrs. 
Whittlesey  and  Laeblan  were  used  when  no  original  data  wa.-*  at  hand.  From  1854  to  18,59  is  taken 
from  table  in  report  of  Chief  of  Kngineers,  1870,  and  in  appended  tables.  I'art  of  1857  and  all  of  1858 
are  covered  by  observations  by  Charles  "Whltdeney,  at  Clove'ajvl. 


H.  Doc.  192- 


-12* 


178 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


LAKK  ONTAiaO. 
(Dediu'ed  tiihlu.) 

[ReadiiigH  aro  above  the  zero  of  TTuited  States  Eiijiinecr's  giiuj;o  at  Oswejiii,  N.  Y.     Elevation  =; 

244.  J I   Irct.l 


Year. 


Jan. 


i8ir>.. 

If  Hi.. 
1817.. 
1818.. 
1810.. 
I8'.0.. 
1821.. 
1822.. 
1823.. 
1824.. 
1825  . . 
1820  . . 
1827  . . 
18H7  . . 
1838.. 
1839.. 
1840.- 
1841  .. 
1842 . . 
1843.. 
1844.. 
184").. 
1840  . . 
1847.. 
1848.. 
184'.l.. 
18r)0.. 
1851  .. 
18.72.. 
18r>3  .  - 
18r>4.. 
18.15  . . 
1850.. 

1857  . . 

1858  . . 
1859.. 


!  I  I 

Fob.     Mar.    Apr,   May.  June.;  July. 


0.23 
0. 00 
0.73 


Aug.   Sept. 


-0.  09 
-1.19 


.23  i.. 


-0.77 


3.33 
(2.91) 

2.50 
(2.  09) 
1  2.00 

\  1.00 

1.30 
1.16 
1.15 
0.75 
1.00 
2  58 
1.C5 
0.78 
0.00 
1.07 
2.  32 
2.01 
0.02 
0.83 
0.24 
3.54 
3.79 


-0.  52 
-0.  44 
-0.  27 
-1.77 
-1.77 


(2. 42) 
(2.  80) 
(2. 10) 
1.  .50 
1.90 
1.29 
(1.18) 
1.17 
1.38 
0.50 
1.50 
2.17 
1.01 
0.90 
0.70 
1.12 
2.40 
1.77 
0.47 
0.32 
0.54 
3.41 
3.06 


«2.  59) 

(3.03)1(3. 

(2.27)1(2. 

2.08  I  2. 

1.75  I  2. 


1.07 
1.65 
1.37 
1.07 
1.00 
2.00 
1.42 
1.81 
1.22 
I.  25 
1.40 
2.41 
1.84 
0.02 
0.82 
l.OI 
3.31 
3.35 


95) 
39) 
63) 
58 
00 
80    (2, 


53) 
97) 


2.89 
1.73 


2.04 
2.00 
1.73 


Oct.  '  No^ .    Die.   Moau. 


1.73 
2.06 


0.73  !. 
2.  39  I . 


0.48 


2.39 
(3.  98) 
(4.  42) 
21)  (3.  66) 
29  I  3.  75 
21 


17 

67  2. 

07  2, 

25  1, 

00  2. 

83  1. 

:.  17  I  2, 

1.54  !  2, 


80 
00 
61 
22 
43 


54  !  2 

55  I  2 
57  i  4, 
01  I  4 


23) 
25 
50 
67 
50 
58 
83 
79 
02 
12 
89 
29 
91 
06 
31 
43 
47 
42 


3.33 
2.00 
2.83 
2.  .50 
2.00 
1.75 
2.  92 
1.92 
2.83 

2.  2*? 
•I  24 

3.  38 
4.25 
3.25' 

2.  24  ' 
3!  19 

3.  39  I 
4.75 
4.71 


2.  23 


0.73 


3.10 
4.75 
3.33 
3.  58 
3.04 
2.  50 
2.07 
2.52 
2.  33 
1.75 
2.  92 
1.83 
1.77 

1.  90 

2.  12 
3.28 

3.  75 
3.31 
2.30 
3.34 
3.50 
4.01 
4.78 


,3.  62) 
3.64 
3.41 
3.33 
2.  63 
2.17 
2.19 
2.58 
1.87 

1.  50 
2.92 
1.75 
1.36 
1.46 
1.91 

2.  89 
2.82 
3.13 
2.22 
2.  !I0 
3.91 
4. 0.1. 
4.62 


(3.  12) 
3.77 
2.  92 
2.80 

,2. 161 
2.00 
1.71 
1.25 
1.67 
1.25 
2.  00 
1.33 
1.00 
1.29 
1.79 
2.  49 
2.  55 
2.  68 
2.48 
1.08 
3.62 
4.20 
4.17 


1.73 

2.67 
3.00 
2.  38 
v2.  49, 
1.50 
1.65 
1.63 
1.29 
1.33 
1.25 
1.75 
0.  92 
0.69 
0.91 
1.28 
2.27 

2.  24 
2.01 
1.95 
1.41 
3.25 

3.  95 
3.57 


I 


(2.  56) 
(3.  0(1) 
2.  (10 
2.  26 
0.78 
!.40 
1.54 
(1.20) 
0.  96 
1.00 
1.42 
0.50 
0.  65 
0.51 
1.16 

2.  22 
2!  10 
1.31 
1.20 
0.  90 
3.21 

3.  85 
2.99 


(2.45) 

(2.  89) 

,2.13) 

I  2.07 

]  0.60 

!  1.08 

I  1.17 

!  0.  83 

Id.  22) 

1.25 

1.17 

0.  58 

0.55 

0.57 

1.08 

2.  22 
2.14 
0.61 
1.22 
0.20 

3.  51 
3.82 
2.57 


3.0:! 
3.  4, 
2.71 
2.  6« 
2.  09 
1.74 
1.77 
1.  0; 
1.80 
1.23 
2.01 
1.  56 
1.58 


28 
51 
27 
75 
25 


1.41 

1.  57 
2.51 
4.01 
3.89 


Kem  ARKS.— "1795,  yearly  change  of  level  3  feet,  the  lake  reported  to  he  higher  than  for  the  pii.st  thirty 

1815  to  1827,  tnini  record  kt'pthy  FIdward 
nrd  kept  by  J.  W.  •hubon  at  Oswego,  aiul 


Vfiirs."  Tlio  following  data  aro  used  in  deducing  the  table:  1815  to  1827,  from  record  kept  by  FIdward 
Uidilings,  at  mouth  ot  Niagara  Itiver;  1837  to  1845,  from  record  kept  by  J.  W.  •hubon  at  Oswego,  and 
a  record  by  Mr.  Ousteu  at  Uull  Island,  and  a  few  readings  from  a  deduced  table  by  Charles  Avhittle 


scy ;  1840  to  1848,  from  record  kept  by  regents  of  New  York  University  at  mouth  of  (ienesee  Kiver; 
1849  to  1859,  from  record  kept  .it  l'ort"Dallionsie. 

Interpolated  monthly  means  are  indicated  by  ])arunthe.sea,  and  aro  found  for  any  ye.ar  by  taking  tlio 
mean  of  the  monthly  mean  for  each  month  I'or  the  fourteen  years,  1.S40  to  1859,  and  correcting  tho 
sanu!  by  the  average  dill'erence  between  theobservoil  monthly  means  for  tliat,  year  and  tlu'ccuTespond- 
ing  mean  of  the  monthly  niuun  iu  the  fourteen-year  series.  Kecurds  previous  to  1849  depend  ujion 
s<ugle  obgervations. 


P> 


i 

45) 

3.  0  1 

8!t) 

3.  4, 

13) 

2.71 

37 

2.  00 

60 

2.  Oil 

08 

1.74 

17 

1.77 

8:! 

1.  07 

2'2) 

1.80 

25 

1.23 

17 

2.01 

5H 

1.  56 

55 

1.58 

57 

1.28 

08 

1.51 

22 

2.27 

14 

2.75 

CI 

2.25 

22 

1.41 

20 

1. 57 

51 

2.51 

82 

4.01 

57 

3.80 

REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


OHARACTKRISTIC   IIIGU   AND    LOW   WATEKS. 


179 


Tlie  following  table  gives  tlie  (jliaracteiistic  liigh  and  low  waters,  so 
far  as  they  can  be  assigned,  from  the  earliest  leeords  down  to  the  pres- 
eiil  time.  These  may  be  accepted  i)rovisioiially  as  au  indication  of  the 
nature  of  the  conclusions  from  the  record. 


Characterintiv  lii(/li  and  low  ivaicr> 
HIGH  AVATERS. 


-/,9i5  to  1S95. 


Year. 


liUke  ^Michigan     j 
(below  liiKli  water  > 
of  1838). 


Detroit  River 

(below  bigli  watei- 

of  18:)8). 


I-ake  Erie 

(lielow  bigli  water 

of  1838). 


1814  and  1815 |  Unusually  high...    TTnusuallv  high 

1838 July ....  0.00      ■ 


1853 

1858 Nov  . 

1859 Julv. 

1862 June. 

1870 Sept. 

1870 .Tilly 


0.6!) 
0.05 
1.67 
2.  12 
1.20 


1886. 


June. 


July 
July 


Summer  . . . 

July 

June 

July 


1.10    June 


Lake  Ontario 

(above  zero  of 

Oawego  gauge). 

July,  1815..  2.89 

July 4.75 

Sept 3.  77 

June 4.25 

June 4.75 

July 4.78 

May 4. 76 

May 4.83 

July 4,2,-) 

Mav 4.52 


LOW  WATERS. 


1819. 


1S20. 

1,S'J5. 

isn 

1846. 
1847. 
1818. 
1857. 
1806. 
1868. 
1869. 
1873. 
1881. 
IStl. 
18!'2. 
1895. 


Fob fi.67 

June 4.67 

About  same  as  1819 


Mar 6. 67 

June 5.82 

About8anieasl819 


Oec 

Dee 

Feb 

Mar.  6 

Jan 

Feb 

Dec 

Mar 

Jan 

Jan 

Doe. 
Jan. 
Dec. 


4.43 
5.03 
5.  50 
5.  05 
3.55 
4.46 
4.34 
4.03 
4.82 
3.70 


Oct. 


6.15 


Jan 


3.32 


Fob. 
Jan . 
Jan  . 
Jan. 


3.  96 
3.67 
3.66 
3.51 


....  4.99 
....  4.87 
....  5.75 


1810    and  n.  (lO 

1811, gen 

eral. 

June 5.33 

Aug 5.75 

Aug 5.  04 

(J  en  eral  4.00 

level. 

Oct 4.47 

Mar 4.47 

Mar (3.88) 

Mar (4.22) 

Jan 3.37 

Feb 3.49 

Feb 4.07 

Feb 3.53 

Jan 3.95 

Jau 3.50 

Nov 3.90 

Feb 4.01 

Nov 4.41 


Mar.,  1816. . 


(I.  06 


Mar — 0. 

June 1. 

Mar — 1. 

Mar — 1. 

Dee 0. 

Mar (lO. 

Jau 1. 

Nov oA). 

Jan 0 

,?an 1. 

Jan   0. 

Jan 1. 

Jan 0. 

Feb 0. 

Dec 0. 

Fob 0. 

Nov — 0. 


69 
73 
19 
77 

60 
00 
0(1 
00 
24 
.34 
39 
10 
19 
01 
29 
30 
71 


a  From  tlie  original  record  of  ^Ir.  J.  W.  Judson,  ('.  K.,  March,  1817  and  1818,  for  Lake  Krio  aro 
approxiiiinte. 

Wv.MWiK.^.— 11  i(jh  H'ali'rs:  1700,  Lake  Erie i- 5.50  foot  above  1819.  'I'lie  high  water  of  1838,  referred  to 
as  a  jilane  of  referouce,  ih  the  plane  adopted  by  the  Lake  Survey.  Low  watem:  1822,  Lake  Erie,  5  feel 
below  high  water  of  1838;  1826,  Lake  Ontario  in  March  —  — 1.77  feet. 

THE   RECORD. 

The  record  is  a])[)endod,  and  is  com])iled  separately  for  each  lake  and 
river,  and  exhibits  all  the  intbrmation  obtainable  cxceiit  in  regard  to 
the  St.  Lawrence  and  Lake  (Jhami»lain.  The  list  is  as  follows:  liakt^ 
Superior,  2  sheets;  Lake  Michigan  Huron,  4  sheets;  Detroit  Itiver,  1 
sheet;  Lake  Krie,  5  sheets;  Lake  Ontario,  5  sheets. 

No  diagram  has  been  drawn  to  exhibit  tlie  graphical  record,  as  it  has 
been  thought  wise  to  defer  this  until  the  tinal  digest  has  been  made. 

The  authority  for  the  information  is  set  forth  iu  connection  with  the 
several  collections  of  data. 

^'ery  respectfully  submitted,  J.  E.  Malonev. 


180 


UEPOKT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


WATEIi  LEVELS  PRIOR    To  18G0  FOR  THE  GREAT  LA'vES. 

LAKE  SrPKIJIOU. 

]  Pliiiif  of  rclcrctici-  is  IlitMuitcr  sill,  lioutl  of  t;:inal,  Siiult  Stu.  Mario.    {A  ••tide  It.v  Chiirli  s  Wliittlesoy, 
Siiiith.sdiiian  (Jontril)utioiis  to  Kiiowlfilgp,  Vol.  XII,  18ti0.)| 


Year.    .Ian.  Feb. , Mar.  Apr. 


1827i;8<( 
18386  .. 


I 


isiau..] 


1847 1'  ..I 10.00... 

I        !         !         I 
1851/ 

isr.'j/..! ' 

i85;j.(/.. ' — 

l«.-)4/i..' 9.  7.5  10.  •.!-) 

la.'.r.i:  ..  u.osii.'ji  ii.'J9ii.2'j 

1836  i 


May.  June  Jul.v 


Aug. 


11.58 
9.02  10.  .'■.8  II.  00  10.  iV) 


Sept  Oct.  Nov.  1  Dec. 


Liicality. 


S.StP.  Marie 
<lo 


12.25. 


11.. i:t  11.08 10.75 


10.  :i7  10.7511.1711.:!;!  11.54  11.75  ll.. 5811.25 
11. 37  12.  08  12.  50  12.  8:!  12.  90  K!.  24  1,!.  00  . . . 
12. 25  12. 58 12. 75  iJ.  09  13. 35  13. 19 


.....lo 

(yopiKT  liar 
lior. 


( !l).-<L'rv('r. 


('apt.  Dear- 
iM.rn.U.S.A. 

Maj.  K.  Lacli- 
lau. 


M  .i- 


W.    W 
tlier. 

do 'I'urrill     an  tl 

MatlKT. 

....«lo I).  1).    lUock- 

wa.v. 

do Mr.Turrill. 

Kaglo  Itivcr.  (J.Wliittle.scv. 

....do n... 

.SSte. Marie.    Wiii.  I-'iniiov. 

M.    H.    .Sher- 
wood. 


II  Iti'poiltMl  to  lie  at  llio  lowo.st.  level. 

/'  Ut'portfd  liy  .Major  Lai'hlaii  iis  3  feet  liiglier  than  1828,  and  1  foot  above  1837. 

(;  Not  incii.siired,  but  high. 

('  i'roiu  2  to  3  feet  lielow  goiirral  level  of  1845. 

I-  j.'i.so  Irotii  .Tiiiio  to  Septciiiher  12  inches. 

f  I'his  liy  a  mark  on  rock  of  Diick.s  iRland,  noar  end  of  'rnrrills  docli.  and  (  oinparcil  with  1855. 

;/  Me.iM.s  of  fre<|Uciit  <d)s('rvatioiis  during'  iiioiith.s,  Copper  Harbor. 

ll  Marlv  or  /cr  i  liinsfcrrcd  to  l^atle  Ktver  ilook. 

/   I'aUcii  IVc(iiu^ntl>  diirin};  month  under  direction  of  Mr.  Hurt,  superintendent  of  canal. 

Till!  oil  viitioii  of  (lio  tipper  miter  siil  of  lock  is  oi\ei,  as  BSS.JJO  feet  by  Mr.  E.  S. 
Wiiet'ler,  I'liitetl  Stiite.s  iiH.sistmit  eiijjiuoer,  Sault  Sto.  Miirie,  in  litter  dated  Oftober 
2ti,  IHi'li.     Thi.s  is  aaHiiiiied  to  be  the  siuiie  iia  the  tiiiter  hIU  referred  to  by  W'hittlesey. 

(ii;M'.i!.M,  .NoTKs  liY  W111TTLK.SKY.— Ill  1847,  trees  100  years  old  witliiii  1  feet  of 
level. 

Ill  18.")1,  tlii.s  beiiij^  at  the  time  the  hij;lie8t  then  known,  state  of  water  and  mark 
as  abo\e  with  (•om|)ari8on  of  7  months  of  i855-56,  corresponds  to  12  feet  3  inches  in 
th(!  fiiiial. 

All  those  whojotirneyod  along  the  shores  of  this  livke  in  184.")-4()  observed  that  the 
siiniiiier  months  were  nniisually  dry.  Fires  oecnrred  in  swiimps  that  held  water  long 
enough  for  cedar  trees  to  grow  np  and  die  of  old  tige.  Surface  of  lake  declined  in 
tlume  years  and  still  more  in  1817;  according  to  general  estimate,  3  feet. 

Register  of  Messrs.  I'inney  and  Sherwood  at  Sanlt  Ste.  Marie  show  the  etfect  (»f 
wind.-!  in  a  narrow  crooked  strait  connecting  two  bodies  of  water.  K'eiidings  were 
taken  at  upper  and  lower  locks  185.5-56,  and  show  a  diilerouco  of  2  feet  U  inches  in 
b  hours,  the  wind  htiviug  shifted  ISO'^. 

LAKE  SUrEKIOI!,  AT  SUrRKIOU. 

[l'"riim  liepipit  of  (/'hii^fof  Kiijiineer.-*,  V.  S.  .\.,  187(5,  Tart  III,  p.  91.     Ueadings  are  lif-low  lake  Hurvey 
|daiie  of  reference  or  liigli  water  of  1838.    (Elevation,  <)O4.70'fcet.)  | 


Year. 


l^b\) . 


r "" 

1  Jan. 

1 

Feb. 

Mnr. 

Apr.  May.  June, 

• 

July.   Aug.  Sei)!. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

! 

1 

1. 25     1. 16 

1.23 

1.51 

1.  ,50 

I 

Dec.   Mean 


This  jieriod  is  also  covered  by  records  at  Ontonagon,  Mar<|nette,  and  Sault  Ste. 
Marie,  iitiblished  in  reports  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers  for  18t!()  and  1870.  The  several 
records  do  not  ajfice,  and  the  record  at  Superior  is  given  as  the  least  liable  to  be  in 
error. 

(JENEKAL  NOTE.S. 

From  Foster  and  Whitney's  l?eport  of  Land  District  of  Superior  (Senate  Kx.  Doc. 

,Xo.   I  special  session,  1851.)      Article  by  Charles  Whittlesey:    The  surface  of  Lake 

Superior  was,  on  I2th  August,  18W,  23^  inches  higher  than  in  May,  1847.     At  tliis 

time  (November,  1851)  Lake  Superior  is  nniisually  high.     During  the  summer  of  1S.")1 

it  was  about  3  feet  above  the  general  level  of  1847,  when  it  was  unusually  low. 

From  Maj.  1'.  Laehlan's  article  in  American  Journal  of  Science,  vols,  (ill  and  70,  pp. 
()0-l()|.  4."',  i8ri.">:  Sui)ori(n',  in  1838,  3  feet  higher  than  usual  and  1  foot  above  1837.  In 
1644  all  the  lukes  vuusiderud  low.    lu  Lake  Superior,  1845,  a  ruck  appuared  above 


icr« 


fc^:^ 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COAfMISSION. 


181 


water  at  tbo  entrance  to  Kaglo  Harbor,  ue.\t  year  (IcSI;;)  was  1  ^  foot  liigli,  and  next 
yciir  (1817)  Btill  higher. 

From  article  by  J.  W.  Scott,  in  Hiiut's  Merchant  Maga/inc,  vol.  8,  ]>.  77,  1S|;{:  'i'lio 
waters  of  the  lakes  became  stationary,  or,  as  some  say,  began  to  fall  in  the  t  niimior 
of  18IW,  since  which  time  tliey  have  constantly  receded. 

From  article  by  J,  J,  Bigsby,  Physical  Geography  of  Lake  Superior,  Litte,ir.s  Liv- 
ing Age,  1852,  vol.  35,  p.  7:  Lake  Superior  is  lowest  in  April  and  highcHt  by  a  li^w 
feet  ill  September.  The  great  annual  variations  of  rain  in  these  eountries  ^jiodiico 
(•orre8))ondiug  changes  of  level.  Tliere  are  no  tides  and  no  eyclo  of  years  lor  lake 
level.s. 

From  report  of  the  superintendent  Sanlt  Ste,  Marie  Canal  for  18.")()  an<l  18.58 
(Joint  document  Michigan  as.scunbly):  On  the  18th  of  July,  1855,  water  lluctuated  3 
ieetti  indies;  higiiest,  11  feet  2  inrhes,  biwest,  10  feet  8  in(■llt^s,  On  L'l.st  of  Novem- 
ber, 185(1,  water  rose  to  11  feet  0  inches.  On  the  !)th  of  Augii.sl,  1858,  water  rose  from 
11  feet  i)  inches  to  15  feet  in  about  forty-five  minutes. 

LAKK  MICIIK'.AN. 

[From  original  record  of  Dr.  I.  A.  Lapliiuii,  Mil\vaukt><\  Wis.  I'laim  nl'  rffi'vciirc  is  Milwaukee  (."it y 
7.ui'0,  or  low  water  Milwauki'i!  Iliver,  March,  lS:i(i,  lieiiig  I  Icct  below  the  II.  W .  ls:iK.  lliailiiigs  are 
-)-  above  or  --  below  Uiiw  plane.] 


Year. 

.Ian. 

]'-eb. 

Viiir.     Apr.'  Mjiy. 

!                  j 

0.00 '■ 

June. 

.Inly. 

Aug. 

.Sejit. 



(let. 

1 
Nov.     Dec.    Mean 

183C    

!       II 

18:17      

' 0.80 

■ 

m.w    

4.00 

IH;)!)            

1840     

1 

1841      .                    

...   '     0  43 

1841; 



1 

]84;i 

1 

1844 

1845 

no.  50 

i 

: 

184(i    ..            

n— 0.42 
-  1..50 
-1.  ;t4 

n--(>.70 

--0.27i     0.21      0. 57i     0.50 
— 1.28 -1.19-0.  il8—0.. 57 
rt_1.35  —1.  00  —1.  ;io  —1.  05 
0. 90        

(i0.6fl)|    0.  :i5 

— 0. 13     0..'W-  0  twh—i.  ii:; 

1847 \  -1.38 

1848 -1.2!) 

1840                        a    0  80 

-0.  51 
—0.47 
aO.  25 

-0..56 

-0.  46 

0.  25 

— 0. 45  —0. 77 
— 0.  C4  —11.  72 

-  0.88— I.(i'.i-0.',I3 
— 4).  82i— 0.  77  —0.  '.t3 

IS'iO 

1851 

1 

al.43 

rt  1 .  70 
o2.  .50 

18,52 

1.98 



1.90 

2.  04 

1K.5;(       .     . 

18,')4      . 



1     0  30     0. 95 

]8,5."i      

18.")(i 

18.'.7 

18.58 

0.92    cl.20 

2.04 



2.72 

2.28 

3  31      15:1 

185it 

l.!»7 

2.n 

1,78 1 

2. 51      2. 34      2.11 

1                        1 

1                          1         . 

aMai'cli  0,  1848,  lowest  water— 1. 05  fe(!t.  Uosult  of  hut  (nie  or  two  ob.servations.  'I'liic  yauge 
observfttion.s  from  Septenilier,  1859. 

/<Jnl.v,  1H40.  water  on).\  11  little  above  June.  From  Si^'tember,  1859.  Ibe  means  aie  from  liili^gange 
reeonl  <  ami  ob.sorvation.s  taken  at  the  font  of  Poplar  street,  Milwaukee.  Milwaukee  zero  low  water 
of  l,S3n  (/'iilonel  (Ji-aliam's  ■/.vva  1.40  feet  lower  tlian  .Milwaukee.  OhiiMgo  zero  0.,"i5  fmit  lower 
than  Milwaukee,  proved  l)veoniparing results  of  tide-gangi^  observations.  I'nited  States  l^ake  Snrvey 
zero     -5  fupt  liiglier  than  Nlilwauki'e. 

c.Vpril  8,  1358,  a  great  swell  that  up,si't  a  U-rry  lioat.     .May  ;il,  1853,  0  a.  m.,  a  swell  :t.l4  leet  liiuli, 

llEMAUKs.  -The  elevation  of  high  water  of  1838  581. ;i4  feet  and  plane  of  referenee  is  584, :14  -  I,  or 
580.34  feel.  .Note  in  Dr.  I.  A,  I.apnam',^  record  :  "  Milwaukee  zero  ( .\Iarcli,  18:10)  about  :i  feet  iibiivc  low 
water  of  1819  and  1820."  As  high  water  of  1838  is  4  feet  aliove  .\tilwaukei<  zi'ro,  tht^i  liigh  ualer  of 
18:iS  is  4  .  3  7  f((Ct  above  low  water  of  1819  and  1820,  From  low  water  of  Maii^h  0,  1818,  or  1 ,05  to 
high  water  18:18,  or   |    4,  the  range  is  4    \    l,05r--5.05  feet. 


I  From  record  iiirepnrtof  W.  H.  Clark,  assistant  engineer,  boardofimhlie  works,  ("liica^ 
of  referenee  is  Chiengo  dulinn  j  readiugs  aro  iiuove,  in-  plus.] 


180," 


ri:ine 


Vear. 


1850. 
1857, 
1858, 
1859  . 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 
1.60 

May. 
1.00 

1.B0 

1.41 

1.43 

1.00 

1.28 

1.87 

2.  22 

2.  22 

1.03 

i.85 

2.37 

2.  85 

2,27 

2.40 

2.40 

3.10 

3.  25 

.lune.  ,Jidy, 


1.92  1.09 

2.52  I  2.05 

3.27  '  3,00 

3.  25  3.  UO 


Aug.    Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

1.80 

1.08 

1.49 

1.43 

3,14 

2.  99 

3,  no 

2.  25 

3.  02 

3.  22 

;i,  07 

(</) 

3.  00 

3.  30 

3.  03 

2.53 

Dee.   Mean, 


,20 

,29 
.70 


1 .  00 

2,  42 
2.  90 
2,  98 


ft  The  reading  for  "November,  1858  (3.R0),  is  probably  in  error,  and  is  omitted  from  table,  \  ciiiii|i,ii  1 
gnu  of  seven  inontlmnf  18,50  gives  (Miicago  datum  as  used  by  .Mr.  Clark  as  0,, 52  foot  below  Milwaukee 
dutiiin,  used  by  Dr.  Lapham.     In  reducing,  the  value  4.55  feet  as  used  by  Dr.  Lapham  is  adopted. 

Note.— Dr.  I.  A.  Tiaphain  notes  Ihat  "('hieago  zero  or  datum  is  0.55  foot  lower  than  Milwaukee,'' 
lienre  Chicago  datum  1«  580.34  —  0.55,  or  579.79  feet. 


182 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


[From  record  of  Col.  J.  D.  (irali.tin,  kept  at  Cliii'ai;o  ami  ]>iihli8li('<l  in  tlio  (Miiof  of  Engineers'  reports. 
(Kx.  Doc.  Thirty- fifth  Congress,  first  and  seconascHsions,  vol.7,  p.7,iind  vol.2,  pt.  3,  p.  1105.)  Ueiid- 
injis  are  above  zero  of  gauge  on  east  end  of  nnrtli  pier.  Klevation  of  zero  is  580.34 — 1.40  578.94 
feet.] 


Year. 

•Tail. 

Foh. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

Aug.  Sept. 

Oct. 

2. 22 
2!  79 

2.  ;i4 
3.01 

3.  93 

Nov. 

1.05 
2.  59 

2.  25 

3.  14 

Dec. 

Mean. 

1854 

2.79 

1.87 

1855 

1850 

1857 

1858 

-.1     i.oi 

.  .'Frozen. 
..'      2.00 
..;      3.04 

Frozen. 
2. 40 
2. 13 
2. 78 

1.05 

2.29 

Frozen. 

2. 90 

1.73 
2.42 
2.71 
3.22 

2.40 
2.83 
3.  07 
3.70 

2.03 
2.77 
3.40 
4.13 

2.  72 
2.  84 
3.80 
4.51 

2.  83     2.  02 

2.  00      2.  50 

3.  99      3.  84 
4.47  ,  4.08 

2.09  ' 

2. 25    

••'•"1 

la5U    

1 



1 

Note.— Dr.  I.  A..  Laphnm  noten  that  Col.  .T.  D.  (Jraham's  zero  is  1.40  fi^et  lower  tlian  Mlhvauljeo  and 
0.85  font  l<i»er  than  Chicago. 

Ndin  nv  Ciii.o.NKi,  (iifAHAM.— (iaugo  e.-<tabliHlied  at  will  of  lily  work.s,  and  one  at  Kiisli  stieet,  on 
rivi  r.     Tlie  zeriiM  nil  .set  at  the  same  itliine. 

A  compari.son  of  tlireo  years  shows  Colonel  Graliam'.s  zero  to  he  0.89  foot  below  Chicago  datum  as 
used  by  Mr.  ('iark,  or  4.52  f-0.H9----5.41  lulow  higli  water  of  1838.  hi  reducing  tlie  value,  5. 10  I'lM't  as 
used  l)y  Dr.  Laphain  is  adopted. 

OENKKAr,    XOTKf.   .VNI)   TAllI.K.S. 

From  Michigan  Geological  Reports  and  qnotod  by  Dr.  I.  A.  Lapliam  in  his  notes. 
Readings  are  above  low  Avater  of  1811t-'?0:  1800  or' 1802,  very  iiigh;  1.814  and  1815, 
uniiHiially  high;  1819  and  1820,  zero;  18:'8,  2.83  fcu't;  18:$0,  2.8':^  feet;  I83ti,  ;?.t>7  fe.-t; 
1887,  4.08  feet;  1838,  4.67  feet;  1839,  3.!>j  feet;  1810,  2.58  loet. 

Frf)in  article  by  MaJ.  Henry  Whiting  in  Anierical  .lonrnal  of  Science,  vol.  20:  A 
few  observations  by  Governor  Cass  on  Green  Hay,  above  an  arbitrary  y.ero:  .Inly, 
1828,  0.64  foot;  August,  1828,  0.58  foot. 

In  normal  Unctnations,  Angnst  is  tlie  same  as  ,Inuo. — J.  E.  Maloncy. 

From  article  by  Charles  Whittlesey  in  Smithsonian  Contrilmtion  to  Knowledge, 
Vol.  XII,  18t)0:  Lakes  IFnron  ami  Michigan  have  not  received  inucli  attention,  but 
are  Icnown  to  have  be<'n  liigh  in  1838  and  low  in  1819.  It  does  not  necessarily  follow 
that  the  highest  «)r  lowest  level  of  diU'eient  lakes  will  occur  at  the  same  time  nor 
that  the  <(nantity  of  rise  and  fall  will  be  the  same. 

Frimi  Foster  and  Whitney's  Report,  Land  District  of  Wisconsin  (article  by  Charles 
Whittle.sey ) :  At  this  time  (November,  1851)  I.,ake  Hnron  is  stated  to  have  bt^en  2\  feist 
higher  at  the  detour  light  than  in  1847.  Lake  Michigan  is  reported  to  have  been 
higher  the  past  antnmu  than  for  several  years. 

From  article  by  J.  W.  Scott  in  Hunt's  Merchiant  Magazine,  vol.  8. 1813 :  The  waters 
of  the  lakes  became  stationary — or,  as  some  say,  began  to  fall  in  the  summer  of  1839, 
since  which  time  they  have  constantly  receded. 

From  article  by  Ma.j.  R.  liachlan  in  American  Journal  of  Science,  vols.  69  and  70, 
185.5:  In  1819  and  1820  the  central  and  lower  lakes  described  by  Messrs.  Miggins  and 
Whittlesey  as  unusually  low,  while  J>r.  Houghton  and  Coloucd  Whiting  state  that 
the  Detroit  River  had  resumed  its  n.sual  level.  In  1838  Lake  Hnron  higher  than  for 
two  centuries.  In  1838  Lake  Michigan  6  feet  liigher  than  in  1820.  In  1811  all  the 
lakes  low.     In  1845  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan  much  lower  than  usual. 

From  article  by  Charles  Whittlesey  in  American  .Journal  of  Science.  v<d.  77,  18.59: 
Observations  by  Mr.  Underwood  at  Green  Bay,  for  August  and  Sci)tember,  1858,  below 
zero :  August,  18.58, 0.70  foot;  September,  18.58, 0.84  foot. 

LAKE  HUKON— POINT  AUX  BAUQUKS. 

[Plane  of  reference  being  high  water  of  1838.    From  Hepor',.  of  Chief  -f  Kiigiueers,  1876.     Klevation 

of  plane  of  reference r- 584.34  feet.] 


Year. 


1859  . 


May. 

June. 
1.08 

July. 
0.90 

Aug. 
0.09 

i^ept. 

Oct. 
1.4G 

Nov.       Dec. 
1.72         1.82 

1.38 

1.20 

Mean. 


LAKE  MICHIGAN- MILWAUKl'.i:. 

[Plane  of  rel'ereuc^o  being  higli  water  of  1838.     From  Kei)ort  of  (Jhief  of  Engineers,  1H70.     Elevation 

tif  plane  of  reference    -584.34  feet.) 


Year. 

Aug. 
1.08 

Sept. 
1.38 

Oct. 

Nov. 
1.88 

Dec. 

Mean. 

1859 

1.47 

1.94 

iJMi  ii^aOKmi^ 


Meau. 


Mean. 


KEPOHT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


LAKE  MICHIGAN. 


183 


[Fruiii  KoslL'r  iiiitl  \Vliiliun'«  rfjiort  on  (irologv  (if  Land  iJi.strid  of  AViMconhin.    ArlU^lo  liy  (Hiarles 

WhiUk'scy.l 

I>r.  Il()u;;ht()ii  <;ivt'.,  tll»^  Ibllowing  table  of  lu'i;;lits  from  a  onipariHon  "f  liis  own 
observiiti(»i;H  on  Mioliiyaii,  lliiroii,  aiul  Sni»«rior  witli  thoso  cf  Ilijjffiii.s,  Whitiufj, 
jiiul  iliitliau  loi"  mouth  of  .Juno  cucli  year,  takiu<^  lowest  8ta<.;o  of  water,  18iy-2U,  aa 
a  zero : 

I'Vet. 


Kfol. 

.lime,  lHll)-20 0.00 

.luue.  l«28 2.83 

.1  line,  1830 2. 83 


.June,  1836 3.67 

.1  une,  1837 4.  08 

.June,  1838 4.67 


If  figured  from  l"'oliruarv,  1820,  to  .luue,  1838,  the  total  amoiiiit  would  he  ahout 
6.67  feet.     (( Jeoh)jj;ieal  Ke|i.,  Mich.,  183!t,  p.  24. ) 

Mr,  S.  W.  llingius,  in  the  Miehlgau  (leologieal  Keport  ahove  referred  to,  uses  the 
same  zero  .'18  Dr.  Jloughtou  iii  1838,  but  (littering  slightly  as  fo  the  extreiuo  rise  of 
1838  above  the  depression  of  1819. 


Feet  above  low  water,  1810: 

1838 .^).2.-. 

1830  ( minimum) 1.58 

1830  (uiiixiiuum) .  3.92 

1840  (minimum) 0.75 


I'eet  iibove  low  water,  181fl— Coutiuued. 

1840  ( maximum) 2. 63 

1841 0.54 

1840  (above  low  water  of  1810-20). 


Year. 

1  Jan. 

!  0.75 

O.'ii 

Fub. 

Mar. 

Apr. 
2.17 

May. 

2.29 

June. 

2.37 

July. 
2.50 

Aug. 

Sept.;  Out.     Nov.'  Dec. 

1                         1 

1840... 

2.02  1   1.87      l.fi'.l        1.40 

1841 . . . 

1 1 

DKTUOIT   KIVEH. 
[l'"roMi  record  I'lirnLslied  by  cuginecrs  of  Detroit  waterworks,  tliroiigli  Mr.  (i.  Y.  Wisner,  (J.K.) 


Year. 

Jan. 

Feb.    Mar.  .Apr. 

:         1 

May. 

June. 

8.50 
6.50 
4.83 

July. 

AiiK. 

.Sept.    ()i-t. 

1 

Nov. 

Dec.    Mean 

181!) 

1         1 

1830 

1 

:                ' 

IS.'Ki    

i    ■  " 

u:i7 

4.17 

1838 

3.17 
6.58' 

3.42  1  4.  i7 
5.33     6.00 
e.  50     0.  58 
7.42     8.83 

5.17 
6.00 
(1.  Ki 

7.83 

5.17    

]8;!9 

C.92 

7.  75 
7.92 
7.50 

4.83 
6.17 
7.50 

4.  .50 

6.00 
7.00 

1840 

1841 

...... 

7.92  1  8.66 

6.33 
7  .la 

6.17 

7.75 

7.00    

7.58    

1842 

18^7     

: \ 

1 1  0.08 

IhiO 

6.33 

5.50 

1 ;      ■ 

IK.-iO 

5.58 
3.  75 
4.33 
4.17 
4.60 
3.83 
2.92 
3.33 

1 

1 8.'i3 

4.  .^8 
4.83 
5.33 
4.02 
5.00 
4.08 
3.58 

'4.'75' 
4.  02 
4.  l'> 
4.42 
3.75 
3.  42 

3.83 
4.33 
4.58 
4.58 
4.08 
2.83 
3.58 

3.  92 
4.50 
4.17 
4.58 

4.08  1  4.42 
4.75  ;  5.58 
4.  42     4.  58 
4.  02     5.  00 

4.58 
5.  50 
4.58 
5.  58 
4.42 

3.  02 

4.  .50 

4.75 

]8.')4 

5.00 

."i  na    ."i.  .^n 

5.  83    

i8r.^. 

iwii 

5.  33  :  5.  75     5.  33 
4.42      4.. "in      4.75 

4.  83  '■ 

5.33    

18.'.7 

IS.'-.H 

1809 

(i.  00 
4.33 
o.  M 

3.  7') 
4.08 
4.00 

5.  50 
4.33 
4.00 

3.83 
3.08 
3.  42 

3.  02     4.  08 
3.  .50     3.  75 
3. 83     4.  33 

4.42    

4.00    

3.75    

lilSMARKS — UendingH  iiro  bolow  water  table  of  Orleans  street  ensiiio  liuiiMfl  (engine  house  removed 
from  Orlean.s  Htreel  in  !878  to  llie  new  <;ronnds  at  cjisleiii  city  limits,  and  gauRe  set  there  at  the  same 
elevation,  which  is  100  feet  above  city  diitum,  and  .580.30  leet  above  nieiin  tideat  New  York  City).  The 
ob.servation  of  1819  wna  made  by  Mig.  Henry  Whiting.  The  observatious  from  lKiOtol850,  inclusive, 
by  A.  E.  Ilathan,  who  was  for  many  years  the  city  surveyor.  The  observations  since  1850  were  nnult! 
daily,  by  direction  of  Jacob  Houghton,  Jr.,  superintendent  and  engineer  lietroit  waterworks.  The 
iigures  in  the  cidunins  show  the  monthly  moans.  Theob8ervatir)ns  made  before  the  engine  houst*  was 
ei'e<led  (18.58)  were  made  with  rel'crouco  to  a  known  point,  and  wcro  afterwards  by  calculation  referred 
to  present  base. 

'ihis  record  is  also  given  in  part  in  Foster  and  Whitney's  report,  and  in  report  of 
Captain  Wliipple,  U.  S.  A.  (Ex.  Doe-.Thirty-lifth  Congress,  second  session, vol.  2,  pt.  3). 

From  iirticle  by  Charles  Whittlesey,  in  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge, 
Vol.  XII,  1860:  Dr.  Houghton  has  mentioned  one  observation  made  sometime  in  the 
Avinter  1818-10  by  which  the  water  in  the  Detroit  Kivcr  w.'is  6.67  foot  below  Hood  of 
1838.  'I'he  old  I'rench  inhabitants  of  Detroit  have  no  tradition  of  a  water  level 
below  that  of  the  year  1819,  although  Detroit  has  been  occupied  since  1702. 


184 


KEPOltT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


From  aiticl«  hy  Muj.  Homy  Whitinj^,  IJ.  S.  A.,  in  Ain<;ri(;!in  jDiirnal  of  .Sciciicp,vol. 
20;  Jt  is  now  a  iiuittei'  of  lecoid  tliiit  in  IHH  to  1815  tl'o  St.  (,'lair  and  Detroit  rivers 
wero  unusually  bi;ili.  Abrupt  and  couHiderablo  tlian<;es  in  tho  level  of  the  Detroit 
Kivcr  arc  frcfpicntly  observed;  within  twelve  hours  there  will  soniotinics  ho  ii  dilVer- 
cn(;oof2or;{  icet.  Tho  rivers  continued  at  this  unusual  )ieight(l8H0)  until. lainiary, 
1831,  when  in  the  course  of  eijjjbt  or  ton  day.s  they  subsided  3  or  4  feet,  and  tliey  have 
now  maintained  tliei  Juinnniim  level  for  about  six  weeks.  Two  hydraulic  works  whi(-ii 
hiid  bceu  established  in  connection  with  tho  river  the  last  season  were  left  by  this 
subsidence  above  high  water,  uud  had  to  extend  their  source  pipes. 


LAKE  EJIIK. 

[Ailjcic  liy  Cliiirli^  Wliitllcscy,  in  Siiiitlisoiiian  ('outriltiitiiinH  to  Kiiowledtje,  Vol.  .MI,  ISCO. 
iiiKH  r<!(liiuu<l  tu  depth  on  initur  sillol'i-iilnrged  Krio  Caiiiil.] 


Kead. 


Your. 

1 

1 

< 

a 
S 

>4 

to 
6.  30 

1 

5  j^ 

" 

Locality. 

liliickRock 
do 

UbBerver. 

1810 

t 

182Ure                                  

6.30 

]STU>           j         ..        .          

■■■ 

Cleveland .. 

Canada 

Cleveland.. 
...do 

A.  Carter 

18'j;i<^ 





■    ■ 

•••• 

.MeTiipt;art. 
A.  W'fdwortli 

]8;;iic    ...     

iH27r         '        .... 

Canada 

Cleveland.. 
do 

IHIi'Ji/              '           

A.  Woiwoi'tli. 

IH;):!/,                           

Do. 

WAi 

....j 



8.82 
8.57 
8  82 

do 

Do. 

18:15 

8.07 

do  ... 

Do. 

1  H'MJ 

K  :in 

10  07 

Biitliilo  .... 
Cleveland.. 
Ulack  Kock 

...do 

do 

....do  

.7.  I. at  liroit. 

]8,'!8/,-            1          

10.  30 

11.4011.15  10.64 

9.  83  10. 08  10. 13 

1 

10.90  10.33  10.40 
9.24    8.80^  8.30 

10.10 
0.33 

9.30 
7.75 

9.  89  ... . 
10.30.... 

1 
9.  10  ... . 
6.  87  . . . . 

0.46 

.... 
.... 

•  ',.(;  DiiviM. 

IS'M--. 

7  74    ... 

0.50 

10.33 
9.50 
9.  50 

CoiniiKM'eial    Adver- 

1810... 

1841-. 

184L'.-- 

1         j 

.'!!!!!!  8.' 65 

H.  ill)       

tisci'  of  iSiitUilu. 
Do. 

1)0. 

Do. 

184;;... 

8.96 
0.21 
9.30 

8.20 
8.80 
8.46 

9.40 
8.90 
8.  .59 

1 

do 

Do. 

1844... 

I84r.j.. 

184(i... 

7.34  6.97  6.91 

7.30 

8.57 

8.57   8.34 

8.43 

8."  27  7.' 84 

.... 

7.60 

....do 

Cleveland.. 

do 

Do. 
Col.  T.  i;.  \V.  .Stock- 
ton. 
Do. 

1847... 

8.50:....,.... 
8.94 

do 

liuttiilo  .... 

do 

Do 

1848..    -- 

1 

CoTuiuercial    Adver- 

184!) 

j     i     ! 

1          ! 

tiser. 
Do. 

1850... 

8.49 

7.71 

7.83 
k'r.n 

...do 

...do  

Clivi'land.. 

...do 

do 

J.  Latlu'op. 

Do. 
C.  Wliitllcsey. 
H.Stiinard. 
C.  Wliittlesey. 

Do. 

18">1... 
1851 

7.88  7.  80  8,  iO 
7  4!) 

8  47 

9.34 
9  49 

9.46   9.34 
!i  jr.  n  in 

9.07 
0. 15 
9.61 

9. 13  9.  21 
9  90  8. 74 

18r)'2... 
1853. 

8.  35  8.  07  8,  4:' 
9. 50  9.  40  9.  49 

9.  17 
10.  07 

10.  07 
10.15 

10.30  10.20   9.97 

0.35  9.10  9.07 

1850.    . 

8. 30 

7.90 
0.  32 

...do  

....do 

18i7... 

....8  15  8.15 

8.78 

9.65 

9.90 

10.15 

9.00 

9.60 

0.55  9.32 

Do. 

h  A  voraRO,  3  I'eet  2  ineheH  lielow  .1  luie,  1838. 

I  Mr.  Wolwortli  was  tir«»  Ciovernuient  agent  at 
tlii.s  harbor. 

j  Knuineer  on  Krie  Canal. 

A' Jury  to  October,  nieasureMientii  .several  tiiiiea 
a  d;iy.  " 

2 Government  attentat  thin  iioiiit. 


a<Mi\  re.sident.s  of  liiitlalo  state  as  low  as  1810. 
bKisinu,  4  feel  below  . I  line,  1838. 
•Hiisiiif:,  ;i  feel  3  ill!  lies  below  .liine,  1838. 
(Miisjiij;,  lowest  3  feet  below  .lime,  1838. 
cKisiii;;,  lowest  2  feet  10  inches  below  .Iniie, 
1838. 
./(icmral  level  of  1815. 
(/Average,  2  feet  10  inches  below    June,  1838. 

Note. — Report  of  New  York  State  engineer  and  surveyor  for  1888,  p.  260,  gives  canal  liottoni  563.23, 
anil  as  lanal  lovois  are  j..'t0 — 0.67,  or  0.63  foot  below  Lake  Survey,  caual  bottom  west  of  guard  lock  is 
563.23  -f0.03_  563.86  feet. 

liulTalo  Commercial  Advertiser  occasionally  published  measurements,  but  original 
record  in)t  to  be  hiid.  1830,  water  rising  (Houghton,  Geological  Keport,  Michigan, 
1839),  1831,  general  level  same  as  1828,  A,  W.  Higgiiis  (Michigan,  183!)).  At.  Miil'- 
falo  tho  year  1810  i'A  remembered  as  one  of  low  water,  nearly  or  quite  as  low  as  1819, 
.\s  tlie  lalvo  is  broad  ojijiosito  Cleveland,  tind  the  place  is  situated  not  far  from  the 
middle,  its  surface  would  bo  less  atVeeted  by  winds,  and  here  tho  level  during  the 
summer  of  181'.)  is  regarded  as  the  lowest.  l$ut  if  that  year  did  not  differ  from  other 
years  in  tho  ]ieriod  of  annual  rise  and  fall,  it  must  have  been  still  lower  in  tho  winter 
than  ill  tho  slimmer  months. 


1 


REPORT   OF    U.    S.    DEEP   WATEIiWAYS    COMMISSION. 


185 


1 


1' 


I'roni  .irticlo  by  Cliurlus  Wliittletsey,  iu  SiiiitliBuniau  ('outrihiitioiiH  to  Iviiowledge, 
VoliiiiHj  XII,  1860:  Al  Clovdaiid  hi^li  water  of  1838  usod  as  a  zero,  counting  down 
to  till',  water  Burface.  This  lino  was  2  feet  below  surface  of  east  pier  at  south  end 
of  steps  leading  up  to  parapet  wall.  As  the  records  atditVercnt  places  are  but  seldom 
of  tlie  same  dates,  it  is  not  easy  to  brin^  them  into  comparison  with  eacii  other.  To 
ctVcct  this  in  the  only  manner  they  admit  of,  I  neglect  the  descent  of  the  Detroit 
Kiverfroni  that  city  to  the  lake,  and  regard  the  surface  of  the  lake  as  level.  The 
longest  period  of  the  Detroit  tables  which  correspond  with  those  at  (Cleveland  was 
compared  by  tlie  mean  of  both,  which  gave  the  eh^vation  of  the  stone  water  table 
of  the  hydraulic  tower  above  the  CleveTaml  zero  as  3.43  feet.  By  Mr.  Ilathau's  reg- 
ister this  was  3.13  feet  in  June,  1838,  above  surface  of  the  river.  In  July,  Lathroj), 
at  Mutlalo,  and  Whittlesey,  at  Cleveland,  kept  registers,  weather  calm,  linctuations 
sniall.  High  water  of  1838  by  this  comparisou  corresponds  to  a  depth  of  water  in 
the  enlarged  Krio  Canal  of  11.85  feet.  The  base  of  the  hydraulic  tower  is  therefore 
14.85  leet  above  bottom  of  canal.  The  miter  sill  of  the  guard  lock  at  Hlaek  Kock 
was  at  first  used  by  the  engineers  of  the  State  of  New  York  on  which  to  register  the 
de])tli  of  the  water.  When  the  enlargement  of  the  Erie  Canal  was  coumieuced,  John 
Lathrop,  C.  K.,  transferred  the  measuremeuts  to  the  bottom  of  the  canal  at  Buffalo, 
which  is  1  foot  below  the  miter  sill  of  the  guard  lock. 

From  Foster  and  Whitney's  Keport  on  Geology  of  Land  District  of  Wisconsin 
(Senate  Ex.  Doc.  No.  4,  sjiecial  session,  March,  1851).  Article  on  Water  Levels,  by 
Charles  Whittlesey:  For  the  zero  at  Cleveland  in  1838,  I  made  use  of  one  of  the 
courses  of  masonry  on  the  cast  pier  of  the  harbor  at  its  southern  extremity,  being 
then  the  bottom  of  the  lirst  course  from  the  top,  but  since  the  coping  has  been  laid 
it  is  at  this  time  the  second.  TLe  zero  (high  water  of  1838)  of  June  25,  1838,  was  (5 
feet  below  the  surface  of  the  southern  end  of  the  parapet  wall  as  it  now  standii, 
October,  1851.  Different  observers  do  not  agree  as  to  the  highest  or  lowest  stages  of 
water.  At  Clev«)land  it  was  unqnestionably  highest  about  .Jnne  25,  1838,  when  it 
was  2. 12  feet  below  surface  of  main  wall  at  soutli  end  of  ejist  jder;  2  feet  below  the 
sanu)  wall  400  feet  from  south  end,  and  6.33  feet  below  the  coping  of  the  lock,  west 
wing  wall,  Merwin  street  and  Cuyahoga  River.  These  marks  by  Mr.  Howe,  engi- 
neer Ohio  Canal,  General  Merchant,  Colonel  Stockton,  and  myself.  At  the  otlier 
«'nd  (BulValo)  of  the  lake  accounts  differ  as  to  the  fact  of  the  lowest  water  being  in 
lMi>  or  1820,  but  the  difference  between  the  two  years  was  slight.  At  Black  Rock 
the  highest  stage  of  water  is  stated  to  have  been  in  August,  and  not  in  June,  1838, 
but  at  Buffalo  it  is  given  as  .Tune.  At  BulValo  and  Black  Rock  there  is  less  regu- 
larity than  elsewhere,  showing  that  winds  and  the  form  of  coast  produce  irregulari- 
ties there  which  are  local.  But  if  weredtice  the  observations  at  Black  Rock  to  <)ie 
standard,  we  fiufl  that  the  low  water  of  October,  1841,  was  below  the  level  of  18i9, 
when  It  is  uiiiversally  agreed  that  this  was  the  lowest  stage  known.  Mr.  Lathrop 
remarks  that  the  depth  of  water  on  miter  sill  of  guard  lock  at  Black  Rock  is  very 
much  influenced  by  the  •lills  which  are  fed  from  that  basin.  The  records  show  that 
tlie  fluctuations  are  greater  at  Black  Rock  than  at  either  Cleveland  or  Detroit. 

From  History  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  by  Charles  Whittlesey,  ISGT:  Elevation  of  top 
of  east  pier  at  Cleveland  over  bottom  of  enlarged  Erie  Canal  is  13.42  feet. 


►•'•'-•"I" '-r  lii'    -r  I 


Mlo.niMiti 


186  REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 

IFroni   Koater  \  Whitney's  Kejiort.  on  Guolotty  <if  l.aiiil  I)i»tri«:t  of  WiHcoiisiii.     (.Vrticle  on  Water 

LevclH,  \>y  CliBrU'8  Wliittlcsey.)] 

Feef.  F'jet. 

5.00     1H33 .S.17 

4.0  ,  1834 2.:yS 

2.83  I  1835 2.83 

2.83  i 


1822 

1825 

182t) 

1832 

Year. 

Jan. 

1837 ----   --- 

3.10 

1838(1  .... 

I    Jan.   I  May.  I  June.  I  July.  :  Aug.      Sept. 


_1 

J      2.58'. 

1. 00  I      0. 33  i 


O.L'5 


0.75 


3.50 


Oct. 


Dec. 


1.75 


1.96 


(7  On  June  25,  1838,  the  remllniu;  wan  0.00  feet. 


Kkmaiiks. — A  vailinj;  niyHclf  of  infornmtion  from  MPtSwrs.  Wolworth,  Mrrchaiit,  iind  otlierw  iit  Clove- 
liinil,  1824-1837,  I  li.ivc  I'onstructed  the  above  tabic.  IteadingH  fir«>  below  liiuh  wntfr  of  1838,  This  is 
EHHiiiued  to  be  tlio  name  as  AVhiftlesoy  obscrvt'd,  or  at  an  elevation  of  575. 17  ft'ct. 

From  AuKiist  18  to  Oitober  18  Mr.  G.  C.  Davis  kept  ii  floating  registor.  lieadingH 
aro  bt'low  high  Aviiter  of  1838  at  Cleveland  (elevutioii  of  575.17  feet). 

Feet. 

August,  1 838 0. 81 

.Sei)teiiiher.  1838 1 .  22 

October,  1838 1.61 

Ahxiravl  of  Col,  T.  II.  /('.  Stovkion's  rt giaiir  for  Vhviland,  ISl.'t—ti'i,  below  ciro. 


Year. 

Jan.    Feb. 

Mar.   Apr.   May. 

June.  July. 

1 

Aug.  Sept. 
2.95 

Oct. 
3.18 

Kov. 

.3.47 

Dec. 

1845 

1 

1 

3.80 

1840 

4.  05     4.  39 

1 

4.47  '  4.io     3.13 

2. 84     2.  89 

3.00    

1 

i 

My  observations  at  Cleveland,  1838-1851,  have  not  been  snfiicieutly  nnincrons  or 
regular  to  bi'  of  inu(;h  value.  TLey  are  as  follows,  below  high  water  of  1838  (eleva- 
tion of  575.17  feet): 


Year. 


1841. 

1842. 
1845. 


Dnto. 


Mar.  11 
Apr.  14 
Dec.   — 


Feet. 


Year. 


Date. 


Feet. 


2.75  1846. 
2.  M  1850. 
2.42      1851. 


Apr.   J 5  .3.50 

June  20  I        3.00 
Jan.    18  I        4.08 


Feet. 


June,  1851 1.92 

July,  1851 1.95 

Auguist,  1851 1.94 

September,  1851 2. 25 

October,  1851 2. 48 

[At  Black  Hock  guard  lock,  from  the  liUlValo  ('oniniereial  .\dvertiser,  November  12,  1841,  beiii;;  depth 
of  water  on  the  miter  sill  in  feet  (elevation  of  miter  sill  assumed  as  564.80  feet).] 


Year. 

May. 

Juno. 

9.90 
8.24 

July. 

9.  33 
7.80 

Aug. 

9.40 
7.30 

Sept. 

Oct. 

1810 

9.33 

8.30 
6.75 

8.10 

1841 

8.50 

5.80 

Abstract  from  register  of  J.  Lathrop,  resident  engineer  Erie  Canal,  being  height  above  bot- 

tom  of  enlarged  Erie  Canal. 


I- 


[JOlevation  of  botton 

of  canal  assumed  as  563.86  feet,] 

Year. 

Jan.    Feb.  1  Mar. 

Apr. 

May.  1  June.  July.  Aug. 

1           : 

Sept.j  Oct.    Nov. 

Doc 

18.")0 

i           1 
'  7.73 

7.83 

IS.Il 

7   01        7   «.l^       H   ilS 

8.40 

8.90     9.33     9.50    

1                   ! 

i 

1            i 

REPORT    OP    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


187 


F-.et. 
....  3.17 
....  2..')8 
li.83 


I 


.Ihalravt  from  rey'mtti'  of  J.  I.ulhrop,  rex'tdfiit  cntjimer  Eri-'  Canal,  ♦■/(•.—( 'ontiiiiuMl. 

["At   I'.ln<'k  Kock,  from  ('oiiiniurrial  AdvtirliHor,  Xoveiiiticr  1'-',  1841,  ii'f(^rriiiti  lo  low  wulfi-  nl'  IHLNi  us 

/.ero." 


Date. 


Riae. 


Dtttf. 


Full. 


Feet.    \  F.i't. 

August,  1820,  to  August,  1828 2.50  August,  18S8,  to  August,  18;i9 1.2,'i 

August,  1828,  to  August.  181)0 August,  18;il),  to  August,  IMIo 1.  •_'."> 

August.  18;tO,  lo  August,  18;!« ,     1.00   i  August,  1840,  to  August,  l.SIl 1.83 

August,18;m,  to  August,  181(7 1      .50  , 

August,  1837,  to  August,  18:18 1.08 


Keot. 
...  0.81 
...  1.22 
. ..   1.61 


.IbHlract  from  oriijiiial  vianuHcript  of  Charles  ]t  idtileHefi,hti  Mr.  William  T.  lihint,  Iniled 

Statf'H  UHsintant  emjineer. 

[Courtesy  ol"  Mr.  Pi-ter  Noll',  serrot.try  Western  Koservo  Historical  Society.     licading  in  Icct  liclow 
zero  or  high  wiiter  of  1838.    Observations  at  Clcvelaud. 


Year. 


Jnn.    Feb.    Mar.   Apr,   May.  I  June.jJulv 

i  I  !  I  i  i 


Aug. !  Sept.    Oct.  I  Nov.    Doc. 


1857 I !  1  79     1.85  !  2.08  i    2.08 

18,-.8 ;  1.75  ;  2.00     2.08     1.40  i  O.Ol    «0. 14  1  0. 15     0.59  ■  0.80     l.L'U     1.20       1.32 

!  ^      I      .  L      ■  _  I        l_  I.I.'.  ...■ 

a  June  19  rcotliug  was  —0.25  ur  0.25  I'eet  higher  tliau  1838. 


[FroMi  article  liy  ^faj.  U.  Loclilan  in  Anu^riimu  Journal  of  Science,  vols.  Olt  anil  70,  IS'i.'i.    Kuailiiii'saro 

from  low  water  of  1810  as  ■/.vtu.\ 


Feet. 


3.50 
'A.  00 
4.08 


Oct. 

R.  10 
5.86 


Doc 
7.83 


Jm 


Year. 

Comparative  Irvcl. 

Authorities. 

1700 

Professor  Hall,  Wbittlesev.  ami  oiiicrs. 
Weld,  Wluttlesey,  and  others. 
Uiggins,  Hougl:t(in,  and  others. 
Wliittlcsey. 
Do. 

1795- 
18U(I 

mi 

1802  

Described  as  low 

High 

I^OW 

1800. 

1810 

11 

0  feet  below  18:i8 

i8ir> 

2  feet  below  1838 

Do. 

1816 

do 

Do. 

1817 

18 _.. 

Falling 

Zero 

Kisiug  rapidly 

Kising,  hut  still  low 

1,S19  20 

Do. 

1821 

Higgius,    Hougliton.    Dearborn,  and 

SloTaggart. 
Higgins.  Flougliliiii. 

1822  

1823                        

1824- 

1820 

2  feet  below  1838 

1827- 

'28 

As  hi"h  as  1815 

Kougliton,  etc. 

1830 

Same  as  1828 

1H31. 

33li;!!"!!!!!!!ll!!!!!!!!!] 

1832- 

2.75  lect  below  ISMH 

Whittlosov,  etc. 

1 835 

2.83  feet  below  1 8^8 

1.67  feet  below  18;i8 

0.75  loo  l  below  18;i8 

Higgin-i,  Iloughton,and  Afather. 
Higgins,  Houglit(ni,  Matlier.  Whitlle- 
sey,  etc. 

bo. 

1830. 
1837 

1838. 

Do. 

1839. 
184U 

:t.C7  I'eet  above  z*'ro 

;t.42  feet  above  zero 

Aniericuu  Journal  of   Science:    Pro- 
fessor Dewev ;  Hutl'alo  Express. 
Do. 

1841     

Do. 

1842 

1843                ---      

:t.58  feet  above  zero 

2  07  feet  above  zero          

1844 

2.92  feet  above  zero 

1845. 

1840 

1847     --        

2.50  feet  above  zero 

1848 

2.17  feet  above  /en* 

1849 

li  08  feet  above  zer  j 

1850 

2  G7  feet  above  zero   

1851 

1852 

Kising  rapidly 

1893 

High  as  iu  1832.   

188 


IlEPORT   OF   IT.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION, 


III  1838  Lake  Erit-  stated  by  lliggins  to  bo  5.25  feot  ahovo  181i),  and  by  Dnffalo 
Advertigor  5. {{3  foet  in  .liino,  an«l  5.75  fcot  in  Aiigiist,  and  acrordin;;  to  Dr.  il()ii<;iit<)n 
it  niijjht  be  6  f'o(!t,  Mnch  land  overflowed  and  trees  of  a  hundred  years'  growtli  were 
killed.  By  February,  1839,  Erie  had  fallen  to  3.67  feet  and  in  1810  it  was  biffjier 
than  for  twenty-threo  years,  excepting  1838.     (See  Itntfalo  Adverti.^er  April,  1851.) 

From  a  ntport  on  Hutfalo  Harbor  (House  Ex.  Doc,  30th  Conjj.,  2d  sess.,  Vol.  IV): 
Lake  Erie  unusually  low  in  1809,  Deacon  ('ollender  drove  cattle  in  Sipteinbir  from 
Huron  to  Buffalo  crossinjj  every  stream,  except  U(»ck  K'iver,  by  wadinj,'.  In  Ortober, 
IHt  I,  water  raised  10  feet  by  gale  at  Bull'alo,  and  at  Dunkirk  2  or  It  feel  below  Buf- 
falo at  Hood.     Prevalent  winds  from  the  S\V. 


[Kriim  I.iikii  .Siirsi'y  ( Uoiiort  Cliiff  of  KiijriiipcrH,  1870,  I'liitlll). 
or  liinli  water  of  1h;I8.     Kluvatioii 


ltea<1iiiU'<  lulow  |(luiir  (>!'  rcl'i'ioncB 
■.75.'.'0lool.l 


Year. 


CI.KVKI.ANIi. 


18-.il 


vour  (•(ii.iKiUNK. 


18.-.4  . 
185,-. . 
18,'')0 . 
1857  . 
18.-.8 . 
1850 . 


fllUI. 


r.o.. 


2. 72 

i!no 

3.  37 
1.2(i 
1.03 


3.03 

2.  20 

3.  34 
1.60 
1.25 


Mar. !  Apr. 


2.97 
2.50 

(n) 
1.03 

.84 


2.  08 

I  2. 10 

(") 

1.52 
i    .27 


May.  •Iiiiio. 


2.  16  1.88 
2.14  I  1.76 
1.61  1.23 
1.26  —.^0 
.30       .42 


July. 


0.70 


1.38 
1.73 


Aug. 


0.87 


1.94 
1.10 
1.88 


1.14      1.18 

-.05       .04 

.30       .60 


Sept. 


1.28 


2. 27. 1 
1.81 
2.13 
1.43  I 
.60  i 
1.20  ' 


Oct. 


1.64 


2.41 
1.57 
2.79 
1.80 
.70 
1.06 


Nov.    l)t!p.   Mean. 


1.98     l.OH 


2.11 
1.50 
2.91 
1.35 
1.12 


2.69 
1.22 
2.  02 
1.35 
1.02 


2.  01 
2.  23 


1.23  I  1.43 


.89 
.85 


« 'I'lie  readings  foi'  Alarcli  anil  Ajiril,  18.')7,  1.75  anil  1.20,  r«'spni;tively,  as  piililislii'l  nrn  assunwil  to 
bo  in  error  anil  are  omitted. 

I-AKK  ONTAUIO  AT  (ISWKGO. 

[Uecord  fiirnislied  l>y  Mr.  Wni.  Pierson  iTiidsoii,  ('.  K.,  from  personal  lili's  of  liis  fatlirr,  Mr.  .1.  W. 

.Indson,  C  K.] 

[Measiirenipntsnitward  and  aliovo  an  arbitrary  bench  mark.     Kluvation  of  lienrli  mark  or  zero  -244.21 

foot.] 


Year. 

•Tan. 

Feb. 

1 
Mar.  Apr.  Mav. 

i 

•lllUO. 

July. 

3.16 
4.75 

Aug. 

Sept. 

()<t. 



1 
Nov.  Dec.  Mtan. 

1837 

.'1. 33 

1 

1 

1838  

1 

1839   



2. 50 



3.41 

1841)   

1.50 

3.75  ' 

1841   

1.75  

3  33 

1 

0.  06 
1.08 

1842 

2.  .'•.0 

"■..."■--■ 

1843 

2.83 

'i'.ht 

1K44 

1.16 



1815   

2.00 
1.41 
2.60 

]84(i   

0.00 

1.25  i 

' 

1847   

1848   

1.58 
2.00 

...1 

0.00 

1849 

2.00 

18,')() 



. 

1851 

2.41 
3.33 

i.60 

■ 

1852 

1853 



4.41 
4.41 

3.' 66" 
3.08 
4.66 
4.67 

3.08" 



2.75 

2.75 





i.io' 

2.25 

2.66" 
0.83 
3.83 



1854 

1 

..1 1. 



1855 

0.67  1 

1.58  1 

1 

1850 

1857 

0.66 
3.66 

1858 

!  a  33  i 

4.41 

1853  

.........i..»... ...... 

4.25  1  4.00 

2.00  

!     1     1 

1 

Remakks.— This  record  is  exactl.y  duplicated  bj'that  published  in  New  York  Meteorology,  1850-1863, 
by  F.  1$.  Houijh  (New  York  Library). 

The  only  discrepancy  is  the  reading  of  March,  1855,  given  by  Mr.  .Tudson  as  2.75  feet  and  by  Mr. 
Hough  a8"0.07;  a.s  0.07  seems  to  agree  with  the  record  at  Port  D'alhousic,  it  is  accepted  as  correct. 

The  zero  readings  of  Marcli,  1840,  and  November,  1848,  are  from  Mr.  Judsou's  record,  and  are  not 
given  by  Mr.  Hough. 

These  re.-iding.s  are  i)robably  from  single  observations. 

Mr.  M'ln.  Pierson  Jndson  in  letter  of  February  20, 1896,  gives  the  following  infor- 
mation in  regard  to  the  zero  or  arbitrary  mark  used  above :  "In  1838  my  father  (.lohn 
W.  Judson,  graduate  of  West  Point,  class  of  1836),  who  was  for  many  years  United 
States  agent  iu  charge  of  Lake  Ontario  works,  established  the  zero  of  the  Oswego 
gauge  at  what  ho  determined  to  his  satisfaction  was  extreme  low  water  level, 
tbongh  at  that  time  the  lake  waa  extremely  high,     lie  found  in  1838  au  entire  lack 


.fi!) 

•>•> 

•2.  in 

.02 

•1.  2U 

;ir> 

.02 

.8!) 

.■1.1 

.8f) 

.(10 
.08 

.US 





.00 

.,S3 

.8a 

.00 

12 


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THE  WERNER  COM* 


H  Doc  y.^    54  2 


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Lake   Erie 


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THE  WERNER   CO  M  PANv,  A  KRON.O 


Lake   Erie 


12 


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Chrt^Ttal  of  this  co/ay  a!y  trt  posamaauon  Kif  the  TVkstern^JieserxreJhJstorrbcd 
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H  Doc  y.;^    54  2 


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I 


T" 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


189 


of  knowledge  of  lake  liiictuations,  unci  saw  (hat  a  record  of  theiii  was  uecessary  to 
iutelligont  work.  Among  other  ovideure  he  found  au  old  resident  who  lived  oil  the 
lak4'  slioro  and  who  told  him  of  a  time  about  twenty  years  ago  (evidently  in  1811)) 
when  the  lake  was  the  lowest  over  known,  and  when  the  rock  ledges  were  dry  far 
out  from  shore.  He  said  he  hfid  there  quarried  the  rock,  and  had  drilled  one  hole 
around  wliich  'o  expected  to  niako  a  clay  dam  to  keep  his  powder  dry.  His  drill 
was  Jammed  in  the  hole  when  the  waves  arose  and  drove  him  away,  and  later  broke 
off  tlio  drill.  They  went  out  in  a  boat  and  found  the  broken  drill  in  the  hole,  and 
this  was  taken  as  the  zero  level  which  has  .since  been  used." 
The  elevation  of  this  zero  is  214.21  feet. 


l.'ECOHI)   AT   OGDKN.SBUKG,  SFAV   YORK. 

A  record  of  water  levels  at  Ogdensburg  from  1851  to  1857  is  given  in  Now  York 
Meteorology,  1850-18615,  by  V.  B.  Hough  (New  York  State  Library).  .\s  no  compila- 
tion of  records  prior  to  1860  along  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver  has  been  attempted  in  this 
exhibit,  this  table  is  omitted. 

LAKIi  ONiAKIO  AT  CUAKLOTTE,  N.  Y.  (MOUTU  OF  UKNESEE  UIVKK). 

[Monthly  mean  of  water  levela  lielow  a  fixed  ]ioint.  From  article  by  I'rof.  C.  Dewey  in  Anieiiean 
Journal  of  Seience,  vol.  77,  and  also  given  in  Xcw  York  Meteorology, "1850-1803,  by  F.  I!,  llounb  ( N'ow 
York  State  Library).) 


Year. 


184(1  . 
1S47 
1848 
184!»  . 

1850  . 

1851  . 
1  a:,2  . 

1853  . 

1854  . 

1855  . 
1850  . 
1857. 
1858. 
185!) 


Jan. 


Eel). 


■so  I 
00  '■ 
42  ! 
17 
75 
67 
17 
92 


4.  50 
;t.  50 

2.  83 
4.17 

3.  33 
4.50 
4.25 
2.07 

3.  25 
4.42 
2.  92 

4.  07 
1.08 
2.  00 


Mar. 


Apr. 

May. 

June. 

3.  25 

.it.ly. 

3,  25 

Aug. 
3.  .50 

1 
Sept. 

3.75 

3.  .50 

3.  75 

3.  00 

2.42 

2.08 

2.08 

2.08 

3.00 

3.  17 

3.  17 

3.08 

3.17 

3.  25 

3.67 

3.83 

3.00 

2.75 

3.67 

3.  25 

3.75  ; 

3.33 

2.  (17 

2.42 

2.83 

3.  83 

3.92 

3.92 

3.07 

3.17 

2.  92 

3.17 

3.511 

3.67 

2.  17 

2.17 

1.83 

2.00 

2.50 

2.  08 

1.07 

1.17 

2.  25 

1.67 

2.00  , 

3.17 

2.25 

2.00 

2.08 

2.  25 

3.  (10 

3.  33 

3.33 

3.00 

2.83 

3.00 

3.00 

2.58 

1.  92 

1.50 

1.92 

2.  50 

3. 118 

3.67 

2.92 

2.00 

1.58 

I.  CO 

1.17 

1.  .50 

0.33 

0.50 

0.33 

0.17 

0.67 

0.83 

0.50 

0.17 

0.07 

0.92 

1.42 

Oct. 


3.  75 
3.  25 
4.08 
3.  17 
4.33 
3.  92 
1.92 
2.  33 
3.07 
2.  83 
3.83 
0.75 
1.00 
1.83 


Nov. 

Deo. 

Mean. 

4.00 

3.75 

3.77 

3.58 

3.  S3 

2. 99 

4.  50 

4.42 

3.41 

3.17 

3.  42 

3.  .56 

4.58 

3.  ,58 

3.49 

4.42 

4.  25 

3.76 

3.17 

2.  83 

2,89 

3.17 

3.  25 

2.  ;i2 

4.00 

4.17 

3.  02 

2.  75 

2.75 

3.  21 

4.42 

4.42 

2.  90 

2.00 

1.83 

2.  49 

1.17 

1.33 

0.  90 

2.33 

2.08 

1.31 

Ki  \rAl(K8. — These  readings  were  taken  on  the  first  day  of  each  month.  Taken  by  H.  T.  Spencer, 
Iron.  1846  to  1855,  and  by  Luther  Jetlbrda,  from  1855  to  1859,  and  reported  by  Trot'.  Chester  Dewey,  of 
Kochester. 

There  are  some  slight  ditlerencea  in  the  record  as  given  in  the  two  publications  mentioni  d,  and  that 
wliicli  seemed  most  consistent  was  accepted. 

The  average  dillVirence  between  the  record  from  1846  to  1859  at  (-swego  and  this  is  about  4.92  feet, 
the  Oswego  record  being  iibove  zero  and  this  down.  Hence  the  elevation  of  the  li.\.ed  point  u.scd  as  zero 
is  approximately  244.21+4.92  —  249.13  feet. 

Bv  comparison  with  Port  Dalhousie  for  the  years  1845)  to  1850,  incluHiv4^,  the  fixed 
poiiit  is  2:5i{.12-t-(13.45+2.71)^- 249.28  feet. 

Adopted  210.21  as  being  a  mean  of  the  two  determinations  and  exactly  5  feet  above 
above  Oswego  zero. 

"The  lowest  mcfisured  in  February  1857,  and  highest  in  August,  18.58.  This  same 
uiaximinn  and  miuinnim  tit  Toronto  in  the  months  aiid  years.  I'or  tliis  fiiet  I  am 
indebted  to  the  accurate  observer  .;t  that  point  in  Canada  West,  the  hiirbor  master. 
The  range  is  f  und  to  be  nearly  the  some  in  Lake  Michigan.  \Yhih)  force  of  winds 
make  ol)8crvation8  not  altogether  siniultaueons  iit  the  jtoints  dilVercntly  atl'ected  by 
the  winds,  still  a  series  of  observations  must  lead  to  closely  approximate  results." 

LAKE  ONTAKIO  AT  CIIAtTMONT. 

I  Frnm  a  iri  onl  kept  liyC.  V.  It.  Ilorlon.  at  Chaunuuit,  Jetferson  County.  \.  V.  rublishcd  in  New 
^'l)^k  Melciirology,  1S.')0-18(I3,  by  F.  0.  Hough,  New  York  State  Library.  Thedistances  arc  fnim  tlie 
top  of  diiik  down  to  the  water."  Uccora  is  of  one  or  two  observations',  ] 


Y«ar. 


11-'!'  "I 

Jan.    Eeb.    Mar.   Apr.  1  May.  1  June  1  July  I.Aug.  1  Sept.l  Oct.  1 


Nov.  1   Dec.  Mean 


1859  . 


0.07       0.50       0.87        1.00        1.42 


2.08 


.07 


liKMAIlKS.— Mr.  llorton  remarks  that  the  lake  had  been  higher  in  1859  than  had  ever  hefori-  been 
known.  Owing  to  the  small  amountof  rain  that  fell  in  the  spring  and  early  summer  months,  it  began 
to  fall  earlier  tlmii  usual. 

llv  . I udson  record  top  of  dork  <  244.21+5.15  -219,33  feet;  bv  Lake  Survey  top  of  dock  is  249,04) 
0.3(i  249.40  feet  I  by  I'ort  Dalhousie  top  of  dock  is  233.12Hl6.6l:_  248.63  feet.  Adopted  the  mean,  or 
219.45  foot. 


VM) 


KKPORT   OK    IJ.  S.  DEKP    WATEKWAYK   (JOMMIS8ION. 


I'lohi  triiililioiiiil  iiccdiiiilH  iiixl  (h<^  retollec.tiiin  of  narly  Hotilrr.s  I  Id-  laUo  .it  (!Iihii- 
tiKiiil,  \v;is  low  ill  mr.i,  1«01,  IWW  to  IHII,  1822  to  1828,  IM\  in  IHjK);  :iii<l  lii'ili  in  i7!»H, 
imrt  to  IH()7,  1812  to  18l!»,  182!tto  IHIJI,  IKIJ?  to  IKWt,  18.")2,  mid  IH."):}.  It  WiiH  of  iiiiildlo 
li.MKlit  ill  1«2(),  1821,  18;{2  to  18:{(>,  1810,  1811,  aii»l  1851.  Tlir  o.vtromo  cliangiw  of  level, 
incliidiii^  Hiiddoii  oH(;illatioi>H,  liavo  huoii  aInioHt  5  I'cet. 

Oil  (ho  ITiMi  of  .Jiiiio,  185i(,  the  watorw  roMo  and  Ml  21  iii<ln!H. 


I.AKIC  ONTARIO  AT  I'OItT   IIAMIOHSIK. 

I  IIiMiliri(^H  ail'  c|i'|il  li  III'  Will  IT  on  iiiitrr  hIII  iif  I'lilraiK'n  lixik,  Willnnil  (jiiniil,  iil  I'mt  HiilliiiiiHir 


1H4I>  . 

\h:,\  . 

1H.V2  . 
IK.M  . 
IHri4 
IH,V.  . 

lavi 

IH.'i7  . 
IH.W. 


Viar. 


.Inn.     Fill). 


74  I 

87  1 

ll!l  1 

III  I 

41  I 

III  I 

71  I 

II'J  1 

;i:i  I 

•ll!  1 

KH  1 


Mar. 


2.  70, 
l.O'.l, 

\.h:, 

2.2l[ 

:t.  411 

'J.  HO 
I .  .Ml' 

1.41: 

i.r>() 
4.  ^:> 


Ajtr.     May.  .Iiiiio, 


i:i. '20 

r2.o:i 

IL'.  H!) 
III.OU 

i;i.7o 
i:i.  ;ti 

II..V2 

12.  «;i 

12.  04 
14.06 
\r>.  10 


i;i.88 
i:t.  II 
i:i.2i 
1.1. «« 
i4.;iH 

14.00 
12.  l.-i 

i;i.  40 
i:t.  .w 

l.'i.  50 
I5..'>1 


Inly.  I  Aii^.    Si'pt.     Oct.  {  Tsov.  I  lire.    .Menu. 


1.1. 1121 

i:i.;ii, 
i:i.  Xl; 
14.47 

i.''i.  ;i4i 
i4.;i<. 
i:i  ;):i 

14.  2H 

.48 

l.-).8t 

l.^HI), 


12.80 
I2.UII 
i:i.  21 
I4.;i7 
14.84i 
14.40 

n.4.'i 
It.  4:1 

ll.5» 
l.'i.  70 
l.'i.  87 


12.4.1 

12.  .'■.r. 

Kl.  110 

1:1.  im 
1:1.  or 

14.221 

i:t.:ii 
1:1.110 

l.'i.WI 
l.'i  70 
15.71' 


12.  1.1 

12.  :iH 

12.  8H 

13.  .18, 
]».  )!4 
1:1.77 
13.  .17 
12.  17 
14.71 
15.  2» 
1.1.20 


11.78 
12.00; 

12.  :i7 
i:!.;iu 
1:1.  :i3 
1:1. 10 

13.04 
12.  .10 

I4.:i4 

1,1.04 
14.60 


11.74 
11.011' 
12.2.1! 
1:1.  31 1 
13.25; 
12.  40, 
12.  3.1 
ll.iHi; 
14.30 
14.!I4 
14.118 


11.04 
II.  00, 
12.17 
1:1.  31' 
13.2:1 
11.71) 
12.31 
ll.:i.1i 
14.00! 
14.01 
1:1.  00 


12.07 
12.  :i7 

12.  00 

13.  :i« 
13.  K4 

1:1.  :i4 

12.  .10 
12.00 
1:1.00 
1.1.  10 
14.!W 


Uk.makkh.  KIrviiliiiii  of  iniliT  nlll  ol'old  lor.k.or  pliiim  of  nifi'ifiiicw,  at  I'orl  DallioiiMin  i.s  2.1:1. 12  Ci'iit. 
'I'lii^  ri'iuliiit;  till'  Si'iiti'iiilHtr,  181:1,  in  iihhiiiikmI  in  lin  I  I'onl  in  error,  unci  ih  roriocti'il  li.v  thai  imiioniiI. 
'I'IiIh  rrcoi'd  liirniHlicil  liy  Mr.  'riiiiniiiM  Monro,  (sii^iiiiM'r  .SonliiiiKitH  (.'anal,  Idler  of  Sepjeinlii"'  M.  IMIO, 
and  in  11  niontlily  nienn  of  <laily  lee.iird  by  loek  nuiHler.  Ity  a  eninpariHon  nf  tweiiU  i<i;;lil  nionflm 
eoniinoii  lo  .1  ihIhoiih  leeonl  at,  ()»\vr;;o  and  IliiH  talile  the  ni  iter  .sill  l.t  IH.'.IH  I  eel  lielow  I  lie  JiidHon  zero, 
or  '244.21  -  lO.UH      2:i:i.2:i  tei't. 

l.AKK  ONTAl.'IO  AT  KOllT  NIAOAKA. 


(Frnni    iirtiele   )iy    Mr. 


I'lw'd  (liddinKH   (piililiHiKMl  in    paniphlid,,  lioekport,  N.  V.,  in    IH:ik,  N<nv   \<>vU 
Slate  l.ihraiy).     l{«adin;;H  are  above  a  eei'tain  /.ero.  | 


^'ear.              ,  .Ian. 

1 
1811           ' 

I'll..     Mar. 
'.'  (17 

Apr. 

May. 

.lime. 

.Inly. 
f>.  .'13 

AiiK. 

Sept. 

Oil. 

i 

Nov.     Kee. 

1 
i 

Mean. 

IHIO •■■' 

4.17 

IHI7    

5.08 
4.  50 
4.17 

' 

JHIH     

2.67 



\ 

IHllI    

1.75 

*       '               ( 

1H'20    ! 

1 .  21 

3.  17 

4.8:1 

IH21              

IH'J2    

1   U'i 

4.17 
4.50 

IH2:i 'i  <KI 

1H24      

2.17 

4.07 

1 

|8'21 ... 

0  07 

2.  02 

1 

1 H20               ... 

.     ...    (1  07 

3  17 

1 

IK2V 

4.83 

4.17 
1  r>n 

I8:i8 

7.17 

0.08 

1 

Ul.MAliK.s.-  lii'niHter  liept  ill  l''oil  Nianara  by  Mr.  (iiddin^H.  Zero  in  .1  feel  lielow  the  upper  ciirfaee 
of  till'  upper  end  of  the  eap  nil  I  of  the  wharf  a  I  the  iiinnth  of  the  N  iauHiii  Kiver  near  I'ort  Nia^^ara. 
l''i'oiii  a  11  nil  pari  SI  in  of  the  leadiiiKH  <il  18:iH  Mr.  WhittleHey  eonelndeil  that.  Mr  I  iiddiii).!n's  /eio  w  as  HI 
feel,  bi'liiw  lilt  Ohwi'i;!)  '/.ero  (lif^nehina.k  A  21I.U0  feet),  or  '21I.UIi  10  211.00  feel.  ThiHie|;mlei 
lediired  anil  jiiibli.slied  by  Mr.  Whittlesey.  TliOHe  readings  are  Iriuii  sini;le  obHer\  at  ions,  but  are 
intended  In  hIiow  an  average  eondition.  ( Ninipariii);  by  iliily,  IK:ih.  w  illi  .liidHon'H  leiord,  the  /ero 
244.21  (7.17  1.71)  211.70  lent.  Zero  241.77  adopted' un  approxiniately  eorroct.  (Joinii.iiinn  .Iiilv, 
1H:ih,  Willi  .Mr.  Whittli'Hey'H  table  kIvch  211.00- (3.04  I  7.17)      241.71  feet.  ' 

NoiK.H.  ill  ISI,-),  1811!,  and  1817  wa(«r  iioarly  Ht;itioiii%r,v  Ironi  Novcnilicr  In  Mandi; 
ill  1818,  Iroiii  Dcri'iiilH'r  ((>  Ajiril ;  in  IHlllaiid  1820,  (roiii  Novcinlicr  to  Maiili ;  in  1821, 
(Voiii  Itdconilirr  to  Aiiril.  and  in  1822  lo  18'_'t)  lYoiii  liefiMnlier  <o  Man  li. 

TliiH  record  riirniHliod  liy  tliii  Now  York  Htutt)  Jiilirary  lliioiij.r|i  ||i»'  <!i»iirlt(Hy  ot  tlio 
Hiicrctary  and  diroclor,  Mr.  Moivil  J)owoy. 


lui  :it,  ('li)m- 
-li  ill  I7!»S, 

iH  Driiiiiiiiiu 

^I'H   <)l'  1(J\  Cl, 


I>:illiiiiiMii'. 


1....  1 

1 

J4 

II.  im! 

ill 

ll.Cflj 

ir, 

12.17 

II 

i;i.;)i 

;5 

1:1.2:) 

0 

11.7it 

!.'■. 

I2.:ii 

Ill 

Ji.;m^ 

Id 

U.llll' 

14 

14.91 

)8 

1:1.  (1(1 

12.(17 
12.  :i7 
12.  (iO 

i:<.  :m 
1:1.  H4 
n.  ;i4 
12.  .w 

12.  (i6 

l.l. '10 

1.'').  Ill 

M.ilH 


>  is  2:1:;.  i:;  Ct'i'i. 

'   tllllt  IIIIKIIIIll. 

cinlic'-  1 1,  IhiMi, 
«i;;lit  iMonlliH 
:  iIikIhoii  /,iT(i, 


:tK,  N((\v   \itiU 

.[  Die.  ..Mciiii. 

I  I 

r      I    ■   ■ 


iipiMT  F:iirii((i 
I'Oil  N  ill  nil  111. 

I  M  /mo  WIIM   Id 

'I'liJH  icjiiMlur 
tiiiiiM,  lull  iiriv 
I'lircl,  (lin  /('III 
ii]iiii'iiii;  July, 


I'  til  MiiK'li ; 
■h;  ill  IHLM, 

•t«)My  of  tlio 


Rr.poiiT  or  u.  s.  dehp  watehwavs  commission. 


191 


LAKK  ONTAIMO. 


[I''i'(p|ii;iniilo  liy  (Icn.  II.  A.  S.  1)itiirli(irii,  Aiiiim  iriiii  .loiiriial  of  Sc  iciicr,  vol.  Hi.     "In   1814  liiikt)  (J 

aliciiil  2  t'tii;)  I'li^fliiT  tliau  ill  18i:i."     Kroui  nrtii'lc  b.v  K.  Mvrriiiiiiii  in  IIiiiil.  Mii'ia/.ini'.  vol.  2M.  jip 

Ui^i'oi'il  k(!pl  liv  Mr.  OiiHtuii.  kui^iKT  of  (luvi'rniiii'nt  liKlit-liiiimi:  oil  (iiill  IhIuikI.     Koailiugu 
..1 1 ».>       1/1 «:....  <.r  ..<.....  ..■.■..><kw:i..Mti.ltr  m.i.i  ti  «'j.i.*    i 


uliiivo  7.i-ro.     I'ilfviitioii  lit'  /.uro  u)>|iro.<(iiiiatvly  244.71  fuiil 


111  1814  Liiko Ontario 
1.01  m. 
arc  all 


IK4()  . 
IK4I 

Year. 

•Inn. 
■>.•>■ 

Kcl). 

Mar. 


.Vpr. 

v.  hi) 


.(•7 

1.17 

May. 

'i.70' 
2.  00 
2.17 

tllllKt. 

'    1 

2.8:j  1 
i.iio 

Inly. 


Ann.    S«ipt,.     ()<■!,. 

; !...;. .L^.. 

aO.'Sa  

Nov. 

Di'C.   Mran. 

1 

0.  7.'i  ' 

.Ml 

1«42         

1.17 

07 

IH4:i 

1 

07 

IM14 



...... 

7.'-.    

1.17    

.;i:t   

IHI.O 

1.  17 

1 

a  I'M  14   liiclioM  in  tliirly-Hix  hours. 


ItlCMAliKH.— nnnilincaaroallHinKlo  olmorvatioim.  KroiniK^nmpariHon  williJinlMon'H original  ri'corilof 
tliiionly  iiionlli  ('oinnion  to  till)  two,  tlio /(iio  aiipt'iirH  lo  IiiM.K:I— I.:i:j  or  0.50  {  214.21  214.71  I'l'i't.  liy  a 
ooinparlHonol'tliirliM'ii  inontliH  with  .Mr.  Wliiltlosi'y'HdiMlni'.tMl  talilti  tint  /.ttro  is  2.'>I.'.M!     7.05     211.0!  lutit. 


Mr.  Oii.Mtoii  lifimirkH  in  loiiort  diitcd  l)(U!i(uil»or  l.'>,  IHKi:  "  Tho  lai<o  coiiimonrwd 
I'lHiu^  in  (Jctolioriiixl  contiiiut'tl  on  lliu  riso  wlieii  tliu  li<;lit  wjim  iliHC<>ntinii»il,  l)«>ccni- 
Imm-  li,  at  th«)  cloHo  of  navijrtition.  In  August,  for  tlio  lir.st<  tiinu  sinc.o  I  took  ciiar^i;  of 
Mio  li^dit,  I  iMtiilil  walk  around  tlio  towttr,  tlio  r.uik  upon  wliicli  it  HtandH  buing  dry. 
'I 


Imm-  Ii,  at  tho  cloHo  ot  navijration.  In  August,  for  tlio  lir.st  tiinu  sinc.o  I  took  1 
III)-,  li^'lit,  I  ooiild  walk  around  tlio  towor,  tlio  r.uik  upon  wliicli  it  HtandH  In 
riio  lii<^li(;ut  ill  tlicHo  rucHirds  iH  June  2*J,  1810,  ami  the  lowcHt  AugiiBt,  IKIU," 


KlllKAlJ   (.'ANAI.    KKCOIII)   as   kbit   AT  TIIIC    I.OC'K    AT    KiNdSTO.V   .Mll,l..«. 

[TliiH  tiililo  riiriiiHliud  liy  tlio  lli'iiartiniint  ol'  IlailwayH  anil  (JiinalH,  Dominion  ol'  i^niiaila.] 


Yrar. 


IH.50. 
IH.5:i  . 
IH.55  . 
IH.50. 
18.-.7  . 
18.58  . 


Jan.  ;  Kub.  '  Mar. 


7.81 
8.  .52 
7.4:1 
H.  ,50 
8.00 
8.1)0 


7.88 
8. 1)2 

7.  25 
8,58 

8.  04 
8.  no 


7.00 
9.27 

7  ;i7 
8.;io 
8. 11:1 
8. 35 


Apr. !  May.  Juno.  July.   Aii^. 


8. 17 
U.  (12 
7.77 
8.50 
8.02 
U.  12 


8  88  '  8.  75 
10.75  10.112 
8.  25  8.  Oil 
U.  no  0.  00 
7.  IIK  :  8  00 
8.50  !  8.  (i7 


7.  8!(  '  8.  29 
10.(11      1».()8 

0.  17     8.50 
II.  (10      8.  8:1 

8.  00      8.  00 
8.  50      8.  HO 


S«pt.      <  )C!t. 


Nov.  I  Drc.  Menu. 


8. 1:1     7. 42     6. 8:1 


«.  5;i 
8.  U3 
8.;il 
8.  (Ill 

u.oo 


11.  Ill 

8.  ,50 
8.  25 
8.1)0 
il.  00 


8.8:t 
8.  1:1 
8.00 
8.  00 
8.  .50 


7.  03  7.  8H 

8.  fl  '  !l.  ,'-,,'^1 
8.27  ;  8.  Hi 
8.2!!  i  8.54 
K.  00  8.  Ill 
K.  1 1  8.  57 


ItKMAKKH.  'I'lio  roiiilini^H  ^ivotln'.  ilcplli  of  watiir  on  llio  initor  Hill  of  lowor  lock,  taken  alioiil  lour 
tliiK'H  a  nionlli,  aiiil  tliu  iiv(^rat;u  taki^n  as  a  inontlily  nicaii. 

i''roin  a  c<>ni))ariHoii  of  tho  moan  of  tho  nioaiiH  of  nix  yoarn  hutwcon  Kiii^Htoii  mid 
I'ort  halhouHio,  tho  niilor  nill  at  Kinf,'Hton  Milln  in  2:W.lL'  -f-  V.V.i't  -  K.ir,  or  L'H.S.OL'  Icot 
abovo  mean  tido  at  Now  York. 

'riio  value  iiHodfor  thiHiniterHill,  237.H1,  dediicod  from  a<',<  mTiHon  of  walcr  ii'\tls, 
WXi  t<»  IHiin,  incliiHivo.     (Hoe  Wator  lovtdn  for  tho  (iroat  I  .ikim,  (^tc.) 

Tho  followiiif^  iH  from  an  arti<do  by  Maj.  It.  Laidilau,  in  Amori(;an  .louriial  of 
Kirioiico,  voIh.  (»!(  and  70,  I8r>r». 

In  contriiHt  to  Lake  llrio  from  IHKt  to  \H'>'2,  Luke  Ontario  waH  an  I'oIIowh  at  nioiilh 
of  (ionosou  Uivur.     UiiitanccH  iire  from  top  of  dock  to  water: 


Yoai. 


184(> 
1817 
1848 


DlHlaiicim, 


Y.iir. 


/•Vet. 


2.25  1849 
1.08  l.s.'iO 
2.08  ,,   1851 


DislMiir 


hWI. 


1.75 
1 .  42 
I.  •.12 


Nori;.s.  — In  IS,'i2  hake  Ontario  1.17  f<!ot  liinhcr  than  in  1W.'>I.  In  1H.'>;1 1, ako  Ontario 
0.7.')  fool  biKlioi,  and  lali'iilatud  to  be  the  Hame  an  in  IHliO  and  18;i8,  ond  1. 12  fVet 
feet  above  niiniiniiin  of  184t).  In  1838  Luke  Ontario  Haid  to  bo  ti  foot  lU  iiichcu 
abovo  1825. 


.^ 


192 


UEPORT   OF   U.  8.  DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION. 


LAKE  ONTARIO. 


[From  article  by  Charles  AVliittlesey  in  Smitlifloninn  Contributions  toKnoTvlodgr,  Vol.  XII,  1800.  Tliis 
rtTord  is  reduced  I'rom  orijiinal  'Oswfgd  records,  but  contains  many  rcadiuiis  not  in  any  orijiiniil 
talde  athand.J 


Year,  a 


1837.... 
1838.... 
1839.... 
1840  . . . . 
1841.... 
1842.... 
1843  . . . . 
1844.... 
1845.... 
184B.... 


Jan. 


.1  5.46 


5.00 
C.  75 
0.45 
C.  58 
fl.CU 
7.40 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May, 


June.  July. '  Aug. :  Sept. !  Oct.  ;  Nov 


C.29 
5.70 
G.4G 

'6.' 58' 
0.37 
7.58 


5. 67  '  5. 17 
.5.90  !  5.23 
6.17  1  5.89 


6.10 
j  6.38 

i  7.73' 


6.50 
6.13 
5.08 
6.58 


4.46 
4.54 


5.20 


6.33 


4.12 
4.56 
5.42 
5. 05 
5.25 
5.08 
0.35 


4.50 
3.04 
4.42 
4.17 
4.71 
5. 2:1 
5.08 
5.23 
5.42 
0.U8 


4.40 
4.42 
5.12 
5.  .'■)8 
5.56 
5.  30 
5.88 
6.33 


5.08 
4.  42 
5.37 

'g.'25' 
0.10 
0.12 
6.46 
0.42 
7.12 


Dec. 


5.75 

5.  49 
0.97 

6.  35 
0.21 


5.08 
7.(10 
(i.  .55 
0.42 


0.79 
7. 4(1 


0.58 


Mean. 


a  At  Oswego,  1837  to  1845  inclusive,  aiul  at  Oswego  and  Itoclicster,  1846. 

KEMARKf.— Record  taken  at  Oswego  bv  Lieutenant  Snieed,  V.  S.  A.,  Iioni  1837  to  18-10,  !ind  liv  J.  W. 
Judaon,  C.  K.,  from  1840  to  1845. 

As  tlio  original  record  of  Mr.  Jndson  docs  not  sliow  nearly  as  full  as  this  tabic.  Mr.  Whiillcsov 
probably  had  access  to  other  data  which  arc  not  at  hand  in  the  original  I'orni.  Mr.  Whittlesey  s 
reduced  table  is  tlieref'ore  inserted  liere. 

Tiie  zero  was  the  top  of  coping  of  the  west  pier  near  its  Bontliern  end  at  the  boat- 
house,  counting  downward  to  *;he  Rnrfaci!  of  the  water.  Tliis  zero  is  stated  to  he  the 
same  its  bench  mark  A.  Oswego,  elevation  e(|ual8  251.JI6  feet.  (Authority  of  William 
Pierson  .ludson.) 

IJy  a  comparison  of  twenty  monthp  ommon  to  both  registers,  Mr.  Spencer's  or 
Professor  Dewey's  zero,  or  top  of  Hod  'ter  dock  is  2,83  feet  below  Oswego  zero,  or 
elevation  is  251.!)r)— 2.«3r=24y.l3  feet. 

In  1795  yearly  change  of  levels  equals  3  feet  by  Mr.  Weld  (Weld's  Travels  in  Canada). 
Lake  reported  higher  than  for  the  past  thirty  vears.  Lowest  state  since  1838  was 
November,  1848. 

The  following  is  from  United  States  Lake  Survey  (Report  of  Chief  of  Engineers, 
1876),  plane  of  reference  being  high  Avater    f  1838.    Elevation  taken  as  249.04  feet: 


Locality. 

■^nar. 

1859 
1859 
1859 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar.    Apr. 

i 

May. 

June. 

0.12 
0.15 
0.56 

July. 

Aug. 

0.64 
0.90 
J.  08 

Sept. 

1.15 
1.06 
1.73 

Oct. 

1.64 
2.13 
2.32 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Oswego 

Cliarlotte 

1 

0.46 
0.46 
0.79 

2.23 
2.02 
2.74 

2.24 



2. 29 

Fort  Niagara 

i 

2.52 

1 

The  following  is  from  New  York  Meteorology,  by  F.  B.  Hough.  Measurements 
made  by  Deputy  Harbor  Master  Smith,  of  Toronto.  I'nbli.slicd  in  C.madian  Year 
Book  for  1871  and  given  as  upward  i'ron>  an  arbitrary  point.  In  this  table  the  meas- 
urements have  been  redu(!ed  lo  read  from  a  point  4.37  feet  above  the  original  zero, 
and  the  readings  are  all  down  to  water  surface.  For  six  years,  1854-1859,  the  mean 
at  Toronto  was  2.0(5  and  at  Charlotte  2.31  feet,  the  former  above  and  the  latter 
below.     The  sum  of  the  two  equals  4.37  feet. 

[Table  prepared  by  Prof.  fr.  T.  Kingston,  director  observatory. 1 


Year. 


Jan. !  Feb.    Mar. 


1854 1  2.71      2.02  2.54 

1855 3.70     3.81  3.97 

1830 '  2.73     2.87  2.95 

1857 1  4,05     3.9.'.  3.40 

18.58 1  1.77      1.87  2.34 

1859 1  2.61  I  2.54  1  2.44 


Apr.  I  May.  i  June.  July. i  Aug. 


I 


2.35 
3.  85 
2.00 
2.01 
2.00 
1.50 


l.CO 
3.  00 
1.97 

i.ni 

1.83 
0.91 


1.39 
2.08 
1.69 
1.35 
1.09 
0.91 


1.52 
2.15 
1,80 
0.89 
0.8a 
1,14 


2.10 
2.00 
2.22 
0.92 
0.99 
1.40 


Sept. 

Oct. 

2.  50 

2.  92 

2. 20 

2.31 

2.  Oil 

2.99  , 

1.12 

1 .  58 

1.59 

1.90 

2.  03 

2.  50 

Nov.    Dec,  Mean. 


3.48 
2.  52 
3.50 
1.04 
2.  'J9 
3.05 


3.02 

2.  40 

3.  75  . 

1.25  ■ 

2.04 

2  85 

2.44 
2.  K9 
2.  05 
2.  08 
1.77 
1.99 


18G0.    Til  is 
inv  originiil 


1)<T. 

Mean. 

5.  m 

7.110 
(i.  55 
0.42 

(i.  58 

EXHIBIT   O. 

THE  ICE  SEASON.— BASIN  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES  AND 
SURROUNDING  TERRITORY.' 


md  IiyJ.AV. 

Whittlesoy 
Whittksoy'B 


t  tbe  boat- 
(1  to  1)0  the 
of  William 

pencer's  or 
;o  zero,  or 

n  Canada). 

3  1838  was 

Engineers, 
9.04  ieet : 


Nov. 


Deo. 


2.  23  2. 24 
2.  (J2  :  2. 29 
2.74  I  2.52 


asnrements 
adian  Year 
le  tlicmeas- 
iginnl  zero, 
SI,  the  mean 
I  the  latter 


Deo. 

Mean. 

3.G2 

2.44 

2.  4(i 

2.  W» 

.■{.  75 

2. 05 

1.25 

2.U8 

2.04 

1.77 

2.  85 

1.09 

[Longitude,  70°  to  109°  west;  lutitiule,  ;i7°  to  5!P  nortli.] 

Sir:  In  submitting  this  report  on  tbe  datii  of  tlie  ice  season  of  tlie 
United  States  and  Canada,  I  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  an  eftort  was 
first  made  to  secure  data  upon  the  subject  from  governmental  depart- 
ments, wliere  such  data  would  be  expected  to  be  found,  and  it  was 
ascertained  that  very  little  had  been  collected,  and  consequently  only 
a  small  amount  of  the  data  found  in  the  United  States  tables  were 
furnished. 

The  department  of  public  works  of  Canada  had  much  more  data  on 
record,  and  it  was  willingly  furnished  for  the  compiling  of  the  tables 
lor  Canadian  i^oints  along  the  Great  Lakes. 

An  original  collection  of  data  was  begun  by  order  of  the  engineer  of 
the  Commission,  and  a  voluminous  correspondence  was  undertaken  with 
lieads  of  departments  of  public  works,  observers  of  weather  bureaus, 
directors  of  meteorological  offices,  superintendents  of  marine  and  lish- 
( lies  departments,  inspectors  of  light-house  establishments,  light  house 
keepers,  collectors  of  customs,  boat  captains,  ice  merchants,  city  engi- 
neers, postmasters,  secretaries  of  boards  of  trade,  and  lake  carriers' 
association,  managers  and  superintendents  of  railroad  companies,  man 
agers  of  steamboat  lines  and  ferries,  and  private  individuals,  and  others 
in  the  United  States  and  Dominion  of  Canada  who  were  in  position  to 
have  the  infoniiation  sought. 

A  commendable  interest  was  awakened  among  officials  and  private 
citizens  on  the  subject,  and  a  great  amount  of  data  was  furnished, 
either  directly  or  indirectly,  covering  171  points  and  20  canals,  situated 
in  both  countries. 

This  data  represents  a  vast  amount  of  research  among  old  documents, 
diaries,  log  book's,  and  books  of  accounts.  The  data  as  received  wen^ 
arranged  in  a  very  miscellaneous  manner  and  has  been  systematically 
compiled  in  tables,  and  where  examined  and  compared  has  been  found 
to  be  very  consistent. 

The  data  for  some  points  were  difficult  to  obtain  and  involved  an 
extended  inquiry  before  the  proper  jarty  could  be  found;  but  eventu- 
ally some  ^lerson  was  discovered  who  could  furnish  the  data,  which  in 
several  instances  covered  a  long  period.  Had  more  time  been  availa- 
ble it  would  doubtless  iiave  been  possible  to  discover  the  existence  of 
data  at  other  points  -md  obtain  the  same. 


'  Prepared  under  the  direction  of  L.  E.  Cooley,  C.  E.,  by  Assistant  Charles  Poore. 


H.  Doc.  192 13* 


m 


I 


MlffTT    --||1 


I 


194 


REPORT   OF    r.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    C0:\IMIS8I0N. 


More  tlia)i  TOO  Jetterf?  have  been  sent  out  for  information,  and,  with 
but  few  exceptions,  replies  have  been  received,  sayinjif  the  writers  would 
gladly  do  what  they  could  to  obtain  the  information  souj^ht.  And  when 
it  could  not  be  readily  discovered  it  re(]uired  time  to  l(»cate  the  ])arty 
having  the  information,  and  the  time  allotted  lor  this  invt'stigatiou  has 
proved  too  short  to  obtain  all  data  that  should  be  embodied  in  this 
report. 

In  this  connection  the  great  interest  taken  and  tlni  s])irit  of  coopera- 
tion exhibited  is  to  be  especially  commended,  and  to  it  is  due  in  large 
part  whatever  success  the  investigation  has  attained. 

Accompanying  this  report  are  183  tables,  150  of  them  giving  data  of 
ice  closings  for  dilferent  places,  L*G  giving  the  olhcial  closing  and  open- 
ing of  canals,  and  7  uncompleted  tables  for  dit'l'erent  points. 

The  authority  from  whom  the  data  were  obtained  is  noted  under  each 
tabhi  along  with  other  items  of  interest. 

The  latitude  north  and  longitude  west  with  the  altitudi^  as  far  as 
obtainable  are  found  at  the  to]). 

The  tables  give  the  year  and  date  of  the  opening  and  closing,  and  at 
the  foot  the  average  date  of  opening  and  average  date  of  closing  and 
average  number  of  days  closed. 

Dates  found  inclosed  in  parentheses  are  interpolated,  and  are  found 
as  follows:  An  arbitrary  is  obtained  by  comparing  the  dates  for  iden- 
tical years  in  some  other  table  of  near  latitu<lc,  and  this  is  applied  with 
its  jnoper  algebraic  sign,  and  the  new  date  thus  obtained  is  inserted  in 
the  blank  space.    The  method  in  detail  is  as  follows: 

Compare  dates  in  uncompleted  table  with  dates  of  completed  taWe, 
selected  as  the  basis  for  same  j^eriod.  Note  the  diiference,  with  its 
projjcr  algebraic  sign,  between  dates,  continue  this  process  over  as  long 
a  i)eriod  as  possible,  using  only  one  column  at  a  time;  combine  these 
differen(;es  algebraically  and  divide  the  result  l)y  the  number  of  years 
used.  The  quotient,  with  its  proper  algebraic  sign,  is  the  arbitrary  to 
apply  to  the  dates  iu  the  basis  table  to  obtain  the  dates  to  be  inter- 
polated. 

These  interpolated  dates  are  used  in  obtaining  the  average  closing 
and  opening  and  average  number  of  days  closed  for  equivalent  periods. 

The  average  dates  of  opening  and  closing,  and  the  average  number 
of  days  closed,  are  given  at  the  foot  of  the  table  for  as  long  a  period 
as  the  tables  will  permit. 

The  larger  proportion  of  the  tables  are  actual  ice  record,  some  of  the 
remainder  are  first  and  last  vessel,  and  others  ollicial  opening  and 
closing.  These  difierences  are  clearly  noted  on  the  diagrams  accom- 
l)anying  this  report. 

A  general  index  table  arranged  in  alphabetical  order  accompanies 
this  report.  This  is  a  summary  of  the  data,  and  gives  the  number  of 
the  tables,  the  latitude  north,  longitude  west,  and  the  altitude  as  far 
as  obtainable,  the  average  da>te  of  (jlosing,  the  average  date  of  opening, 
the  character  of  data,  the  number  of  years  used  for  securing  averages, 
and  the  average  number  of  days  closed.  There  is  also  added  the  twenty 
years'  period  from  the  winter  of  1870-77  to  the  Avinter  of  1805-90, 
inclusive,  showing  average  closing,  the  average  opening,  and  the 
average  number  of  days  closed.  In  this  table  will  also  be  found  mis- 
cellaneous notes  giving  name  of  place,  the  latitude  north,  the  longitude 
west,  the  altitude  as  far  as  obtainable,  the  estimated  closing,  the 
estimated  opening,  the  estimated  number  of  days  closed,  and  the 
authority. 


If 


and,  with 
tors  would 
And  when 

the  ]>arty 
f,'ation  has 
od  in  this 

)i'  coopei'a- 
iio  in  large 

ng"  data  of 
and  open- 

uiidei'  each 

V,  as  far  as 

iing,  and  at 
'h)sing  and 

1  arc  found 
;s  for  idou- 
pphed  with 
inserted  in 

leted  tahhi, 
ce,  with  its 
aver  as  long 
nbine  tliese 
)er  of  years 
iirbitrary  to 
to  be  inter- 
age  closing 
ent  periods, 
age  number 
ng  a  yeriod 

some  of  the 
pening  and 
:'anis  accom- 

iccompanies 
',  number  of 
titude  as  far 
3  of  opening, 
ig  averages, 
[I  the  twenty 

of  180r)-9{), 
ig,  and  the 
',  found  mis- 
he  longitude 

dosing,  the 
ed,  and  the 


KEl'ORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


IHAGKAM    SHEETS. 


U)5 


1 


In  connection  with  this  report  arc  submitted  live  sliects  of  diagrams 
marlvcd  "ice  season,"  and  numbered  from  1  to  5,  inclusive.  Tlicse 
cover  in  detail  only  such  portions  of  the  data  as  ix-rtains  to  points 
about  tlie  Great  Ijakes,  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Hudson  rivers,  and  to 
various  routes  under  consideration. 

No.  1  exhibits  in  the  lirst  cohunn  the  average  dates  of  closing  and 
oi)cning  (twenty  years  period)  and  diagrams  of  the  ice  season  at  points 
which  govern  the  routes  designated. 

The  second  column  contains  the  diagrams  of  the  average  number  of 
days  closed  at  the  dilferent  places  specified  during  the  period  from  the 
winter  of  187(1-77  to  the  winter  of  1895-90,  inclusive. 

The  thir<l  column  contains  diagrams  of  the  average  number  of  days 
closed  at  diflerent  points  on  the  rivers  for  the  same  period. 

The  fourth  column  contains  diagrams  of  the  "canal  closing  season" 
covering  the  periods  given  in  the  tables.  In  this  cohunn  will  also  be 
found  miscellaneous  notes  giving  diagrams  of  the  estimated  number  of 
days  closed  of  several  ])oints  not:  tabulated. 

On  account  of  the  short  time  available,  estimated  data  only  could  be 
obtained  at  some  remote  ])oiuts,  and  at  others  parties  are  still  endeavor- 
ing to  obtain  the  data. 

No.  2  displays  detailed  diagrams  of  the  data  obtaint^d  and  exhibited 
in  the  tables  and  the  diagram  of  the  average  number  of  days  closed 
for  the  period  mentioned.  These  diagrams  apply  to  places  on  or  near 
Lake  Huron,  Lake  Michigan,  and  Lake  Superior. 

No.  .'J  displays  detailed  diagrams  of  the  data  obtained  and  exUbited 
in  the  tables  and  the  diagram  of  the  average  number  of  days  ch)sed 
for  the  period  mentioned.  These  diagrams  apply  to  places  on  or  near 
Lake  Erie  and  Lake  St.  Clair. 

No.  4  displays  detailed  diagrams  of  the  data  obtained  and  exhibited 
in  the  tables,  and  the  diagram  of  the  average  number  of  days  (closed 
for  the  period  mentioned.  These  diagrams  apply  to  places  on  and  near 
Lake  Ontario  and  Lake  Oneida. 

No.  o  displays  detailed  diagrams  of  the  data  obtained  and  exhibited 
in  the  tables,  and  the  diagram  of  the  average  number  of  days  closed 
for  the  period  numtioned.  These  diagrams  apply  to  i)laces  on  or  near 
to  Lake  Champlain,  St.  Lawrence,  Hudson,  Connecticut,  and  Merrimac 
rivers.  In  comi)]cting  diagrams  the  same  method  of  tinishing  eiuls  is 
adopted  as  used  on  Sheet  No.  1,  with  this  exce])tion — one  end  being 
discontinued  with  considerable  slant,  indicates  that  the  data  for  that 
end  could  not  as  yet  be  obtained.  Where  years  are  lett  entirely  blank, 
no  dates  could  be  obtained. 

Space  has  been  left  at  the  top  so  that  diagrams  of  the  remaining 
years  of  the  century  nmy  be  added.  As  most  of  the  data  of  the  ice 
season  submitted  is  the  original  compilation,  and  the  time  allowed  for 
the  investigation  was  limited,  a  thorough  checking  could  not  be  nnide, 
and  dates  subsequently  gathered  upon  more  extensive  research  may 
cause  slight  changes. 

Much  new  data  may  be  added  which  will  be  of  great  interest  and 
from  which  more  reliable  conclusions  could  be  obtained,  aiid  some 
valuable  laws  nmy,  without  doubt,  be  deduced. 

Ke'^pectfully  submitted. 

Charles  Pooee,  C.  E., 

Assist  ant. 

Mr.  L.  E.  CooLEY,  C.  E., 

Engineer  United  States  Beep  Watcricays  Commiasion. 


196 


REPORT   OF    r.  (?.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


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•  00 

^  c^i  t'-  Ti  -f  o  lo  —  '?:i '?! '?»  re  -f  '-O  1^  r^      -jd  i  -  «+  o  —  -*  o  -t*  tn  -fo  ?(  oo  to  x  o 
Tl  ?J  M  rt  Tl  >-*  -r  t  -r  ir^  r-i  Tl  —  t  r-  --<       ;i  ri  ffu.-:  *-i  M  ?i  rt  c  Tl  i.^  o  o  ci  ri  o 


X  »  X  'J  rv  x  c.  X  oi  c.  c  x  - .  X  X  *, 


Oi  o  -f  »^  -r,  Ti  to  ri  tft  lO  X  ir  -^  rt !-  o 

o  f  ;•-<'-'">«'»  "^  ^:  "^  '^  •"•"  '-"^  ~f  "^  =' 


ci  -^  ^  -c  CI  >*.  X  n  -t  c>  X  —  X  i(^  -f  -r-      -«■  -f  —.  o  »ft  •-<  rt  ti  v.*^  rt  -ri  ti  Ci  -m  t-  Oi 


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i  s  i-  •:  5  ^"^  =  .=  .5 


T^r./.Jir^T.JiJiJl     xHriHr-HHr- 


^?^i 


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■f.  *2    ' 


=  a 

=  o 


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200 


REPORT    OP    IT.  8.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


Si 

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tiri 


B  05,5 
a  "^  rt  S 
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a 
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cl  OS  cd  ca^2.^,^.^.2.*^.'^  rt  «  c3 
'o  '3 '« 'o  *o  'S '« 'C  '5  'v  'G  '5  '^  '0 

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9  i 

6 


£^  Qtf  rt   C^  CL  ol  C^  C^  Ou  C^  ^"  ^^  C^  ^^ 

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.=  .=  1.5.5  =.=  .=  .=  =  § 

'■♦^  -C  W  *43  15  '+J  '-5  '+3  *Xj  4J  '^ 


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■^  ^  "t  10  .-H  r-i  CI  r-  i.-s  ft ;.: 


M  »2  ?i  x  -"  «  X  -^  r-  o  t- 

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rt  rt  -^  -M  *  . 


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_•  n  bi  x  ^  >■  J  ^ 

SO  g  B  iT    (£> 

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I  c  =  rt  :;  u.;;—  >, 
1  ftKi  >^  h!  35  H  <J  k^ 


bN. 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


201 


ADDENDA. 


Since  completing  this  report  additional  data  liave  been  received,  and 
they  have  been  compiled  in  tables  marked  and  numbered  A  No.  1  to 
A  No.  o,  inclusive;  also  two  tables  added  to  the  miscellaneous  list, 


marked  and  numbered  M  No.  8  and  M  No.  0 


Ciiaui.es  Pooke,  C.  E. 


THE  ICE  SEASON. 

No.  1.— AMOSKEAG  (\.  11.)  GATEUOUSK,  MEItiaMAC  KIVER. 
[42=  59'  latitude  nortli.    71°  29'  loiigitudo  wot.] 


Year. 


Opened. 


Closed. 


Year.         Opened.     Clused. 


Year.         Opened. 


Closed. 


1878.. 
1879.. 
IHHO.. 
1881.. 
1882.. 
1883.. 
1884.. 
1885.. 
1888.. 


Mar. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Mar.  28 
Apr.  11 
Mar.  31 


11 
9 


i;! 


Dec. 

Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Xov. 
Di'f. 
Nov, 


8 
18 
22 
20 
Zi 

;s 

21 


Xov.  27 
Nov.  29 


1887 

1888 

1H88 » 

1881) J 

1889 1 

1890 J 

1891 

1891 

1892 


Apr. 
Apr. 

DlT. 

Mar. 

Man' 
Mar. 
Doc. 


Dec. 
Nov. 


2 
20 


Fell.  2 
Dec.  r, 
.Nov.  24 
Dec.     1 


1892. . 

1S9:!.. 
18'.M.. 
189.').. 
189U.. 


•Juu.     U 


Jan. 
Jan. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Miir. 
Apr. 
Mar. 


15  I 

19  I 
29  I 
14  ! 

C 

5  I 


Jan. 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Xov. 
Dec. 


17 
26 
21 
27 
27 
111 


Avcraao  date  of  opening,  Marcli  19;  average  date  ol'  ilosiuj;.  X()vember28;  average  uiimljor  of  days 
cloned,  111. 
Aiitliiirity :  Mr.  AVilliaiii  E.  Stearns. 
Note. — C'tunpared  willi  Uartford.Couii.,  for  interpolation  for  tweiitv  .veai-.s'  period. 

No.  2.-ALI!ANV,  N.  Y.— HUDSON  lUVEK. 
[42^  :)9'  lalitude  nortli.     Altitude,  1 .30  feet.     7:P  45'  longitudo  west.] 


Jan. 

5 

D.'c. 

4 

D.H'. 

16 

Dec. 

19 

Dec. 

18 

Doc. 

6 

Dec. 

23 

Pec. 

12 

Open 

Dec. 

8 

Dc. 

20 

Dec. 

2:) 

Dec. 

n 

Dec. 

24 

Dec. 

9 

Avpriige  dateof  o]iening,  Manli  20;  aveianc  date  of  doling.  l)cceuil)<r  l."i;  aveingc  niiiiilper  of  days 
cloned,  9,'). 

AutlKiritio.s:  New  VorK  Aleti'ornlogy,  IH."i()-18l'hl,  second  .series,  by  I".  II.  lloiigli;  Mr.  Horace 
Andrews,  (.'.  E.  i  Reports  of  ('liief  Si;;iial  Ollicer,  I'nlteil  States  Weather  Hureau. 


i  I 


'  I    ! 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

No.  3.-ALPENA,  MICH. 
[45°  05'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  579.6  feet.     83°  30'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1870. 
1877. 
1878. 
1878. 
1879. 


Ol)eued.      Closed. 


Year. 


Mar.  17     Dec.  10  1880 

Apr.  17  I  Dec.  11  1881 

Apr.  30  i  Doc.  5  1882 

Mar.  20     Dec.  Sa\  1882 

Apr.  I9b  Dec.  14  ji  1883 

Apr.  19     Dec.  9rt  1884 

\!  Apr.  216 1  1885 

P Jan.  5  i;  1886 

Mar.  10     Dec.  7a,  1886 1  Apr.  15 

Apr.    56  Dec.  12  !,  1887 Apr.  18 


Opened. 


Mar.    6 
Apr.  29 


Mar.  6 

Apr.  19 

Apr.  11 

Apr.  26 


Closed. 


Dec.   12 


Jan.  1 
Dec.  10 
Dec.  19 
Dec.   17 


Year. 


Opened.  1   Closed. 


Jan.  8 
Dec.  16 
Dec.  23 


1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1890. 
1891. 

i8r.2. 

1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 


.1  Apr.  29  I  Dec.   20 

\  Apr.    5  ; 

/ Jan.   16 

.  Mar.  31  Dec.  8 
Mar.  28  :  Dec.  22(i 
Apr.  06  Dec.  11a 
Apr.  2?/  Dec.  3 
Mar.  13  Dec.  4a 
Apr.  116  Dec.  7a 
Apr.    96 


a  Last  boat. 


6  First  boat. 


Average  dale  of  opening,  April  fl;  average  daio  of  closing,  December  19;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  108. 
Authorities:  United  States  Weather  l?ureau,  1890;  Mr.  J.  C.  Viall,  Alpena  Argus. 

No.  4.— ASULAND,  WIS. 
[46°  36'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  600.69  feet.    90°  53'  longitude  west.] 


Year.       ,  Opened.     Closed. 

1                 i 

Year. 

Opened. 

Closed,  i 

1 
Year.       ;  Opened. 

Closed. 

1                 1 

1882 (Apr.   16)  (Dec.    21) 

1883 (Apr.  10)  (Dec.    15)! 

1884 (May     2)  (Dec.    16) 

1885 :  Apr.  27     Dec.     5 

1880 Apr.  22     Nov.  30 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

May     5 
May     1 
Apr.  12 
Apr.  18 
May   15 

Nov.  29 
Dec.   13 
Dec.     5 
Dec.     2 
Doc.   10 

1892 Apr.  22 

1893 May     9 

1894 Apr.  23 

1895 Apr.  12 

1896 Apr.  24 

Nov.    23 
Nov.    26 
Doc.       I 
Dee.       1 

Average  date  of  opening,  April  25:  average  date  of  closing,  December  1;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  145. 
Authority:  Mr.  J.  'I'.  Kingston,  Jr.,  postmaster,  1896. 
NoTK. — Compared  willi  Dulutli  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 

No.  5.— UELLE  ISLE  LIl^iHT-HOUvSE,  DETUOIT  RIVER,  MICHIGAN. 

[42°  20'  latitude  north.    82°  58'  longitude  west.  | 

Year.         Opened.     Closed.  Year. 


1882... 
1883... 
1884... 
1885  .. 
1880... 


May  15  !  Doc.  11 

Apr.  10     Dec.  21 

Mar.  30     Dee.  19 

Apr.  20  I  Dec.  31 

Mar.  28  ,  Dec.  15 


1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1891). 
1891. 


Opened. 


Apr.  3 
Apr.  4 
Mar.  25 
Mar.  22 
Apr.  22 


Closed,    i 

Dec. 

22 

D(-c. 

22  ! 

De(^. 

31 

Dec. 

15 

Dec. 

14 

Year.         Opened.     Closed. 


1892.. 

1893.. 
1894.. 
1895. . 
1890.. 


Apr.  4 

Apr.  5 

Mar.  14 

Apr.  0 

Apr.  4 


Dec.  25 

Dee.  17 

Doc.  29 

Dec.  20 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  3;  average  date  of  closing,  December  20;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  104. 
Autiioritvi  Comnniniler  William  Folder,  V.  S.  N.,  Eleventh  light-house  district. 
NoiE.— Ooinpared  with  Windmill  I'oiiit  liglithouse  for  iuterpol.'itiou  for  twenty  years'  period, 

No.O.— BELL KV ILL IC,  ONTARIO. 
[44  '  10' latitude  north.    Altitude,  244.53  feet.    77°  23' longitude  west.] 


Year. 


1871.. 
1872. . 
1873.. 
1874.. 
1875., 
1876., 
1877.. 
1878.. 
1879.. 


Opened,  i  Closed. 


Apr, 
Ai)r. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Ajir. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 


Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Xov. 

Nov. 

Dee. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 


Opened.     Closed. 


Year. 

Opened. 

1889 

Apr. 

13 

IH'.XI 

Ai)r. 

12 

1891 

Apr. 

17 

1892 

Apr. 

13 

1893 

Apr. 

23 

1H94 

Ajir, 

•1 

id 

1805 

Ajir. 

23 

1896 

Apr. 

20 

Closed. 


Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

13 

Nov. 

28 

Nov. 

28 

Nov. 

18 

Nov. 

28 

Dee. 

1 

Averagedntoof  opening,  April  12;  average  date  of  closing,  Deeeniher  2:  average  number  of  days 
closed.  131.  ,  ,     , 

Authorities;  Oeneral  Report  I'uldir  Works.  ( 'aniida.  1807  18S2.  Annual  Keporls  ol  the  Department 
fit  Raihvavs  and  Cuuuls,  Douiiuion  of  Canada,  188J-1889.  Department  of  rubliu  Works,  Doiuiuion  of 
Canada,  1890. 


^SSSi^Li^.. 


ON. 


REPORT    OF   U.  S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS   CO:  MISSION. 


203 


peucd. 

\   Cloa 
1  Dec. 

ed. 

pr. 

29 

20 

pr. 

5 

'  .ran. 

10 

far. 

af 

Dec, 

H 

far. 

28 

Dec. 

22nf, 

.pr. 

lib 

Dec. 

ll(t 

pr. 

'lb 

Dec. 

:t 

Ear. 

13 

Dec. 

4(T, 

pr. 

W, 

Dec. 

1(1 

pr. 

m 

'  number  of  days 


t.] 


pened. 

Closed. 



.pr.  22 
lay    9 
pr.  23 
I>r.  12 
l)r.  24 

— 

Nov.    23 
Nov.    26 
Doc.       I 
Dec.       1 

number  of  days 


J  AN. 


pcned.      Closed. 


pr. 

4 

Dec. 

25 

pr. 

5 

Dec. 

17 

ar. 

14 

Dec. 

29 

pr. 

0 

Dec. 

;io 

pr. 

4 

. ... 

3  niiiiiber  of  days 


ars'  period, 


)ened. 


( 'losed. 


13 

Nov. 

30 

12 

Nov. 

13 

17 

Nov. 

28 

i;i 

Nov. 

28 

23 

Nov. 

18 

2 

.\(.V. 

28 

2:1 

Dec. 

1 

'rMI 

number  of  days 

'IlieDepiirtrneiit 
rks,  Duiuiuiun  of 


No.  7.-11ISMAKCK,  N.  DAK. 
[46°  47'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  1,018  feet.     lOO'J  38'  lunsitnde  west. 


Year.         Opened. 

Closed. 

Year. 

Opened. 

Mar.  30 
Alar.  29 
A\n\    5 
Apr.  10 
Mar.  29 
Apr.     4 
Apr.    8 
Mar.  26 
Apr.    9 

Closed. 

Year. 
1889 

Opened. 

Closed. 

1 

1871 Apr.     3 

1872 Apr.  15 

1873 Mar.  17 

1874 ;  Apr.  13 

1875                   Mar   ''5 

'  1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

Nov.  18 
Nov.  17 
Nov.  11 
Nov.  15 
Dec.   14 
Dec.     t! 
Nov.  17 
Nov.  23 
Nov.  14 

Mar.  21. 
Apr.    4 
Apr.    3 
Apr.     4 
Apr.    3 
Mai.  20 
iMar.  28 
Mar.  29 

Nov      13 

Dec.  11 
Dec.     5 
Nov.  17 
Nov.  19 
Nov.  15 
Nov.  29 
Dec.   10 
Nov.  27 

1890 

180' 

1892 

1893 

Dec.       3 
Nov.      5 
Nov.    21 
Nov     23 

187C :  Mar   25 

1894 

1895 

1890 

Dec.     23 

1877 ,  Miir.  30 

1878 Mar.  10 

187U Mar.  29 

j 

1880 

1887 

1888 

Dec.       1 

.\verage  date  of  opening,  March  31 ;  average  date  of  clo.sing,  November  25;  average  number  of  days 
clo.sed,  120. 

Autboritie.s :  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  1890;  Missouri  River  Commission  (''Stages  of  the 
Missouri  liiver,"  1894). 

No.  8.— BRAINERD,  MINN. 

[400  29'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  1,150  feet.    94^  10'  Icmgitiule  west.] 


Year.  (Jpened.      Closed. 


1870 

1877 Apr.  18 

1878 Apr.  20 

1870 Apr.  19 

1880 ■  Apr.  18 

1881 '  Apr.  15 

1882 Apr.  10 


Year. 


Opened.     Closed. 


Year. 


Nov.  17  1883 Apr.  20  '  Nov.  15 

Nov.  18  1884 Apr.  17  Nov.  16 

Nov.  10  1885 Apr.  10  Nov.  20 

Nov.  15  ;    1880 '  Apr.  19  Nov.  22 

Nov.  15    I  1887 1  Apr.  18  Nov.  21 

Nov.  17  1888 Apr.  20  Nov.  19 

Nov.  18  1889 Apr.  17  j  Nov.  20 


1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1890. 


Opened. 

Closed. 

Apr.  15 

Nov.    20 

Api.  16 

Nov.    21 

Apr.  17 

Nov.    22 

Apr.  10 

Nov.    23 

Apr.  15 

Nov.    24 

Apr.  15 

Nov.    25 

Apr.  14 

Average  date  of  opening,  April  17;  average  date  of  (^losing,  November  20;  average  niiinber  of  davs 
closed,  149. 
Authority:  Mr.  K.  K.  AVhiieley,  C.  K. 

No.  9.-BREWEKT0N,N.Y.— ONEIDA  LAKE. 
[430  14'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  309  feet.    70*^  11'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


1874 


Closed. 


Year.  Opened.  ,  Closed. 

I 


Year. 


1875 Apr.  10     Nov.  25 

1876 ■  Apr.  21     Nov.  30 

1877 Apr.  20     Dec.   31 

1878 Mar.  14     Dec.   15 

1879 ,  Apr.  24  '  Dec.   17 


Nov.  30      1882 Mar.  19  I  Doc.     2 


1883 Apr.  20 


1880. 


f    Mar.     8 
••\    Apr.     4 

1881 /    Apr.  22 

1882 t 


1884. 
1885. 
1880. 
1887. 
1888. 

1889. 


Apr.  3 
Apr.  25 
Apr.  1 
Apr.  24 
Apr.  18 
Apr.  12 
Dec.  8 
Dec.   31 


Dec.  17 
Dec.  17 
Dec.  7 
Dec.  2 
Dec.  23 
Dec  17 
Dec.  4 
Doc.  30 


1890. 


1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1890. 


Opened. 

.Ian. 

13 

Jan. 

21 

Eeb. 

5 

Mar. 

20 

Apr. 

5 

Aiir. 

(i 

Apr. 

13 

Mar. 

19 

Apr. 

18 

Apr. 

19 

Clo.ted. 


.Tan. 
Jan. 
.Ian. 
Eel). 
Doc. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


11 
17 
23 

7 
4 
17 
17 
3 
25 
28 


Average  date  nf  ojtening,  Ai)ril  it;  average  date  of  closing,  December  13 ;  average  number  of  day.s 
closed,  117. 
Autliorities;  Mr.  E.  N.  Emmons,  Syracuse,  N.  V.;  Mr.  AViii.  Piersoii  .lud.'<oii,  (".  E.,  <  MweK",  N.  Y. 


M 


204 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

No.  lO.-nUFFALO,  X.  Y.— LAKK  EKIE. 
[42°  53'  latitude  iiorfli.     AUitude,  r>71  foit.    78^  0;i'  longitude  wewt.] 


Year.       I  Opened.     Closed. 


1807 

1808 

180!) 

1810 

1811 

1812 

1813 

1814 

1815. 

1816. 

1817. 

1818. 

1819. 

1820. 

1821. 

1822. 

1823. 

1824. 

182r). 

1826. 

1827. 

1828. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

1833. 

1834. 


1835   . 
18 JO.. 


Aiir. 
Ajir. 
Alay 
Mn'v 
May 
A])!-. 
May 
Apr. 
Mar. 
May 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 
May 
Apr. 
May 
Ai)r. 
Apr. 
Anr. 
ftiay 
Apr. 


Year. 


1837.... 
1838.... 
1839.... 
1840.... 
1841.... 
1812.... 
1843.... 
18-14.... 
18'5.... 
1846.... 
1847... 
1848.... 
18!'i  .. 
1851  ... 
1851.... 
1852... 
1853.... 
1854. . . . 
1855.... 
1850.... 
1857.... 
1858.... 
1859.... 
I860..., 
1861.... 
1862.... 
1803.... 
1804..-. 
1865.... 
1866.... 


Opened. 


Mav 
Mar. 
Apr. 

A  ])!•. 

Apr. 
^lar. 
Mav 

Mar. 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 
AJir. 
Aiir. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 
Aiir. 
May 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
AJir. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 


Clo.sed. 


Year. 


0])eiied.     Closed. 


31 
'^  i 

7  ; 

6  i 

H  ' 
3 

i  i 

9   ! 
2.-)  ! 

25  • 

o    1 

20 

14, 

29  I 
21  I 

27 
15 

I 

17 
13 
15 
3 
13 
'^tj 
28 


18C7.. 
1808.. 
1809.. 
1870.. 
1871.. 
1872.. 
1^73.. 
1874.. 
1875.. 
1876.. 
1877.. 
1878.. 
18"  . 
18:      . 

UM     . 

1882.. 
1883.. 
1884.. 
1885.. 
1886.. 
1887.. 
1888.. 
1889.. 
1890.. 
181U.. 
1892.. 
1893.. 
1894.. 
1895.. 
1890.. 


Apr. 

21  1 

A  pr. 

19 

... 

May 
A  pr. 

'1      ' 

10  ■ 

1  1 

Aiir. 

Dec. 

27 

Mav 

Wt 

Dei'. 

18 

A])!'. 

29 

Nov. 

28 

Apr. 

18 

Dec. 

5 

Mav 

12(T 

\h'V. 

11 

May 

lOrt 

Dec. 

17 

A])r. 

20 

Dec. 

13 

Mar. 

10 

Dec. 

7 

A  i(r. 

24 

Dec. 

14 

Mar. 

19 

Dec. 

8 

AI  as- 

1(1 

Dec. 

30 

hlar. 

20 

Dec. 

1 

Ajir. 

25 

Dec. 

7 

Ai)r. 

21 

Dec. 

0 

Mav 

2« 

Nov. 

9 

Apr. 

15 

Dec. 

7 

Apr. 

17 

Dee. 

14 

Apr. 

28 

Dec. 

6 

Apr. 

12 

c. 

14 

Mar. 

31 

cc. 

28 

Mar. 

7 

Dec. 

14 

Alar. 

15 

Dee. 

24 

.'\  \n: 

15 

Dec. 

16 

Apr. 

1 

Dec. 

25 

A  pr. 

10 

Dec. 

21 

Apr. 

19 

a  First  vessel  arrives. 

Average  date  of  opening,  Aiiril  9;  averafte  date  ol"  closinij.  December  12:  average  number  of  davs 
clo.sed,  118. 

Authorities:  Fifth  .Annual  Ueiiort  df  tho  State  AVe.itlier  Bureau  (X.  Y.).  1894:  >'onthlv  Weather 
Review,  1875-1896:  Mr.  William  Thurstone. 

No.  11.— CAIUO,  ILL.— MISSISSIl'l'l  lilVEK. 
137'5  00' latitude  north.     .Vltitude,  279  foot.    89°  10' longitude  west.] 


Year. 


Opened.  !   Clo.-sed. 


Year.  0]ieued.      Closed. 


Year. 


1874.... 

1875 I  Feb.   21 

1870 Open. 

1877 Feb.     4 

1878 '  Open. 

1879 1  Jan.  30 

1880 Jan.     3 


Dec.  1 
Open. 
Dec.  31 
Open. 
:n>c.  23 
Dee.  18 
Dec.  27 


I 


1882. 
1883. 
1881. 
1885. 


1881. 


.|  Feb.  25  Open. 


Open. 

.,  Fob.  13 
.  Feb.  4 
.  Feb.  4 

18^-0 Feb.  17 

1887 :  Feb.  8 

1888 Jan.  2 

1.S89 Open. 


De<'.  9 
Dec.  20 
Dec.  18 
Dee.  7 
Dec,  1 
Dec.  29 
<  )pen. 
(Jpen. 


1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1890. 


I 


Opened.      Clo.sed. 


Open. 

Open. 

(il)en. 

(>i)eu. 

Open. 

Feb.  23 

Open. 


Open. 

open. 

Open. 

Open. 

De.'.   29 

0])en. 


Average  date  of  opening,  February  5;  average  date  of  closing,  January  9;  average  numbei 
closed,  27. 
Authorities:  Fnited  Stales  Weather  llurean.  1S9C:  ('ol.  AVilliani  lluUiday. 

.No.  12.— C.VIKO,  ILL.— OHIO  lUVEK. 
[37  •  GO'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  279  feet.    89^  10'  longitude*  west.] 


of  davs 


Tear. 

Oi)cn 

1874     

1875 

Feb. 

1870 

Open 

1877 

Jan . 

1878 

Open 

1879 

ilan. 

1880 

Open 

1881    

Jan. 

Closed. 


lear. 


I 


20 


20 


19 


Feb. 
Dec. 
0|)en 
Dec. 
<  )i)en 
Dee. 
Open 


29 


Opened.      Closed. 


Year. 


Ojiened.      Closed. 


1882 Open....; 

1883 Open.... 

1884 !  Oi>en.... 

1885 i  Open.... 

I8S0 ;  .Jan.    19 

1887 j  Open 

1888 Open 

1889 Open....; 


Open 

tljien 

ojien. . . . 
Dec  9 
Open.  . . . 

Open 

0|peM 

Open 


1890 Ope 

1891 Ojii 

1892 Ope 

1893 Ope 

1894 Ope 

I8'.l5 Fel 

1890 Ope 


n. . . 
n. . . 
n. . . 
u. . . 
n. . . 


Open. 

ojien. 

OJien. 

Opi'U. 

Dec.   30. 

Open. 


Aveiage  dale  of  opening,  February  3;   average  dati*  of  closing,  January  20;   average  number  of 
da\s  ilnsed,  8. 
Authorities:  United  States  We-ither  llureau,  1890;  Col.  AVilliam  llalliday. 


3SI0N. 


REPORT   OF    "    S.  DEEP   WATL..WAYS    COMMISSION. 


205 


est.) 
Opened.  '  Clo.sed. 


Apr.  21 

Apr.  lit    ..] 

May     u' 

A],r.  ir>  '■ 

-\1>''-     1  I  Der.  ""i}; 
AJfiy    f.«   Doc.     18 
A])r.  L'lJ     Kov.     2« 
Apr.   18     ]),.,..        5 
^Jay  ]2rt    ]),.,..     ji 
J>lay  lOn    Dec.      ]; 
Aw.  2U     Dec.      13 
Jlar.  ](i     D,,p        7 
Apr.  24     Do,-:     u 
War.  1!)     Dec.       8 
^|".V     1"    Dec.     30 
^lar.  2(i     Dec.       i 
Ajir.  25      Dec.       7 
;\l>r.  22      Dec.       fi 
;  -yay     2ff    \„v.       y 
I  Apr-   1")     Dec.       7 
:  -^Pr.  17     Dec.      14 
Apr.  2,S      Dec.       C 
Apr.  12      ■     c.      14 
-Mai-.  :ji         ,,e      .)y 
^[■•ir.     7     Dec.     I4 
Mar.  ],,     Dec.     21 
•Apr.   1.-,      Dee.      10 
Apr.     1      Doe.      •>-, 
Apr.   ](i      Dee.      21 
Apr.   ]9 


\go  iiuiiilier  .)(•  (lays 
;  Vonthly  W'eatljur 

^^j] 

•»P''iie.I.      CliKsed. 


Dpon.        Open. 

)pen.  Open. 

'P''"-  ,  Op,„. 

'P""-  Open. 

^P''"-  ;  Dec.  2'1 

'el).   23  Open, 
'pen. 


re  nuniI)cror<I,ivs 


'•''"I'll.  ,   (JliKsed. 


I'll. . . 

Open. 

■II. . . 

Ojieii. 

Ml 

Open. 

'n 

Open, 

in  — 

Dee.   30. 

1.    22 

Open. 

•II 

'«se  minilier  of 


I 


No.  i;i.-('.\An'BELLTOX,  NKW  BRHNSWICK. 

[48'^  01'  latitiiilc  ncirtli.    Oti*  4ii'  longitude  west.J 


Year. 


Tear.  Opened. 


1871 ,  May     4 

1872 1  Apr.  29 

1873 1  Apr.  30 

1874 Apr.  10      ■•  J. 

1875 :Mav     8      Nov. 

1870 Mav  II      Dec. 

1877 1  Apr.  24  j  Dec. 

187H i  Apr.  21  ;  Dee. 


;t  I 


111 
10 
21 


187U. 


Apr.  20  I  Dec.   H) 


1880 ;  I^lav  6 

1881 1  May  4 

1882 May  11 

1883 '  >Iav  0 

1884 Alii-.  27 

188,'; ,  May  (i 

1880 ■  May  26 

1887 .May  ti 

1888 ,  May  8 


Closed. 

Nov. 

2:1 

Dee. 

10 

Dec. 

1 

Dec. 

4 

Dec. 

12 

Dec. 

10 

Dec. 

4 

Dec. 

1 

Nov. 

18 

1880... 
1890... 
1890... 
1891... 
1892... 
1893... 
1894... 
1805... 
1890... 


. . . '  Apr.  25  I  Nov.  2(5 
...\  May  6  !  Dec.  1 
•  V I  Jan. 


.-./ 


Dec. 

8  i  Dee. 


Apr.  23 

.\\n.  27 

Ajir. 

Apr.  27  j  Nov. 

Apr.  27     Nov. 

May     1  ' 

I 


12 

'24 

2 

19 

23 


.\veraKe  (i:'1e  of  ojiening,  Mav  1 ;  average  date  of  closini;,  Deceinber  0;  average  number  of  da.vs 
closed,  IJ". 
Authority:  Dejiurtuieiit  of  Puulic  AVorks,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1890. 

No.  14.-(;^' ■••:  VIN'CENT,  \  .V. 
[43^  51'»latitude  north.     Altitude,  244.53  feet.     70^  19'  longitude  west.) 


A'ear.  Opened.  1   Closed. 


I  I 

1876 '  Apr.  23     Jan.     1 

1870 1 i  Dec.   21 

1877 f    A.pr.    6  I 

1878 Mar.    9     Jan.      1 

1879 Apr.  19     Jan.     1 

1880 Apr.     1{    'J^y^;    2^ 

1881  \    Apr.  13    

1882 / Jan.     6 


Year. 


1882 \  Mar.  19 

1883 i 

1883 Apr.  20 

1884 Aiir.  12 

1885 Mav     1 

1886 Apr.   12 

1887 Apr.  17 

1888 Apr.  24 


Closed. 

Jan. 

1 

Dec. 

25 

Dec. 

25 

Dec. 

28 

Dec. 

28 

Dec. 

26 

Dec. 

27 

A'ear. 


1889. . . 
1890... 
1801... 
1892... 
1893  .. 
1804... 
1895... 
189i... 


Ojieneil. 

Clos. 

•d. 

Mar.  28 

Dec. 

27 

>Iav.  31 

Dec. 

21 

Apr.     4 

Dec. 

20 

Apr.     4 

Dec. 

20 

Apr.  12 

Dm'. 

16 

Apr.     7 

Dec. 

17 

Apr.  20 

Dec. 

19 

Apr,  21 

Average  date  of  opening,  .April  10;  average  date  of  cloHiiig,  DeceMiber  20;  average  number  of  dayH 
cloned,  11 1. 

Authority:  Rev.  S.  W.  Strowger,  rector  St.  John's  Church,  Cape  Vincent. 

No.  ].5.-CA/EN0A^IA,  N.  Y.— LARK  OAVAHGENa. 

[42°  56' latitude  nortli.     Altitude,  1,177  feet.    75^  54' longitude  west.) 


Year.  Oiiened.      Closed.    :       Year.        \  Opened. 


1835 

1836 

1837  

1838 

18,39 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1845 

1840 

1847 


Apr.  12 
Apr.  21 


1848. 

1849. 
18,")0. 
I8.M. 
18,52. 
18,53. 
18,54. 
18,-)5. 
18.-i6. 


.Apr.  12 
-Apr.  11 
A|pr.  8 
Apr.  25 
:\Iar.  21 
Apr.  26 
Apr.  12 
Mnr.  31 
Ai)r.  8 
Apr.  26 
Jan.  1 
A  pi. 
A  pr. 
AJir. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr.  17 
Apr.  8 
Apr.  24 
Aiir.  20 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 


7 
15 
30 

5 


Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


30 

7 
10 
21 

7 
27 
21 
14 
12 
22 
20 

8 
12 

8 


18,57. 

1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

180-,. 

1865. 

1866. 

1867. 

Ui08. 

1869. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875. 

1876. 

1877. 

1878 

1879. 


a  Apr.  0 
Apr.  3 
Mar.  20 
Mar.  27 
Ajir.  10 
Apr.  22 
Apr.  23 
Apr.  17 
:\Iar.  29 
Apr.  11 
Apr.  15 
Apr.  3 
AJir. 
A  pr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
A))r. 
-AJir. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 


Closed. 


Year. 


Dec.  13 

Dec.  a 

Dec.  11 

Dec.  10 


Dec.  25 
Dee.  7 
Dec.  11 
Dee.  13 
Dec.  10 
Dec.  15 
Dec.  10 
Dee.  10 
h  Nov.  26 
Dec.  17 
Dec.  1 
Dec.  5 
Nov,  27 
Dec  5 
Nov,  30 
Dec.  •! 
l.'T.  29 
i)ec.  17 
Dec.   18 


1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1880 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 


1891. 

1892. 
1803. 
1894. 
1895. 
1895. 
1896. 
1890. 


Opened. 


Apr.  4 
Apr.  24 
.Mar.  3 
Apr.  18 
Apr.  3 
A]ir.  25 
Mar.  31 
Apr.  23 
Apr.  14 
Apr.  16 


Apr.  10 
Dec.  22 
Apr.  5 
Ajir.  12 
Mar.  18 
Apr.  21 
Dec.  21 


Closed. 


21 

11 


Nov, 
Dec. 
Dec.  5 
Dec.  15 
Dec.  17 
Dec. 
7)ee. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


16 

4 

23 

14 


Jan. 
Dee. 
Doc. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


17 
7 
19 
31 
18 
5 

2! 
9 


Apr.  10 


Jan. 


ffLake  opennlmont  entirely  in  Fe'iruary." 

b  "  Tn  winter  of  1809-70  tlieru  v  a.s  a  ;..rge'oi)en  apace  near  Beckwii!'n  Hay  and  Kvorgreeii  Point  until 
February,  and  tlie  cause  is  a  mystery,  a.'  the  ice  at  thi^  soutli  and  ninth  ends  of  the  lake  was  Hrin 
enough  to  bo  driven  upon." 

Average  date  of  opening,  April  12 1  average  date  of  closing,  December  13 ;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  120. 

Authorities ;  Mr.  L.  AV.  Ledyard,  Mr.  W.  S.  Siuylh,  .Mr.  Charles  btebbins. 


!  I 


206  REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

Ko.  16. -(JIIAUITY  ISLAND  LKJHT-llOUSK,  SAGINAW  HAY,  MIUUIGAN. 
[44°  02'  latitudti  north.    83^  2«'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


1874 
187.'i 
1870 
1877 
1878 
1870 
1880 
1881 


Opened.     Closed. 


Mar.  20  I  Nov.  20 
Apr.  21     Dec.    ".9 


Apr.  l^ 
Apr.  2H 
Miir.  14 
Apr.  7 
Mar.  25 
Apr.  26 


Nov.  20 
Deo.  28 
Dee.  7 
Dec.  10 
Dec.  0 
Dec.   U 


Year. 


1882 

i88;i 

1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 


Opened.      Closed. 


Year. 


Mar.  6 

Apr.  16 

Apr.  10 

Apr.  24 

Apr.  17 

Apr.  17 

Apr.  8 

Mar.  24 


Dec.  16 

Doc.  18 

Dec.  16 

Dec.  15 

Dec.  14 

Dec.  21 

Doc.  18 

:  Doc.  yi 


1890 
1891 
1892 
18S3 
1894 
1805 
1896 


Opened.  |   Clo.'icd. 


Mar.  16  i  Dec.     24 


Apr.  0 

Apr.  6 

Apr.  8 

Alar.  17 

Apr.  0 

Apr.  3 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


2J 
2;J 
28 
2:t 

yi 


Avora^e  date,  of  opening,  April  6;  average  date  of  closing,  December  17;  average  number  of  daya 
cloHcd,  110. 
Authority :  Commander  William  Folger,  XT.  S.  N,,  Kleventh  light-house  district. 


No.  17.  -CaAKLESTON,  W.  VA.— (iUEAT  KANAWHA  KIYER. 
1 383  21'  lal'tude  north.    Altitude,  619  feet.    81°  35'  longitude  west.  | 


Year. 


1873. 
1874. 

1875. 

1876. 


1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 


Opened. 


Open. 
Open. 
Jan.   25 
1 1  Kcl).   20 

Dec.  ;n 

Jan.  13 
Dec.  31 
Jan.  17 
Dec.  31 
Jan.  7 
Open. 


Closed. 


Open. 
Open. 
Jan.  19 
Feb.  10 
Dec.  9 
Jan.  1 
Dec.  25 
.lau.  I 
Dec.  20 
Jan.  1 
Open. 


Year. 


Opened. 


1883 Open. 

1884 Open. 

issr-  /:  Jan.   30 

^''"■^ I    Feb.  28 

(   Jan.   25 
1880 1  Feb.   10 

K-  Dec.  13 
1887 i  Dec.   31 

!««« {I'^.i 

1880 Open. 


Closed. 


Open, 

Open, 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Open, 


Year.         Opened.     (!loaed. 


1890 '  Open. 

1891 Open. 

1892 ■  Dec.   31 

1893 Jan.   30 

1894 Open. 

1805 Jan.     5 

laoR  /   dan.   12 

^^^ i    Feb.  25 


Open. 
Open. 
Dec.   26 
ilan.     1 
Open. 
Jan.     1 
Jan.     () 
Feb.   20 


Averag(»  date  of  opening,  January  28 ;  average  date  of  closing,  January  20 ;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  8. 
Authority:  Mr.  Addison  M.  Scolt,  resident  United  States  engineer. 

No.  18.— CIIARLOTTETOWN,  PKINCJE  KDWAKD  ISLAND. 
146'^  14' latitude  nortl.    63°  07' longitude  west.) 


I      U 


i 


Year.        !  Opened.  I    Closed.  !!        Year. 


1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1870. 
1871. 


..  Apr.  10 

..:  Apr.  24 

.\  Apr,  15 

■  I 


Apr. 
.j  Mar.  20 


1872 Apr.  20 

1873 Apr.  22 

1874 Apr.  18 

1875 Apr.    5 

1876 Apr.  23 

1877 Y  Apr.  12 

1878 /: 


Dec. 
Dei'. 


7 
10 


Jan. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 

D(!C. 


10 
23 
30 
20 
11 
19 
29 
15 


Jan. 


1878.. 
1879.. 
1880.. 
1881.. 
1882.. 
1883.. 
1884.. 
1885.. 
1886.. 
1886.. 
1887.. 
1888.. 
1889.. 


Optned. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


Closed. 



Dec. 

30 

Dec. 

19 

Dec. 

I 

Dec. 

27 

Dec. 

20    i 

Dec. 

23    : 

Dec. 

20    1 

Jan. 

0    ' 

Dec, 

20 

Dec. 

27 

Jan. 

12    1 

j 

Year.         Opened. 


1880. 
1800. 
1801. 
1802. 
1802. 
1893. 
1804. 
1895. 
1896. 
1896. 


Mar.  30 
Apr.  10 
Apr.  15 


Mar.  20 

Apr.  8 

Apr.  11 

Apr.  24 


Apr.  12 


Closed. 


Dec.     31 
Dec.     13 


Jan. 
Dec. 
Dei-. 
Dec. 


25 
24 
lit 
24 


Jan.     27 


Average  daie  of  opening,  April  15;  average  date  of  closing,  December  23;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  113. 

Autlioritie.s :  (ieneral  report  public  works,  Canada,  1807-1882:  .Vnnual  Reports  of  Itailways  and 
Canals  Department,  Dominion  of  (.'anuila,  1883-1889;  Department  [of  Tubliu  Works,  Dominion  of 
Canada,  1886. 


ON. 

lUOAN. 

•P'lied.  I   CloHcil. 


lar. 

Ifi 

Dec. 

84 

.pr. 

9 

Dec. 

h;j 

pr. 

« 

Dec. 

«;t 

pr. 

H 

D<<-. 

28 

liir. 

J7 

Dec. 

2,t 

pr. 

'' 

Dec. 

31 

pr.    3 


number  of  days 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

No.  19.— CltEBOYiiAN  LKiHT-HOUSK,  MICniOAN. 
[45°  40'  latitude  nortli.    Altitude,  r)79.C0  I'let.     84"  2.V  buigitudc  west.] 


207 


Year. 


Opened. 


Cloned , 


1880 ' Dec.  8 

1881 '  Ajir.  29  Dec.  31 

1882 Mar.  20  ,  Dec.  12 

1883 Apr.  11  i  Dec.  15 

1884 Apr.  15  i  Dec.  8 

1885 Apr.  29  ,  Dec.  9 


Tear. 


Opened.      Closed. 


1880. 
1887. 
1888. 
1880. 
1890. 
1891. 


;  Apr.  15  !  Dec.  13 

'  Apr.  22  i  Dec.  19 

1  Apr.  29  Dec.  18 

Apr.     1  !  Dec.  31 

Alar.  30  !  Dec.  15 

Apr.  13  I  Dec.  IC 


Year. 


Opened,  j    Closed. 


1892 ;  Apr.     3 

1893 Apr.  13 

1894 Mar.  17 

1H95 1  Apr.     7 

1890 ■  Apr.    7 


Average  dale  of  oiieniuK,  April  11;  averajje  date  of  clo.sing,  Decoinber  1 7 :  average  nnnibc 
closed,  115. 
Authority  :  Coniniandci-  William  Folger,  TT.  S.  N.,  F.levenlli  liglit -liou.se  dLstrict. 
Note. — Coinp.ired  witli  Alpena,  Micli.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 

N.).  20.-CHEKKY  ISLAND  LlOnT-HOrSK,  QUEBEC. 


De.' 

31 

Dec 

17 

Dec 

18 

Dec 

10 

r..f 

davs 

)euod.     CloHod. 


)on. 
)en. 

!C.  31 
n.  30 
len. 
u.  5 
n.  12 
b.   25 


Open. 
Open. 
Dec.   26 
-fan.     1 
Open, 
Jan.     1 
.Ian.     li 
Feb.   20 


number  of  days 


I  I 

Year.         Oitened.  i  Closed. 


1862 

1863 

1864 

1865 

1860 

1867 

1868 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 


.1  Dec. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 
Ai.r. 
Ai)r. 
Apr. 
Alay 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 
]^Iay 
Apr. 


Dec. 

9 

Dec. 

9 

Dec. 

9 

Dec. 

<) 

Nov. 

27 

Dec. 

2 

Nov. 

25 

Dec'. 

9 

Nov. 

30 

Oec. 

2 

Nov. 

26 

Year. 


Opened. 


1874 Apr.  28 

1875 May     3 

1876 May     1 

1877 A])!'.  30 

1878 Apr.  17 

1879 Mav     1 

1880 Ai)r.  22 

1881 ■  Apr.  26 

1882 Apr.  24 

1883 May     1 

1884 Apr.  26 

1885 May     6 


Closed. 


Nov.  29 
Nov.  27 
Dec.  4 
Dec.  2 
Dec.  3 
Nov.  30 
Nov.  25 
Nov.  27 
Nov.  30 
Nov.  30 
Nov.  29 
Dec.     1 


Year. 


188C... 
1887... 
1888... 
1889... 
1890.  . 
1891.-. 
1892... 
1893... 
1894... 
1895... 
1896... 


Opened. 


Closed. 


May 
May 
May 
Apr. 
AJir. 
Apr. 
Apr.  22 
May  1 
Ai>r.  23 
Apr.  29 
Mav     1 


Dec. 
Nov . 
Nov, 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


2 

30 

25 

30 

30 

1 

3 

4 

30 

30 


Average  date  of  openini;,  April  27 ;  average  date  of  closing,  November  30;  average  jiuinlicr  of  days 
closed,  148. 
Autliority :  Mr.  V.  (iourdeau,  deputy  minister  inariiU!  and  lisheries,  Dominion  of  (.laiuida. 


lied.     Closed. 


20 

8 

11 

24 

12' 


30  Dec.  31 
10  I  Dec.  13 
15 


Jan.  25 

Dec.  24 

Dec.  li) 

Dec.  24 


Jan. 


iinl)er  of  days 

Kailways  and 
Dominion  of 


No.  21.— CHICAGO.  ILL. 
[41°  53' latitude  north.    Altitude,  feet.     87^' 37' longitude  west.] 


Ye.ar. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

Year. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

Year. 
1883 

- 

Opened. 

Fob.  13 
F'eb.   16 

Feb.   17 

Mar.  21 
Feb.     9 

(^'lo.sed. 

1847      .... 

Open. 
May  12 

Open. 
Nov.  27 
Dec.   22 

1865 

1866 

Mar.  17 

(Dec.  19) 

(Dec.  12) 

/.(an.     15 

(Dec.     24 

1848 

1884 

1849 

1867 

bee.  26  1 
Nov.  20 

Feb.     8 

Dec.     1 
Dec.   18 
Dec.     9 
Dec.     1 
Nov.  20 
Open. 
Nov.  20 
Ol)en. 
Dec.    1 
Open. 
Nov.  14 
0])en. 
(Nov.30) 

1885 - 

1868 

1809 

1870     

Mar.    4 
/Jan.   10\ 
iMar.  22/ 

1850 

1886 

1887 

1888 

•i 

r 

l«"il 

Dec.       1 

1852  

Open.      1 

1853 

Open. 

Feb.       8 

18.54 

1871     

1888 

Feb.   18 
Open. 
Open. 
(Open.) 

(Ian. 27) 
(Feb.  28) 

Open. 
Open. 
(Open.) 

1855 

Dec.     0 
Dec.     1 

"Fob' 'is' 

Open. 
Dec.  20 
Dec.     3 

Dec.'"::' 

1872 

,  1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

■  1880 

1881 

1882 

Mar.18) 
(Mar.  9) 
Jan.   10 
Apr.  20 
Open. 
Mar.  20 
Open. 
(I'Vb.  1) 
Open. 
Apr.    2 
Open. 

1889 

1856 

Mar.  20 
Feb.   18 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1892 

1893 

1894 

■  / 

1857 \ 

1858    i 

Jan.       9 

1858 

:859 

1860 

Mar.  15 
Onen. 
Feb.  26 
Mar.     1 

Dec.     26 
Feb.     12 

1861 

1894 '- 

Mar.     3 
Feb.  24 

Dec.     27 

]8(i2 

1895 

:} 

1863 

Feb.     V 
Feb.     8 

1896 

Jan.       4 

1864 

1896 

..1  Mar.     1 

Averagedatcof  opening,  February  27;  average  date  of  closing.  January7;  averiigenumhcrof  days 
closed,  51. 

Authorities:  Mr.  Ossian  Guthrie,  Mr.  John  .'>.  .S.argent,  Messrs.  Tiper  Sc  Co. 

Note.— Compared  with  Seneca,  111.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years' period.  The  above  dates 
are  for  ice  closings  ou  streams  in  the  near  vicinity  of  Chicago. 


208 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


No.  22.— CINCINNATI,  OHKI. 
[:tii'-  dO'  liititiulo  uorlli.     Altitude,  4:U  feet.    84^  ;!0  longitu(I<i  west.] 


Year. 


Oi)en(Hl.  \   Closed. 


1857 

1858 

]80i» 

i8ti0 

1800. 

1K61. 

J8(i2. 

imi. 

18G4. 

1SG5. 

180C. 

1807. 
1868. 
1808. 

ISfiS. 

18C0. 
1870. 

1871. 


Jan.   10 
Optii. 
Open. 
Open. 
Jan.    25 
Feb.   23 
Feb.     0 


Feb. 
Feb. 


20 


Jan. 

Ojien 

Open. 

Open. 

Ol)eu. 

J. ID. 

Feb. 

Jan. 
/F(^b. 
\Dec. 


Jan.  2:i 
Feb.  15 
Open. 
0])en. 
Jan.  14 
Di'c.  24 
Dec.   31 


Jan. 
Jan. 


li) 


1873. 

1874. 

1875... 

1875... 

1870... 

1877... 

1878... 

1879... 

1H80... 

1881... 

1882... 

1882... 

1882... 


Jan.   i:u 
Open. 
Jan.    18 
Open. 
Jan.    15 
Open . 
Jan.   i:i 


/, 


Open. 
Open. 
Dec.   24 
Dec.    19 
Dec.   28 


Feb.     8 
■(   Feb.   15 

1883 ['.  Open. 

1884 / 

/:  Jan.    31 
\l  Dec.   29 
I 


1884. 


Jan.   12 
Open. 
Dec.     9 
( )pen . 
Dec.   25 
( )i)en . 
Dec.   28 

Ivbr'a 

Feb.   14 
Open. 
Jan.'"'?' 
i)cc."25 


1880... 

1887... 
1887... 
1888... 

1888... 


Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Feb. 


1889 

189U 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894.... 

1895 

1895 Feb.    23 

1893 Open. 


Jan.    14 
Jan.     3 
Jan.   31 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Feb.      1 
Open. 


li 


Jan . 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Jan. 


27 

n 

20 

13 

5 

4 

29 


I  Open. 
I  Open. 
!  Open. 
i  Open. 
I  Dec. 
;  Open. 

'Feb." 
I  Open. 


23 


Average  date  rf  opening,  January  25;  average  date  of  closing,  January  15;  average  nunibor  of  days 
closed,  10. 
Authorities-  Keports  of  Cincinnati  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1895. 


No.  23.— CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 
[41°  30'  latitude  nortli.     Altitude,  571.35  feet.    81^  42'  longitude  west.] 


Tear. 


Opened.     Closed 


1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1875. 
1870. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 


Mar.  19 

Mar.  10 

Mar.  11 

Mar.  18 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


Jan. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


11 
10 
11 
12 
15 
24 


Tear. 


Opened.  !  Closed. 


Tear. 


J 


Opened.      Closed. 


1880 ]  Mar.  9 

1881 1  M.'^.i.  24 

1882 '  ]^.ar,  14 

1883 '  Mar.  7 

1884 :MaT.  27 

1885 !  Mar.  17 

1880 1  Mar.  25 

1887 !  Mar.  28 

1888 ;  Mar.  28 

1889 Apr.  1 


Dec.    13  1890 !    Open. 

Dec.   13  1891 \   Mar.  12 

Dec.    11  1892 J 

Dec.   20  1892 Mar.  28 

Dec.    15  1893 1  ?tlar.  28 

Dec.   28  1894 !  Mar.  10 

Dec.   20  1895 1  Apr.     0     Di 

Dec.   15  1890 !  Mar,  30    ... 

Dec.     8  I  I 

Open. 

I 


Dec. 

0 

Jim. 

7 

Dec. 

10 

Dec. 

1-1 

Dee. 

31 

27 


.\veragc  date  of  opening,  March  23;  average  date  of  closing,  December  23;  average  inmiber  of  days 
closed,  90. 
Authority:  ITnited  States  "SToatlier  Bureau,  1896. 


No.  24.— COLLINGWGOD,  ONTARIO, 
[44°  31' latitude  north.     Altitude,  570.60  feet.    80°  02' longitude  west.] 


Tear. 


1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1876. 
1876. 


Opened.  ^   Closed. 


1867 1  Apr.  20 

1808 Apr.  20 

1809... Apr.  28 


Apr.  22  i  Dec 
Apr,     1      " 
May     3 
""  ■      7 

9 

9 

o 


Mav 
:May 
May 
May 


Nov.  28 
Dec.  5 
Dec.  2 
10 
Dec.  0 
Nov,  28 
Nov.  24 
Nov.  20 
Nov.  22 
Dec.     1 


Year.       ,  Opened.  ,  Closed 


1881. 

1882... 

1883... 

1884... 

1885... 

1886... 


1877 1  Apr.  20  i  Dec.     8 

1878 Mav  18     Nov.  27 

1879 !  May  2 

1880 '  Apr.  14 


9 


May  9 

Apr.  18 

Apr.  17 

Apr.  23 

Mav  7 

Apr.  24 


Dec. 
Dec.  2 
Nov.  29 
Nov.  3 
Dec.  10 
Dec.  31 
Nov.  24 
Dec.     3 


Year. 


1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 


Opened.      Closed. 


Apr.  20 

Apr.  30 

Apr.  22 

Ai)r.  18 

Ai>r.  15 

Apr.  20 

Apr.  10 

Apr.  10 

Ai)r.  27 

Apr.  20 


Dec.  2 
Dec.  1 
Dec.  .! 
Nov.  29 
Nov.  30 
Dec.     I 


Dec. 

14 

Dec. 

3 

Dec. 

5 

Average  date  of  opening,  April  25;  average  date  of  closing,  December  2:  average  number  of  ilnvp 
closed, 144. 
Authority ;  Department  of  Public  Works,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1806. 


SSION. 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


209 


rest.  I 


Opened.  I  Cloaed. 


:\, 


Feb. 

0 

Jan. 

27 

Feb. 

li! 

Feb. 

11 

Feb. 

20 

Feb. 

20 

Jim. 

20 

Jan. 

13 

Feb. 

8 

b'eb. 

Ti 

Jan. 

4 

Dec. 

29 

Jan. 

14 

Jan. 

22 

Jan. 

3 

Jan. 

31 

Open. 

Open 

Open. 

Open 

Open. 

Ojien 

Open. 

Open 

Dec. 

23 

Feb. 

■1 

Open. 

Ojicn 

Feb. 

'.) 

Feb. 

23 

Open. 

Open 

verajje  number  nf  days 


west.l 


Opened.      Clo.sed. 


:}' 


Open. 

Dec. 

0 

Mar.  12 



Jim. 

7 

Mar.  28 

Dec. 

10 

:Mar.  28 

Dec. 

1-i 

Miir.  10 

Dee. 

31 

Apr.     C 

D.'c. 

27 

Mar.  30 

rerage  ininiber  of  days 


west.] 


Ojjeued. 

Clo.sed. 

..   Apr.  20 

Dec.    2 

.    Apr.  30 

Dec.     1 

.,  Apr.  22 

Dec.    ,! 

.    Apr.  18 

Nov.  29 

.    Ajir.  1,') 

Nov.  30 

.;  Ai)r.  20 

Dec.     1 

.    Apr.  Hi 

Dec.  U 

.    Apr.  K) 

Dec.    3 

.!  Apr.  27 

Dec.    b 

.;  Apr.  20 

No.  2.5.-CONSTANTIA,  N.  Y.— ONEIDA  T.AKK. 
[43°  17'  latitude  nort  li.    Altitude,  309  feet.    76°  03'  lonsitudo  west.) 


Ye.ir. 


1845. 
1846. 
1847. 
1848. 
1840. 
1850. 
1851. 
1852. 
1852. 
1853. 
1854. 
1855. 
1850. 
1857. 
1858. 
18.59. 
1860. 
1861. 


Opened.  I 


Apr.  3 

Apr.  10 

Apr.  1 

Apr.  12 

Apr.  9 

Apr.  j5 


Apr.  3 

Mar.  28 

Apr.  4 

Apr.  15 

Apr.  5 

Apr.  2 

Apr.  8 

Apr.  0 

Apr.  1 

Apr.  7 


Clcsed. 

Dee. 

15 

Dec. 

8 

Dec. 

28 

Dec. 

25 

Dec. 

14 

Dec. 

22 

Feb. 

10 

Dec. 

13 

Dec. 

24 

Dec. 

a 

Dec. 

17 

Dec. 

2[) 

Dec. 

10 

Dec. 

.S 

Dec. 

17 

Dec. 

20 

Dec. 

15 

Year. 


1862 Apr.     3 

1803 Apr.     9 

1864 1  Apr.     2 

1865 1  Mar.  20 

1860 ]  M.ir.  30 

1807 Mar.  24 

1808 !  Apr.     2 

1869 1  Apr.     5 

1870 Apr.     1 

1871 !.\pr.    3 

1872 I  Apr.  12 

1873 i  Apr.     1 

1874 A]>r.     (i 

1875 Apr.    2 

1876 Mar.  27 

1877 Apr.     3 

187H Apr.     1 

1879 Apr.     7 


Opened.     Closed. 


Dee. 
De<'. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
D."c. 


4  ,  1880. 
20    '  1881. 

13  ,1  1882. 

5  |l  1883. 


11 
25 
10 
25 
10 

2 
24 

3 
13 
24 
15 
19 

3 
25 


1884 . . . 
1885... 
1880... 
1887... 
1888... 
1889... 
1890... 
1891... 
1892 . . . 
1893... 
1894 . . . 
1895... 
1896... 


Apr. 

1 

Apr. 

25 

Apr. 

»> 

Apr. 

(! 

Apr. 

2 

Anr. 

3 

Api. 

2 

Apr. 

1 

Apr. 

5 

Apr. 

3 

Apr. 

0 

Apr. 

25 

Apr. 

4 

Apr. 

1! 

Apr. 

0 

Apr. 

19 

Apr. 

19 

Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
De.'. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


lU 

3 

15 

24 

0 

7 

13 

25 

13 

25 

22 

16 


Dec.  1 1 

Dec.  21 

Dec.  17 

Dec.  28 


Averajre  date  of  opening,  April,  5;  average  date  of  eloHing,  December  10;  average  number  ol'  day.s 
closed,  110. 
Authority :  Mr.  Wm.  Pierson  irudson,  ( '.  E.,  Oswego,  N.  V . 

\o.2fi._COPONANINr,,  ONTAIJTO,  FUENCII  KIVER. 
[46^  00'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  .579.00  Ceet.    80'  45'  longitude  west.l 


Year. 

Opened. 

May     5 
Apr.     7 
Apr.  21 
Apr.  28 
May     5 
Apr.  13 
May     4 

Closed.   ; 

Nov.  29  1 
Dec.      1 
Dec.     1 
Nov.  27 
Dec.     1 
Dec.     2 
Dec.     1 

Year. 

Opened. 

May     5 
May     8 
Apr.  24 
Apr.  29 
May  12 
Apr.  21 
Apr.  18 

Closed.   ■ 

Dec.    10 
Dec.     6 
Dec.      3 
Dec.     1 
Dec.     4 
Dee.      4 
Dee.      2 

Y.  ar. 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1890 

Oivoiicd. 

At.:.  18 
Apr.  16 
Apr.  24 
Apr.  18 
Ai)r.  24 
Ai'r.  22 

Closr;; 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

Nov.     30 
Dec.       •« 
Dec.       2 
Dec.       2 
Dec.       2 

1883 

Average  date  of  opening,  April  25;  average  date  of  closing,  December  3 :  average  number  of  day 
closed,  143. 
Authority  I  Mr.  H.  U.  Elliott. 

No.  27.— DAVENPORT,  lOTVA. 
[41°  30'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  541  feet.   90^  38'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


Open< 


Closed. 


Year. 


1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
18/8. 
1879. 


Feb.  25  I  Dec.  5 
Mar.  23  Nov.  29 
Mar.  15     Dec.    28 


Miir.  10 

Apr.  2 

Mar.  7 

Mar.  30 

Mar.  9 

Mar.  10 


Nov.  30 
Nov.  23 
Dec.  1 
Nov.  30 
Dec.  18 
Dee.    14 


1880 '  Mar.  6 

1881 .  Apr.  16 

1882 Mar.  10 

1883 M:ir.  27 

1884 Mar.  24 

1885 Mar.  31 

1886  Mar.  22 

1887 Mar.  14 

1888 \  Mar.  23 

1889 / 


Closed.    ■ 

1 

Nov. 

22  ' 

Dec. 

29 

Nov. 

22 

Dec. 

2 : 

Nov. 

22 

Dec. 

5  I 

Nov. 

24  , 

Dec. 

21  '{ 

Jan. 

9 

Year. 


1889. 
1890. 
1890. 
1891. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 


Opened. 


Mar.  14 


Closet'.. 


Mar.  22 


Mar.  25 

Mar.  22 

Mar.  27 

Mar.  13 

^\i\V.  1 

Feb.  25 


Jan.     15 


Feb.  4 
Nov.  29 
Dec. 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


23 

2 

29 

1: 


Average  date  of  opening,  March]'.);  average  date  of  closing,  December  12;  average  number  of  dayrt 
closed,  97. 
Authorities:  United  States  Weather  Rureau  1890  ,■  Keport.s  of  the  Chief  Signal  OtHcer. 

H.  Doc.  192 14* 


erage  innnber  of  d.ivs 


i 


210  REPORT    OF    U.  8.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 

N(i.28.-DKS  MOINKS  U-XI'IDS,  MTSSISSIIM'I  KIVKK,  MONTROSE,  IOWA. 
[40-'  Cr  liitittidi'  north.     Allitudf,  iiOO  foot.    91"  25'  lonKitudo  weHt.] 


Vciir.       '  Opened.      (HoHcd.  I         Year. 


187,". !  Mar.    0  !  Jan.     7 

18711 !  Open.      '■  Dec.   15 

1877 

1H7K ! 

187'.i I  Mar.     fi 

1^80 Jan.     5 

1881 '  Miir.  21 

1K,S2 Upon. 


Feb.  17  ,  Dee.  10 
Dee.  20 
Dee.  26 
Dee.  8 
Open. 
Dee.    15 


1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1880 

1800 


(Opened.      Closed. 


Mar.  1 
Mar.  15 
Miir.  14 
Mar.  15 
Fob.  11 
Mar.  1 
Mar.    3 


Dec.  27 

Dec.  3(1 

Dec.  14 

Dee.  2 

Dee.  21 
Open. 

Feb.  24 


Jan.   28  :  Jan.    21 


Year.       I  Opened. 


1891 
1802 
1893 
1894 

"*"'' \    Dee 


Open. 
Feb.     2 
Mar.  10 
Mar.     1 


Clo.sod. 


Open. 
Dec.     23 
Dee.       4 
Dec.     29 


189G. 


/   Jan.   16 
l    Feb.   23 


I  Dec. 
■  Jan. 
;  Feb. 


3 
21 


Averaire  date  ofopenin<;,  February  20;  avernjje  date  oCclo.tinjt.  January  3;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  18. 

Antlioritiea:  Report,  nl'  Seenitary  of  War,  Engineers,  189',{-94;  Mr.  Fred.  Z,  (ioelniacb,  observer 
WeatlierBnroan,  Keokuk. 

>fi..  20.  -  DKTorU  LKiHTHOn.SK,  MOHTir  OK  ST.  MARYS  RIVER,  MICHIGAN. 
1 45"  .''9'  latitude  nortb.     Altitude,  .570.60  feet.    8;)  •  54'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


Opened.  :  Closed. 


Year. 


1874 

1875 

1870 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 


ilay  12  !  Dec.  5 

Apr.  20   Dee.  10 

Apr.  20  I  Doe.  10 

Apr.  20  ;  Dec.  8 

Mar.  23  \   Dee.  8 

Apr.  14  Dec.  8 

Apr.  6  Dec.  fi 

Apr.  26  I  Dec.  8 


1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1880 
1887 
1888 
1889 


Opened.     Closed.   ;         Year.  Opened 


Apr.    5  '  Dee.  C 

Apr.  18     Dec.  10  . 

Apr.  12  1  Dec.  10 

Apr.  30  I  Dec.  7  ' 

Apr.  17  j  Dec.  19 

Apr.  20  I  Dee.  7 

Apr.  23     Dec.  7 

Mar.  28  i  Dec.  0  :| 


1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1890 


Opened. 

Closed. 

Mar.  30 
Apr.  11 
Apr.  7 
Apr.  12 
Ai>r.  3 
Apr.  4 
Apr.  14 

Dec.   0 
De(!.  10 
Dec.   7 
Doc.   8 
Dec.   7 
Dec.  14 

I 


Averaj;(Mlati^  of  opening,  April  13;  average  date  of  closing,  December  0;  average  number  of  day.s 
closed,  125. 
Authority:  Commander  "Williiini  Kolger,  V.  S.  N.,  Elev(mtb  light-liouso  district. 


Nu.  3(1.— DKTROIT  RIVER,  MAMAJUDA  ISL.WD  LIOHT-STATION,  MICHIGAN. 
[42'^  20'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  573.84  feet.    83''  03'  longitude  west.) 


Year. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

Year. 

Opened.  Closed. 

!      i 

Year. 

Opened, 

Closed. 

1872  

. .  Apr.  C 
..  Apr.  7 
..  Mar.  24 
..  Mar.  29 
..  Mar.  5 
..  Mar,  10 
..  Mar.  7 
..  Mm:    9 
..  Mar.  8 
..  Apr.  18 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

■  1887 

1888 

■  1889 

1890 

1  1890 

..  Mar.  13 
..  Apr.  7 
...  Apr.  1 
. . .  Aj>r.  5 
...  Mar.  15 
...  Mar.  20 
...■  Mar.  27 
...  Mar.  22 

'./'Mar.  "2" 

1 

Dec.  10  ' 
Dec.  16 
Dec.  17 
Dec.  IC 
Dec.  10 
Dec.  17 
Dec.  18  i 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

Mar.  1 
Mar.  16 
JVIar.  29 
Mar.  16 
Mar.  31 
Mar.  30 

Doc.  ,30 

1873  

Deo.  23 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

Dec.  15 
Dee.  17 
Dec.  8 
Dee.  21 
Dec.  24 
Dec.  15 
Dec.  6 
Dec.  30 

Di-c.     15 
Dec.  26 
Dec.  23 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

.Ian.  1  ' 
Dec.  11 

Average  date  of  opening,  March  20 ;  average  date  of  closing,  December  17;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  93. 

AuHiorities:  Reports  of  Fnited  States  Chief  .Signal  Oflicei',  1871-1886;  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief 
of  Engineers.  United  States  Army,  1884;  Mr.  Jared  A.  Smith,  lieuteuaut-coluuel,  Unitecl  States 
Army  Engineers,  Tenth  light-Louse  district. 


ON, 

C,  IOWA. 


Opened. 

Closed. 

Olion. 

Open. 

I'd).     2 

De(\     211 

Mar.  10 

Dec.      4 

Mar.     1 

Dec.     2» 

Kelp.   27 

Doc.   17 

Doe.      5 

Jiin.   10 

Jau.      ;t 

I'\'li.  2;t 

Feb.     21 

ut;e  iiiiiiiber  oCdaj'H 
(M-Iniacli,  observer 

MICniGAX. 

!8t.] 

Opened,  ,  Cloaed. 


Mar. 

30 

Dec. 

G 

Apr. 

11 

Dec. 

10 

Apr. 

7 

Dec. 

7 

Apr. 

12 

Dec. 

8 

Ajir. 

3 

Dec. 

7 

Apr. 

4 

Dec. 

14 

Apr. 

14 

... 

ifje  nnmltt^r  of  days 

MICHIGAN. 

est.] 


Opened.     (Jloscd. 


1 

Mar. 

Dec. 

30 

Mar. 

1« 

Dec. 

23 

jMar. 

29 

Dec. 

15 

Mar. 

16 

Dec. 

2« 

Mar. 

31 

Dec. 

23 

Mar 

30 

age  number  of  days 

Keport  of  tlie  Clilef 
)uel,   United   States 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATEKWAY.S   COMMlbBlON. 

\n.  31.-Dri!()l.STO\VN,  I'A. 
[41"  14'  latitude  north.    77  '  08'  loni;itiidi>  wosi.] 


211 


Year.       ,  Opened. 


Closed. 


Year. 


1880 Open.  Nov.  21       1880. 

1881 Ian.    12  Open.          1890. 

1882 Open.  (Dec.   II)     1891. 

1883 (I-Vb.     8)  (Dec.   27) 

1884 Miir.  10  Mar.    1 


Opened. 


Open. 
OJ)on. 
Jan.   2'.» 


188,'; 

1880. 

1887. 
1888. 


(Apr.    4)  (l-'eb.     1) 
I  (Feb.    l(i)    Jan.   12 


1892. 


l  (Mar.  8) 
..  Feb.  8 
..   Dec.   19 


Dec.  3 
Nov.  22 
Dec.   15 


1893 


(Jan.    14 
Mai 

Mar.  12 


Closed. 


Open. 
Dec.     3 
Open. 
Man.     2 
Feb.   13 


Year.       Opened.!   Closed. 


\Mar.  30  IMar.  21 
(Dec.  22 
(Nov.  27 
\Dec.     5 


1894. 

1895. 
1890. 


(Fob.  11 
^Feb.  20 
ilFeb.   28 

'(Jan.  9 
niar.  31 
(Dec.  22 
'(Feb.  17 
,\Mar.  22 


(Jan. 

l''eb. 

iFeb. 

I  Feb. 

I  tian. 

I  Dec. 

I  Dec. 

Jan. 

;  Mar. 


13 

»» 

17 
23 
I'.t 

(i 
28 

5 
13 


Av(-rase  date  of  opening,  February  12;  average  date  of  clo.sing.  December 
days  clo.sed,  44. 
Autlmrity:  Mr.  J.  L.  Wliceler. 
NoXK,— Compared  with  IlarrisburK,  Pa.,  for  interpolatiim  for  twenty  years' 


30:  average  number  of 
pcrjpd. 


No.  32.— DTTBrQFK,  TO\VA. 
142'"  30'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  585  feet.    90'^  44'  longitude  west.] 


I 
Year.  Opened.  I   Closed. 


1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1870 
1877 
1878 
1879 


Alar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
I''eb. 
Mar. 
Mar. 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


14 

18  I 

19  I 
21  ' 
19  ! 
26 
23  I 
12  ' 
23 


Year.   i  Ojiened.  |  Closed.     Year.   ;  Opejicd.  !  (Mosed, 


1880... 
1881... 
1882... 
1883... 
1884... 
1885... 
1886. . . 
1887... 
1888... 


i  Mar.  5  Nov.  16   1880 Mar.  15  Nov.  29 


Ai)r.  12  I  Nov.  24 

Mar.  2  Nov.  21 

Mar.  29  ,  Nov.  23 

Apr.  1  i  Nov.  21 

Apr.  5  ;  Nov.  18 

Alar.  27  i  Dec.   3 


1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 


De. 


Apr.  1 
Mar.  3  :  Nov 
Mar.  5 
Mar.  25 
Alai'.  5 
Mar,  11 


4 

15 

Dec.     10 
No\,     24 


Mar.   12     Nov.    9      189(5 Mar.  22 

Apr.     3  !  Dec.    21 


Dec, 
Nov. 


29 
25 


Average  date  of  opening,  Marcli  21  ;  average  datoof  closing,  November26 ;  average  number  of  days 
dosed,  115, 
Authorities:  United  States  AYeather  Hureau.  1890;  Mr.  H;irry  Claj'k,  Diamond  Jo  Lijie  sleamers. 

No.  33,— DTTLUTII,  MINX. 
[46'^  47'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  600.69  feet.    92^  06'  longitmR)  west. ) 


Tear. 


1855. 
1850. 
18,57. 
18,58. 
1859. 
1860. 
1861. 
1862. 
1863. 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 


Opened. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
Mar. 
May 
Apr. 
June 
Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
Ai)r. 
Apr. 
Ai>r. 


15 
16 

27o 

20 

25rt 

7 
12fr 
28 
10 
23 
22 

5 
19 

1 


Cloaed. 


Year. 


Dec. 
Nov. 

Nov, 
Nov, 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Doc. 
Dec. 
Nov, 
No\ 


1  1870 

'•  1871 

1872 

1873 

■  1874 

1875 

!  1876 

I  1877 

'  1878 \ 

I  1879 ) 

1879 

1880 

1S81 


.  21  i:  1882. 
.  12  :    1883. 


Oi)ened. 


Apr. 
Apr, 
Mar, 
Alay 
Ala'y 
May 
May 
Apr. 
Mar. 


Closed. 


Nov, 
Dec. 
Nov. 
10  I  Doc. 
Dec. 


12 


De( 
Dec. 

25  I  Dec. 

23  ! 


Apr. 
May 
Alay 
Apr. 
Apr. 


Jan. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


Tear. 


1884 

1885 

1880 

18.S7 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1890 


Opened. 


May  1 
Apr.  27 
May  7 
M.a'v  4 
.May  11 
A])!-.  11 
Apr.  16 
Apr.  30 
Apr.  20 
May  1 
Apr.  18 
Apr.  27 
Apr.    7 


(Jlosed. 


Dec.  25 
Nov.  29 
Dec. 
Dee. 


Dec. 
Dec-. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


14 

28 

31 

4 

8 


0 

8 

5 

10 


(( First  boat. 


Average  date  of  opeuing,  April  24;  arenige  date;  of  closing,  December  H:  average  number  of  days 
closed,  139. 

Authorities:  United  States  Weather  Bureau  and  Miirine  Heview,  1896;  postmaster,  Duluib,  1890; 
Mr,  Henry  Truelseu,  mayor,  1896. 


n 


212 


REPORT    OF    r.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


(    IB 


No.  .U.-EAOLK  nH-Fl"   LIGHTHOUSE,  WISCONSIN. 
[45°  10'  latitude  uortli.    Altitude,  579.6U  t'cot.    87°  14'  longitude  wcat.| 


Yoar. 


1887.... 

1HH8.... 
1889.... 
1890.... 


Opcued.      CloHed 


Apr.  2ri  Dec.  21 

Alnv     1  Dtc.  22 

Apr.    3  Dec.  24 

Apr.  15  I  Die  24 


Vi'ur. 


1891. 

1892. 
18i)3. 
1894. 


Opoucd.      (JIoHod. 


I  ! 

■N  ciir.         Opened.     Cloned. 


Apr.  21  I  Dfc.  19 

Apr.  12  l)pc.  n 

Apr.  18  Doc.  ];i 

Tklnr.  30  I  Doc.  24 


1895... 
1890... 


Apr.  in      Dec.     25 
Apr.  i:i    


Il 


Average  datp  of  opciiinf;,  .Vjiril  14;  iivora>?o  dale  of  cloHinii;,  December  20;  iiverau'c  number  of  days 
cloHcd.  115. 
Aiitlu)ritv:  ''omittiindor  J.  U.  Dayton,  l'.  S   N.,  Ninth  light-liouHO  dintrict. 
NoTK.— ('oniparcd  with  K.Hcaiiaha',  Micli.,  for  interpolation  lor  twenty  years'  period. 

No.  :i;-).-ERIE,  I'A. 
[42°  U7'  latitude  iiortli.    Altitude,  571.35  feet.    8U°  OS'  longitude  west.J 


Year. 


1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1870. 
1H77. 
187K. 
1879. 
188(1. 
1881. 


Open 

ed. 

Apr. 

17 

Apr. 

4 

Apr. 

1.-) 

Apr. 

12 

Ai)r. 

22 

Ajir. 

1 

.\pr. 

I 

Mar. 

20 

Apr. 

27 

("loged. 


Dec.  15 

Dec.  15 

Dec.  15 

Dec.  10 

Dec.  15 

Dec.  15 

Dec.  15 

Dec.  15 

Dec.  15 


Year. 


Opened.      Closed. 


Year. 


Opened.     Closed. 


1882 Apr.     4     Dec.  8 

1883 Apr.  25  '  Dec.  15 

1H84 Apr.  19     Dec.  13 

1885 Apr.  30  t   Dec.  10 

1880 Apr.   13  i   Dec.  7 

1887 Mar.  15     Dec.  23 

1888 Apr.  25  '  Dec.  5 

1H89 Apr.  10     Open. 

1890 Open.      ,  Dec.  15 


1891 Apr.  11  Dec.     30 

1892 Apr.  3  Dec.       7 

1893 1  Mar.  25    

1894 ( Tan.      17 

1894 Mar.  13  Dec.     21 

1895 Apr.  3  Dec.     28 

1806 i  Apr.  7    


Avera);e  date  of  opening,  Ai)ril  8;  average  date  of  closini;;,  December  21 1  average  number  of  daya 
closeil.  108. 

Authorities:  IfuKed  States  Weatlier  Bureau,  1896;  Mr.  Itohert  ,1.  Salesman. 

No.  36.— ESCANABA,  MICH. 

[45°  48' latittule  north.    Altitude,  579.6  feel,    87°  05' longitude  west.] 


Year.         Opened,     (nosed 


1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 Apr.  27 

1877 \,  Apr.  18 

1878 / 

1878 !  Mar.    5 

1879 1  Apr.  25 


Year.       j  Opened.  ;   Closed. 


1880.... 
1881.... 
1882.... 
1883.... 
1884.... 
1885.... 

1886 Apr.  23 

1887 Apr.  28 

1888 May     2 


x\.pr.  13     Nov.  20 
May     4     Dec. 


Year. 


Apr.  1 
Apr.  24 
A  pr.  9 
Mav     5 


Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Deo. 

Dec. 

Dee.   15 

Dec.   28 


1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1892. 
1803. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 


Opened.     Closed, 


Apr.  4  '  Dec.  31 
Apr.  16  ;  Dec.  27 
Apr.  27 


/...: Tan 

.j  Apr.  15  Dec. 
..  Apr.  27     Dec. 

Apr.  16     Dec. 

Apr.  16  I  Dec. 

Apr.  17    


1 
22 
19 
27 

28 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  20;  average  date  of  closing,  December  6;  average  number  of  days 
closed. 135. 
Authorities:  Mr.  Edward  C.  Carter  and  Monthly  Weather  Review,  1871-1889. 

No.  37.-FORT  BENTON,  MONT. 
[47°  48'  latitude  north.    Alti,  'ide,  2565  feet.    110°  46'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


Opened,  j  Closed. 


1876 \  (Feb.22)  i 

1877 / (Jan.   3) 

1877 \  (Feb.  26)   

1878 ( (.ran.l7) 

1878 \'  (Feb.  12)    

1879 / (,ran.28) 

1879 \  (Feb.25)   

1880 J, (Jan.  14) 

1880 \,  (Feb.  27) 

1881 (■ 

1881 1:  (Feb.25) 

1882 / (Jan.    5) 

1882 Mar.    15  Jan.      2 


(Jan.    6) 


Year. 


Opened.      Closed. 


Mar.    15    Dec.    22 

Feb.    24  

(Jan.  22) 

Feb.     28   

I (Jan.  24) 

Feb.     Hi 


1883. . . , 
1884..., 
1885..., 
1885.... 

1886 / 

1886 \ 

1887 /I I  (Jan.    5) 

1887 \|  (Feb.22)  : 

1888 / I  (Jan. 15) 

1888 il  (Mar.  8)  ' 

1889 l\ I  (Jan. 19) 

1889 \l  (F'eb.H)  ; 

1890 /I '  (Jan.   3) 


Year.         Opened.     (Jlosed. 


1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1892. 
1892. 
1893. 
1893. 
1893. 
1894. 
1894. 
1895. 
1895. 
1896. 


(Mar.  3)    Feb.  1 

\  Mar.    20  I  Deo.  26 

/ i  Feb.  15 

Feb.      7    Nov.  21 

Feb.     24 


Jan. 
Mar. 


Mar.    12 


Feb.    27 


Jan. 

25 

Jan. 

3 

Jan. 

1 

Average  date  of  openin.g,  February  27 :  average  date  of  closing,  January  3 ;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  55. 
Authority:  Missouri  River  C(mimiasion.     (Stages  of  the  Missouri  River,  1894.) 
Note.— Compared  with  Bismarclj,  N.  Dak.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 


\ 


i  ( 


)d.  I    Cloned, 


1(1      Dec.     25 
n    


luiber  of  days 


ed.  i  Closed. 


1 1  Deo.     30 

■J  Dec.       7 

25    

...  Jiin.     17 

i:i  Dec.     21 

;t  Dec.     28 

7    

umber  of  days 


ned. 

•.    4 

•.  16 
'.  27 

Cloaed. 

Dec.  :n 
Dec.     27 

r'.'i.^" 

■.  27 

r.  lf> 
'.  ic. 

r.  17 

.liiii.  1 
Dec.  22 
Dec.  11» 
Dec.  27 
Dec.     28 

lumbi 

jr  of  days 

ned. 

(Jloaed. 

r.  3) 
-.    20 

.     24 

Feb.       1 
Deo.     26 
Feb.      15 
Nov.     21 

.3 

Jan.      25 

f     10 

r*  12 

Jau.       3 

.27 

Jan.        i 

number  of  days 


I 


REPORT    OF    ir.  S.  DEKP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 

.\c>.  3H.-KOItT  lU'FORD,  X.  DAK. 
[48°  02' latitude  norlli.     Altitude,  1,855  feet,     lilt    til' lougiluile  west,] 


213 


Year. 


Ojioned.     Closed. 


Year. 


()l)ened.  I   Closed. 


Y'enr. 


Opened,      (MiiHcd. 


1879. 
IHHO. 
1881. 

1882. 
1883. 
1884. 


1885 


Apr.  10  Nov.  8  , 

Apr.  25  Nov.  12  1  188II.... 

Apr.  16  Nov.  9  I  1887.... 

Apr.    6  Nov.  0  1888.... 

Apr.  13  Nov.  8  1H80.... 

Apr.  20  Nov.  8  1890.... 


Apr.  28 
Mav  5 
Apr.  13 
Mav  24 
(Miir.  7) 
(.Mar.2G) 


Nov.  9 
Nov.  14 
Nov.  10 
Oct.  19 
(N'ov.22) 
Doc.     4 


1802. 

1893 

1894. 

1805. 

189G. 


Mar. 

19 

Nov. 

14 

Alar. 

29 

Nov. 

2t 

A  pr. 

•1 

\cv. 

20 

Mar. 

:n 

Nov. 

18 

ilav. 

20 

Nov. 

U 

Ai.r. 

1 

... 

Averaco  date  ol  iipnning,  April  13;  average  date  of  closing,  Novrmlier  13;  average  iiumlier  ut'  days 
closed,  l!"!. 

.Viithorities:  Tnited  Stato.s  Weatlier  Itiireaii,  1896;  T'uited  States  F.ngineor's  (ttlice,  Si(iu\  City, 
Iowa,  1896;  Missouri  l{iver  Coraiuissiou  ("  Stages  of  tlio  MiHSouri  Kivor,"  1894) ;  .Mr.  Ueorgo  lir(tug;;er, 
postmaHter,  AX'illiston,  N.  Dalt. 

Note,— Conipured  willi  liisniarck,  N,  DaJi.,  for  interiMilatiim  for  twenty  years'  period. 

No.  30.-FOli'r  ClSTJUt,  .MONT. 
[45"  46' latitude  north.     Altitude,  2,727  feet.     107°  48' longitude  west.] 


Y'ear. 


Opened.     CloHed. 


1876 |(Mar.  12)  (Nov.  30, 


1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 


(Mar.  17)  (Dec  14) 
(Mar.  3)  (Dec.  25) 
(Mar.  10)  (Dec.  12) 
(Mar.  17)  Nov.  17 
(Mar.  16)  (Dee.  2) 
Mar.  29     Nov.  12 


1883 Mar.  15     Due. 


Y'ear. 


Oi>ened. 


1884 Mar.  19 

1885 :  Mar.  12 

1880 1  Fell.   28 

1887 !  Mar.  13 

1888 i  Mar.  19 

1889 ,  Apr.  25 

1890 \   Mar.  22 

1891 / , 


(  io.seil. 


Year. 


Opened.  I   (MoHcd. 


Do.!. 

17 

Dec. 

10 

Nov. 

20 

Nov. 

24 

Dee. 

25 

Nov. 

17 

Feb.     1 


1891 |(Mar.  21)  (Nov.  29) 

1892 '(Mar.  22)  {Dec.      0) 

1803 j(Mur.  21)  (Dec.      8) 

1894 1  (Mar.   13) 

1895 /I (.Ian.      7) 

1895 ;(Mar.  15)  (Dec.    10) 

1896 j(Mar.  10) 


Average  date  of  opening,  March  18;  average  date  of  closing,  December  9;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  99. 

-Vutliority  :  I'nited  .States  Weather  liureau. 

NoTB. — Compared  witli  IJism.irek,  N.  Dali.,  for  interpolation  lor  twenty  yeans'  jieriod. 

No.  4'J.-F0nT  GRATIOT  KANGK  LKIHT-IIOUSE,   MICH. 
[43°  00'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  579.60  feet.    82^  25'  longitude  west.] 


Tear.  Opened.     Clo8e<l. 


Year.  Opened.      Closed.   . 


1874 M.ar.  21 

1875 Apr.  10 

1870 1  Apr.    9 

1877 '  Apr.  19 

1878 Mar.  10 

1879 Apr.     3 

1880 Mar.  22 

1881 1  Apr.  25 


De(^  12 
Dec.  15 
Dec.  11 
Dec.  22 
Dec.  19 
Dec.  19 
Dec.  11 
Dec.   31 


1882. 

1883. 

1884. 

1885. 

1886. 

1887. 

1888 

1889. 


Mar.  11 
Apr.  17 
Ai)r.  8 
Apr.  22 
Apr.  29 


Dec.  14 

Dec.  19 

Dec.  19 

Dec.  31 

Dee.  15 


Y'oar.       j  Opened.      Closed. 


Mar.  13     Dec.  25 


Apr.  12  Die.  23 
Ai)r.  12  Dec.  13 
Ai)r.  12  I  Dec.    18 


1890.... 

1891 Apr.   19  I  D-- 

1892....  

1893.... 
1894.... 
1895.... 
1896. . . . 


26 
Apr.  0  Dec.  31 
Apr.  9  Dec.  18 
Mar.  23  Dec  24 
Apr.  7  Dec.  19 
Apr.     8    


Average  date  of  ojiening,  April  6;  average  date  of  closing,  Decemlier  19,  average  number  of  days 
closed,  108. 
Authority :  Commander  'William  Folger,  V.  S.  N.,  Eleventh  lig'i*-liouse  distrii'l . 

No.  41.— GEORGETO'SVN,  PRINCE  EDWAUD  ISLAND. 
[40°  11'  latitude  north.    62^  35'  longitude  west.] 


Tear. 


1868. 

1869. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875. 

1870 

1877. 


Opened.      Closed. 


Apr*  15 
Mar.  25 


Jan.   25 


Tear. 


Apr.  18 

May  4 

Apr.  20 

Mar.  30 


Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 


31 
5 

10 
13 


1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 


Opened.  '   (j'losed. 


Y'ear.        \  ',)pened.      (Mosed. 


Apr.    7 

Apr.    7 

Apr.  21 

Apr.  24 

May 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Mar. 

Apr. 


Jan. 
•Tan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Fel). 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 


29   , 

30 

•'  ii 
3  I 

3  I 
11  ! 
12 
20 
23  i, 

8 


1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891 . 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 


Apr.  30 
Mar.  0 
Mar.  15 


Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


Jan. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Jau. 
Jan. 
Jan. 


21 
2') 
II 

29 
11 
15 
11 
28 
25 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  10;  iiveragc  date  of  closing,  January  26;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  74. 

Authorities:  General  Report  Public  Worlds,  Canada,  1867-1882;  Annual  Reports  of  the  Department 
of  Railways  and  Canals,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1883-1889 ;  Department  of  Public  AVorks,  Dominion  of 
Canada,  1896. 


i 


214  REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

No.  42.— UODKKICU,  ONTAIUO. 
[43"^  45'  lutituile  north.    Altitude,  579.60  leet.    81  ^  'M'  loiiKituilc  west.] 


Year 


Opened. 


1867 '  Apr.  20 

1868 Aliiv  1 

1869 Apr.  '_','( 

18/0 Apr.  18 

1871 Llav  2 

1872 Apr.  !>'■) 

187.'!  Apr.  12 

1874 Apr.  ;iO 

1870 May  1 

1870 May  4 


Closed. 


Dec. 
Dee. 
Dee. 
Nov. 
Dee. 
Nov. 
Doc. 
Nov. 
Dee. 
Dec. 


Year.       j  Opened. 


1877 Apr.  20 

1878 Apr.  0 

1879 Apr.  12 

1880 Mar.  20 

1881 Mar.  1 

1882 1  Apr.  3 

188:i Apr.  26 

1884 1  Apr.  20 


10      1885 May     6 

1      1880 May   19 


Closed. 


Dec.  4 

Dee.  10 

Dee.  1 

Dec.  10 

Dee.  1 

Dec.  7 

Dec.  3 

Dec.  15 

Dec.  4 

Nov.  30 


Year. 


1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1890. 


Opened. 

Mav 

2 

Apr. 

28 

Ai)r. 

8 

ilav 

5 

Apr. 

4 

Apr. 

4 

Apr. 

2X 

Mar. 

15 

Apr. 

20 

Apr. 

13 

Closed. 


Nov.  23 
Nov.  24 
Nov.  28 
Dee.  16 
Dec.  5 
Dec.  3 
Nov.  27 
Dec.  4 
Nov.  23 


Average  date  of  openin;;,  April  10;  average  date  of  closing,  December  4;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  133. 

Aiitliorities:  General  Keporl  riiblie  Works,  Canada,  1867-1882;  .luuiial  Keports  of  the  Department 
of  Itallways  and  Canals,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1883-1889;  Department  of  Tublic  "Works,  Dominion  of 
Canada.  1896. 

No.  43.-GItAND  FOKKS,  N.  DAK. 
[47^^  or.'  latitude  nortli.     Altitude,  784  feet      U7^  01'  longitude  west.] 


Closed. 


Year. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

Year. 

Opened. 

(Uosed. 

Year. 

Opened. 

1870 

1879 

1888 

■   1889 

Apr.  15 

1871 

1880 

1872  .... 

1881 

1890 

Apr.  14 
Apr.  16 
Apr.  17 
Apr.  18 
Apr.  15 
Apr.  6 
Apr.  20 

1K73  ... 

Oct.  29 

1882 

Nov.  11 
Nov.  12 
Nov.  19 
Dec.   5 

Nov.  Ill 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1890 

1874 

1883 

1875 

1884 

1876 

1885 

1877 

1886 

1878 

1887 

Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 

>«1)V. 

Nov. 
Nov. 


14 

5 
12 
12 
14 

4 
10 

1 


Average  date  of  ojieuing,  April  15;  average  date  of  closing,  November  8;  average  number  of  days 
closecl,  1,')8. 
Authority:  Mr.  A.  O.  I'owell,  as.sistaiil  engineer,  United  States.     (1890.)     St.  Paul,  Minn. 


No.  44.— GRAND  HAVEN,  MICH. 
[43°  05'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  579.0  feet.    80^  13'  longitude  west.] 


Yeur.         Ojieiied.      Closed. 


A'ear.       ;  Opened.  1    Closed. 


leCS Dee.   2 

1870 \   Ja)>.    15 

1871 ) '  Jan.    1 

1871 \   Jan.    22    

1872 / Jan.    27 


1872. 
1873. 
1873. 


I'el 


1879. 

18S0. 

1880. 
1H81. 


.\'  Mar.    7 


.Tan. 
ilau. 
Jan. 


Jan. 

1 

Jan. 

10 

Dec. 

26 

). 


....    Mar.  25 
1874 Open. 


1H75 


Ian.  21 
Apr.  4 
Open. 


1870 

1877 \    Ojien. 

1878 / 

1878 \    Jan.   28 

1H79 1 


Jan.    29 
Ojieli. 
ojieii. 
<lan.     4 
Jan.   31 
0))en. 

Jaii.'  iti' 

Mui\     2 


1882 1 Jan.   13 


1882. 
1883. 

18.J4. 


1H85 


1880. 


Jan.    19\ 
Mar.  16J 
Ojieii. 
Feb.    14 
Mar.     3 
Mar.     9 
Mar.  10 
Jan.   30 
Feb.   13 
Mar.    7 
Apr.    2 


Jan. 

Open. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Feb. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar.  12 


Year.       '  Opened.  '    (Mosed. 


1887 

1888 1 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1H94 

1K95 

1896 


O]ion. 
Feb.   13 
Feb.   20 
Feb.   20 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Feb.   14 
Feb.    21 
Feb.    27 
Feb.   25 
Open. 
Feb,   20 


Open. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Open. 

Oi>en. 

Open. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Open. 

Feb. 


4 

16 
19 


15 


17 


Averngp  date  of  opening,  February  18;  average  date  of  closljig,  February  4;  average  number  of 
das  .-<  ehmeil,  1-1. 

.Authorities:  Mr.  A.  li.  At  water,  superintendent  Grand  Trunk  iiaihvuy  i  Mr,  Jacob  Kour,  Gooduriuh 
'i'i'uus|iorttttiun  Company. 


cd.  ,   <Jlo8cd. 




. 

0 

Nov. 

23 

28 

Nov. 

24 

8 

Nov. 

2.S 

5 

De.-. 

10 

4 

Dec. 

5 

4 

Dec. 

» 

').j 

Nov. 

27 

15 

Dec. 

4 

20 

Nov. 

23 

13 

umber  of  days 

le  Doiiurtnient 
Dominion  of 


ed.      Clo.sied. 


15  I  Dec. 
. ..,  Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 


14 

5 
12 
12 
14 

4 
10 

1 


limber  of  days 
iun. 


led. 

Closed. 

. 

Open 

Vi 

Feb. 

4 

20 

Feb. 

10 

20 

Feb. 
Open. 
Ojien. 
Open. 

10 

14 

Feb. 

( 

21 

Feb. 

15 

27 

Feb. 

22 

25 

Fell. 
Open. 

20 

20 

Feb. 

17 

t^e  number  of 
lar,  (Soodurich 


REPORT   OF    U.  S,  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 

No.  45.— GKAND  ISLAND  LIGIIT-nOUSE,  NEAR  MITNISINO,  MICH. 
[40°  34'  latitude  nortli.     Altitude,  000.09  feet.    80°  41'  loiigiludo  west.] 


215 


Year. 


1874.... 
1875... 
1870.... 
1877.... 
1878.... 
1879.... 
1880.... 
1881.... 


Opened. 


May  9 
May  21 
May  15 
Mav  1 
Apr.  3 
May  0 
Apr.  27 
May   11 


Closed. 


Year. 


Opened. 


CloHcd. 


Year. 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov.  30 
Nov.  28 
Dec. 


1882. 
1883. 


Apr.  18 
May     8 


3    1  1884 1  ^lay  1 

"    i  1885 aMav  11 

I  1880 ''  MaV  1 

1887 May  3 

1888 May 

Dec.     5  U  1889 Apr.  13 

I  il  ! 


1 
Nov.  20 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 


1 

2 

1 

30 

4 

30 

11  I  Nov.  30 

Nov.  30 


1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 


Opened. 

Apr. 

22 

Apr. 

28 

Apr. 

21 

Mav 

Apr. 

19 

Apr. 

27 

Apr. 

19 

Closed. 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  30;  iiveroge  date  of  closing,  December  1 ;  averajio  number  of  tlays 
closed,  150. 
Authority:  Commander  William  Folger,  U.  S.  N.,  Eleventh  ligbt-liouse  district. 

No.  40.— GKAND  MARAIS  LIGHT-HOUSE,  MINNESOTA. 
[47"  44'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  000.69'  feet.    90°  20'  loii;;itude  west.] 


1        Year.       |  Opened. 

Closed.    1       Year.          Opened. 

Clo.seil.           Year. 

Opened. 

( 'Idscd. 

1 
1885 ' 

1880 Apr.  27 

1887 Mav     1 

1888 May     9 

Doc.  21      1889 Mar.  17 

Dec.  22    ,  1890 Apr.     8 

Dec.   28   :  1891 Apr.  27 

Dec.   28   1  1892 Apr.  22 

Nov.    7  ;!  1893 

Dec.   17  :    1894 

Dec.     3    '  1.S95 

Dec.   10      1890 

Apr.  30 
Apr.  15 
Apr.    9 
Apr.  12 

Dec.       0 
Dec.     11 
Dec.     17 

Average  date  of  opening,  April  19;  average  date  of  closing,   December  13;  average  niiiuber  of  days 
closed,  127. 
Authority:  Couiiiuiuder  William  Folgcr,  V.  S.  N.,  Eleventh  light•bou»c^  disfriit. 
Note. — Compared  with  Duluth,  Minn.,  fur  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 

Xo.  47.— (iUAND  JtAPIDS,  MICH. 
[42°  .50'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  580.00  feet.    85°  50'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 

Oliened. 

Closed. 

1        _ 
Year. 

Opened.     Closed. 

Year. 

1 

Opened. 

Closed. 

1808 

1869 

1810 

Mar.  16 
Mar.  20 
Mar.  24 
Mar.  20 
Apr.     2 
Mar.  30 
Mar.  11 
Mar.  27 
Mar.  20 
Mar.  20 

Dec. 
Dec. 

Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 

4 

7 

15 
27 
20 
15 
25 
24 
30 
23 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

Mnr.  15 
Mar.  13 
Mar.    5 
Apr.    4 
Mar.  24 
Apr.    2 
Mar.  19 
Apr.    9 
Apr.     1 
.Mar.  23 

Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 

26 
15 
19 
18 
30 
14 

"2 
28 
23 

'  1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894   

...    Apr.    3 
...|  Mar.  21 
...'  Mar.  20 
...   Apr.    1 
...    Mar.  30 
..V  Feb,  20 

Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 

•Jan. 
Dec. 
Nov. 

11 

20 

3 

1871  

•K) 

1872     

"'1 

1H73 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1880 

1874        . .   . . 

•> 

1875 

1894 

1895 

1896 

...   Mar.    5 
...   Mar.  10 

...|  Mar.    2 

31 

1870  

'.'H 

1877 

1887 

.Vverage  date  of  opening,  Marcli  22:  average  date  of  closing,  November  29;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  113. 
Authority;  Capt..Tolin  Miiir,  sdainer  II'.  //.  Ilnrritt. 

No.  48.— GUAND    I'U A VEKSK  l.IGHTHorSK,  MK.'IIKJAN. 
[45  '  12'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  .')79. tin  Itrl.     85  ■  34  liingitu(h;  west.  | 


Year. 

Opened.      Closed. 

Year. 

1891 

l,S9i! 

Opened. 

Apr.    1 
Apr.     1 
Apr.  10 

Closed. 

Year. 

1894 

1895 

1890 

<  Opened. 

...     M;ir.    I!l 
...;  Apr.  11 
...|  Api.     1 

1 

Closed. 

1887 

Apr.  10     Dee,    18 
Apr,  27     Dec.   10 
Mar.  24  ;  Deo.   10 
Mar.  25  j  Dee.   22 

Dec.   21  , 
Dec.   22 
Dec.    18 

Die.      1H 

1888 

Dec      21 

1889 

1893 

1800 

Average  date  of  opening,  April  3  ;  average  date  of  closing,  Deci'iiibrr  21;  :ivrrage  ininibei- of  days 
closed,  103. 

Authority  :  < 'omnia). li.r  .1.  II.  Davlon,  C  S.  N.,  Nhitli  light  I sr  dislrirl . 

NuTE.— Compared  v.iiii  Alpena,  Mich,,  for  Interpolation  for  twenty  gears'  period. 


"m 


216 


REPORT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


Year. 


1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 


X(..  4!).— GKEENI3A  Y,  WIS. 
[44°  31'  latitude  north,     .\ltitudo,  57il.60  leet.     88"  00'  lougitudo  west.] 


Apr.  15 
Apr.  28 
Apr.  17 
Apr.  10 


Mar.  13 
Apr.  15 
Apr.    1 


Closed.   1 

Nov. 

11 
28  l' 

^ov. 

28 

Dee. 

1 

•Tan. 

23 

Dee. 

U 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

20  j 

Year. 


1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 

i88r). 

1880. 
1887. 
1888. 


May  C  ' 

Apr.  1 

Apr.  16  I 

Aiir.  24  I 

.Apr.  29  I 

Apr.  20  i 

<  Apr.  24  ! 

I  May  2 


Closed. 

Dee. 

14 

Dee,. 

4 

Dee. 

15    1 

Dec. 

3    i 

Dec. 

6 

Nnv. 

26 

Nov. 

7 

Dec. 

12 

1889. 
1890. 
1801. 
1892. 
1803. 
1894. 
1895. 
1890. 


Year.       I  Opened.     Closed. 


Apr.  8     Dee.  7 

Apr.  1 1  I  Dec.  4 

Apr.  23     No\  :J0 

Apr.  11  I  Dec.  1 


Api'.  15 

Mar.  31 

Apr.  Hi 

Apr.  IC 


Dec.  15 
Dec.  10 
Dee.     2 


Averiicc  date  of  opening,  April  15;  average  date  of  closing,  December  6;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  130. 
Authority:  Mr.  F.  "W.  Conrad,  ob.server  ^'eather  ISiireaii. 


r 


Xo.50.— UUEEN  ISLAND  LIGHT-HOr.SK,  WISCONSIN. 
[450  03'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  579.60  feet.    87°  29'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 


Opened. 

Closed. 

Dee.   24  ' 
Dec.    31 
Dec.   31 
Dec.   24 

Year. 

1801 

1892 

1893 

Apr.  23 
May     1 
Apr.    4 
Apr.    5 

Opened. 


Apr.  22 
Apr.    C 


Closed. 


Dee.   27 
Dec.    15 


Year. 


Apr.  14  i  Dec.   13 


1894. 
1895. 
1894. 
1896. 


Opened.     Closed. 


Jlar.  22  ! 

!  Feb.       2 

Apr.     1  i  Dee.     31 
Apr.     9  1 


Averc^ifo  date  of  opening,  April  9;  average  date  of  closing,  December  29;  average  number  of  days 

elosm,  101. 
Aiitiiority  :  Coniinander  J.  H.  Dayton,  I'.  S.  N.,  Nintli  lii:ht-liouNe  district. 
Note.— Comparod  with  Escauaba,  Midi.,  lor  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 

>•,.,.  .11.— (IKOSSK  I'OINTE  LUillT-IIorSE,  LAKE  ST.   FRANCIS,  QI'EBEC. 


[Altitude,  153.50  feet.] 


Year. 


1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
187U. 
1880. 


Open 

Bd. 

Mav 

2 

Apr. 

20 

May 

1 

Alav 

3 

May 

1 

May 

3 

Apr. 

20 

May 

1 

Apr, 

29 

Closed. 


Doc.  1 

Xov,  25 
Nov.  2'i 
Nov.  27 
Nov.  30 
Oec.  2 
Dec.  14 
Dec.  3 
Nov.  25 


Year. 


<)l)ened.   Closed. 


Year. 


1881. 

1882. 
1883. 


1884 Apr.  30 


1885 

1886. 

1887. 

1888. 

1889. 


Apr.  28  Nov.  29 
Apr.  28  I  Dee.  2 
Aiir.  29  I»ee.  13 
Dec.  14 
4 
3 
2 

2 
1 


Jlay     6  I  Dec. 
May     1  1  Dec 
May     1      •■ 
Majy     1 
Apr.  22 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


1890. 
1891. 

1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1H05. 
1896. 


Opened. 


Ch)Hed. 


May     1  I  Dec. 
Apr.  28  I  Nov, 


.Ma-  1 

A  pi.  29 

.\pr.  26 

Ai>r.  20 


Nov 
Dec. 

Nov. 


2 

;io 

30 

2 

30 


Nov,    30 


Averiipe  date  of  i)])0uiug,  April  29;  average  date  ot'  elo(<iug,  Deeeniber2:  average  nuiuber  of  days 
cloHed.  148. 
Authority:  Mr.  I'",  (lourdean,  deputy  miniater  iiiiiriiie  ami  liMlieriefi,  Dominion  of  Canada. 

Nu,  .52— HAMILTON  ISLAND  LIOII 1   110D.SE,  SFM.MEUSTOWN,  ONTAKIO. 


[Altitude,  153.50  feet.] 


Year. 


Opened,     ('losed.    ^         Veur.  Ojieued.     Closed. 


1873 

1874 

1875 May 

1876 1  May     I 

1K77 1  Apr.  30     Dee 

1878 1  Apr.   10     Dee 

1870 ,  May     1      ■' 

1880 


Nov.  2,") 

Apr.  28     Nov,  28 

3      Nov,  'Ji'i 

l»ee,  2 


1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 


Apr.  25     Nov.  20 
Apr.  23     Nov.  30 


Year.  Opened.     Closed. 


May     1 
,\lir,  28 


Dec, 
Dee, 


1885 May     6     Dee, 


Dec.     3 
Apr.  21     Nov.  25 


1886. 
1887. 
1888. 


Apr, 
May 
May 


29  Dee. 
3  Dee, 
1   Dee. 


1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1896. 
1890. 


Apr. 

22 

Dec. 

1 

Apr. 

21 

Nov. 

30 

Apr. 

28 

Dee, 

1 

Apr. 

27 

Dee. 

4 

May 

1 

Dee. 

3 

A  pr. 

23 

Dec. 

1 

Apr, 

28 

Dee. 

I 

May 

1 

.A  VI  rune  dii  to  of  ope  II I  lie,  April  2K;  average  date  of  closing,  November  30;  average  number  of  days 
el(>,seil.  149. 
Authority:  Mr.  F.  (lourdean,  deputy  iiiiuister  miirluu  and  Usiieries,  Dominion  of  Canada. 


E 


S^^ppyt: 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


217 


1. 

3 

Closed. 

Dec.     7 

I 

Dec.     4 

i 

Nov    :jo 

1 

Dec.     1 

5 

Dec.    15 

I 

Dec.   10 

B 

Dec.     2 

" 

.ber  of  (lays 


Closed. 


Feb.  2 
1  Dec.  31 
9    


iber  of  days 


SC. 


1. 

CloHed. 

1 

8 
1 
0 
6 
i» 

Dec.      2 

Nov.    :iO 
Nov.    ;to 
Dec.      2 
Nov.    30 
Nov.    ;(0 

uber  of  <lays 
III. 


r 


No.  .'iS.-IlAKRISBURG,  PA.— SUSQUKHANNA  KH'EK. 
[40"  16'  latitude  uorth.    Altitude,  289.96  feet.    76°  52'  longitude  west.] 


Year.        i  Opeued.      Closed. 


Year. 


I 
Opened,  j   Closed 


Year.         Opened. 


1870 Dec.   29 

,07,  /Jan.    15     Feb.    12 

^^^^ \Feb.   17 

1872 1  Mar.  2:j 

rJan.  18 
{Feb.     7 
I  Mar.  11 
Open.         Open. 
Ftb.  27  ,  Jan.   10 
Open.      ,  Dec.   10 
Feb.     li  j  Open. 

Jan.  ]-  -^jjgg  20 

I 


1873. 

1874. 
1875. 
1870. 
1877. 

1878. 


Dec.  18 

,  Dec.  22 

Ijan.  29 

|l''eb.  24 


1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 

1886. 

1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1800. 


Mar.     8 

Open. 

Feb.   11 

Open. 

Feb.     5 

Feb.     7 

Apr.  1 
/Feb.  13 
IMar.     5 

Jan.   25 

Feb.   22 

Open. 

Open. 


Open 

Dec. 

Open, 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Open. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Mar. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Open, 

Open, 


10   I 

8 
24 

29 
15 

a 

5 
20 


1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 

1896. 


Closed. 


Open.  Open. 

Open.  Dec.     25 

Feb.  10  Open. 

Open.  Dec.     29 

Jan.   10    

Jan.      9 

/Feb.     1  I  Feb.     22 
\Feb.  23 


Avenigo  date  of  opening,  February  It;  average  date  of  closing,  January  18;  average  number  of 
days  clos'ofl,  27. 
Autlioritics :  Mr.  William  A.  Kelker ;  Mr.  T.  T.  "Wiermau.jr.,  C.  E. 

No.  54.— HARTFORD,  CO.NN.— CONNECTICUT  RIVER. 
[41°  45'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  0.00  feet.    72^  39'  longitude  west.) 


Year. 


1834. 
18115. 
18:t6. 
18.')7. 
1838. 
1839. 
1840. 
18*1. 
1842. 
1843. 
1844. 
1845. 
18. :3. 
1847. 
1848. 
1849. 
1850. 
1851. 
1852. 
1853. 
1854. 
1855. 
1850. 


Opened. 

Fob. 

23 

Mar 

14 

Apr. 
Mar. 

1 

22 

Mar. 

4 

Jan. 

?« 

Mar. 

11 

Feb. 

26 

Feb. 

3 

Apr. 

7 

Mar. 

15 

Mar. 

2 

Mar. 

14 

Mar. 

13 

Mar. 

9 

Mar. 

17 

Mar. 

0 

Feb. 

7 

Mar. 

15  1 

Feb. 

25' 

Mar. 

12  i 

Mar. 

8 

Apr. 

1 

Closed. 


Year.         Opened.  |  Closed. 


Year. 


Dec.  4 
Dec.  0 
Dec.  6 


1857.. 
1858.. 
1859.. 
I860.. 
1861.. 
1862.. 
1863.. 
1864.. 
1865.. 
1866.. 
1867.. 
1868.. 
1869.. 
1870.. 
1871.. 
1872.. 
1873.. 
1874.. 
1875.. 
1876.. 
1877.. 
1878.. 
1878.. 


5 
23 


Mar.  18 

Mar.  20 

Mar.  12 
Mar. 
Feb. 

Mar.  29 

Mar.  22 

Mar.  5 

Mar.  17 

Mar.  14 

Mar.  5 

Mar.  24 

Mar.  25 

Mar.  2 

Mar.  10 

Mar.  31 

Mar.  80 

Mar.  10 

Apr.  7 

Mar.  17 

Mar.  10 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 


12 

1 
10 
10 
21 

2 

9 
12 
17 

8 
11 

5 
19 
30 

1 
29 
28 
24 
30 

1 


Miir.  1 


Jan. 
Doc. 


1 
20 


'  1870. 

1880. 

1881. 

1882. 

1882. 

1883. 

1884. 

1885. 

1886. 
i  1887. 
!  1888. 

1889. 
;  1800. 
I  1890. 
■   1891. 

1892. 

1892. 

1893. 

1894. 

1895. 

1896. 


::} 


Opened.     Closed. 


Mar. 
Jan. 
Mar. 

Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 


15  1  Dec.     21 
23  I  Nov.    22 

14  I 

—   Jan.       4 

3     Dec. 
in  i  Dec. 

15  Dec. 
28  1  Dec. 

Dec. 
Deo. 


16 
11 


4 

15 

18 

6 


30  t  Dec. 
3 


26 

15 


Feb. 
Mar. 


....    Jan.     11 
18     Dec.     10 


Feb. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 


Jan.  8 
Dec.  23 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


13 
28 
20 


Average  date  of  opening,  March  12;  average  date  of  closing,  December  12;  average  number  of  days 
clo.sed,  OU. 
AuiLority  :  Mr,  C.  C.  Goodrich,  general  m(inagi>r  Hartford  and  New  York  Transportation  Company. 

No.  .W.-HENNEIMN,  ILL. 

I  tl  •  1.-.'  latitude  iiiirtli.     .Mtitude,  438.61  feet.     80 '  22'  longitude  West.] 


1. 

('losed. 

2 

Dec.       1 

1 

Nov.    30 

8 

Dec.       1 

7 

Dec.       4 

1 

Dec.       3 

:i 

Dec.       1 

8 

Dec.       1 

1 

lll>er  of  days 
ila. 


Year.       j  Opened.      Closed. 


1870 

1877 ,  (Feb,  14) 

1878 '    (Open.) 

1879 (Mar.  1«) 

1880 (Jan.  14) 

1881 1  Mar.  20 

1882 Mar.  17 

1883 Mar.    2 


(Nov.  U) 
(Open.) 
( Nov.  2.'i) 
(Nov.  24) 
Nov.  17 
Nov.  26 
Dec.  5 
Nov.  10 


Y'ear. 


1884 

1885 

188(1 

18H7 

1888 

1889 > 

1890 S 

1890 


Opened, 

Mar. 

15 

Mar. 

27 

Mar. 

6 

Fob. 

17 

Mar. 

16 

Mar. 

5 

Mar. 

11 

Chised. 


Nov.  26 
Dec.  7 
Nov.  25 
Nov.  28 
Dec.   20 

Ja'ii,'  'Ji 


Year. 


Opened.  ,   Closed, 


1891. 
1892. 

1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 


Dec.     5      1896 '  Mar,  20 


(Mar,  18  >  Nov,  18 

^Uec.  18    

I >  Jan,  3 

M«r,  2  ;  Nov,  23 

Mar,  21     Nov.  24 

Mar,  3  j  Nov.  19 

Feb.  28     Doc.  3 


Average  date  of  opening,  March  8;  average  dale  of  chining,  November  28;  average  niiiiiber  of  days 
closed,  100. 
AiitWitv:  Mr.  \y.  Durley. 
Ni'TK.     (\mipiired  with  Seneca,  Til.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 


218 


REPORT    OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


i| 


Ix).  ne.-JEFFKKSON  CITY,  MO. 
[38'5  36'  latitu4e  north.    Altitude,  523  feet.    92'3  14'  longitadu  west. 


Year. 


Opened. 


1878 (Feb.    6) 

1879 (Feb.    7) 

1880 \,(Jan.     7) 

1881 /i 

1881 .\   Feb.     7 

1882 jl 

1882 \|(Feb.  25) 

188:< / 

1881! \   Feb.  17 

1884 /I 

1884 \|  Jan.  30 

1885 /I 


Closed. 

Dec. 

(Deo. 

28 
27) 

Jan. 

22 

(Jan. 

10) 

Jan. 

31 

Jan. 

5 

(Jan. 

3) 

Year. 


1885. 
1886. 
1886. 
1886. 
1887. 
1887. 
1887. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1889. 


Opened. 


Closed. 


(Feb.    0) 


Feb.   14 
Dec.   11 


Jan.  24 


Jan. 
Feb. 


Jan. 
Dec. 

11 
4 

Jan. 
Dec. 

I 
28 

Jan. 

16 

Feb.  24 


Year. 


1889. 
1890. 
1891. 

1892. 

1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 


Opened . 


Mar. 

Open. 

Open. 

1 

Jan. 

26 

Feb. 
Open 
Feb. 
Open 

20 
27 

Closed. 


Open. 

Open. 

!  Open. 
fJan.       0 
\Dei;.     26 

I  Ojn'ii. 

:   Dec.     31 

I  Open. 


Average  date  of  opeiynf;,  February  2 ;  average  date  of  cJo-sing,  January  U ;  average  number  of  days 
cloned,  22. 

Autliorities:  Report  of  United  .States  Kngincors,  1888-90;  Missouri  Kiver  Commission  ("Stages 
of  the  Missouri  Kivcr"),  1894;  Capt.  J.  E.  Sanford,  United  Stattis  Engineers,  secretary  Missouri 
Kiver  CJomniission. 

!NoTE.— Compared  with  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 

No.  .57.— KANSAS  CITY,  MO. 
[390  05'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  716  feet.    94°  37'  longitude  west.] 


Year.         Opened. 


1874 ' 

1875 Mar.  11 

1876 Open. 

1877 \    Ft'..      6 

1878 / 

1878 Feb.     3 

1879 Feb.     4 

/Jan.     4 
•■•\Dec.     8 

1881 Feb,  22 

18«2 )    Keb.  20 

1882 }   Deo.   11 

1883 J 

1883 Feb.   15 

1884 1  Feb.  24 

I 


1880. 


Closed. 


Dec. 
( )pon, 
Dec. 


Jan. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


Jan. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


3 

19 
22 


Year. 


1885. 
1885. 
1886. 
lo86. 
1886. 
1887. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1880. 
1890. 
1890. 


Opened.     Closed. 


Feb. 
Dec. 


6 


Feb. 
Dec. 


Feb. 
Feb. 


Feb. 
Mar. 


Dec. 

13 

•Ian. 
Doc. 

7 
4 

Dec. 

9 

Jarf. 
Feb. 

27  , 
20  1 

Jan.   13 
Feb.  20 


Year.         Openud.  |   Closed. 


1890. 

1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1893. 
1894. 

1895. 

1806. 


:::K' 


(Jan.   27\ 
\Mar.    91 

Opi'u. 

Oi)cn. 

Feb.   21 

Dec.   15 


,  Open. 

Opili, 
Dei'.   20 
Doc.     3 


fJan.    20 

,\Feb.   18 

Juu.    14 


Doe.  31 
Jnn.  26 


Average  date  of  opening,  February  12;  average  date  of  closing,  January  5;  average  number  of  da;,  s 
closed,  38. 

Autliorities:  Keport  of  I'nitcd  States  Missouri  River  Commission,  1887-1890;  Missouri  Kivcr  Coni- 
inissiou  ("Stages  of  ttie  Missouri  River"),  1894;  local  forecast  olllcial,  United  States  Weather  iiureau, 
1896. 


Nw.  58.-KF,OKTTK,  lOlVA. 
[40"  22'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  477  feut.    91  ■  29'  longitude  west.) 


Year. 

Opened. 

1871 

1 

1872 

1873 

Mar.  14  1 
Mar.  10  ' 
Open. 
Mar.  28 
Open. 
Feb.    17 
Mar.  19 
Mar.     0 
Jan.     5 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1881/ 

Cloned. 


Dec.  4 
Dec.  4 
Open. 
Ojicn. 
ilan.  5 
Dec.  11 
Dec.  10 
Dee.  20 
Dec.  25 
Dec     8 


Year. 


1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 


Open 

ed. 
6 

Mar. 

( )pen 
^lar. 

1 

Mar. 

16 

Mar. 

14 

Mor, 

14 

Feb. 

10 

Mar. 

1      ' 

Closed. 


Open. 
Dec.  17 
Dec.  27 
Dec.  20 
Dec.  14 
Dec.  2 
De-.  21 
Open. 
Feb.   24 


Year.         Op«ned. 


1890. 


/Jan.    28 
••  \Mar.  12 

1891 Open. 

1892 Open. 

1893 1  Mar.    9 

1894 i  Feb.    27 

'*"'•' >I)ec.    17 

^™" AFob.   23 


Closed. 


21 


Jan 
Mar.      1 
Open. 
Dec.     26 
Doc.     31 
Dec.     30 


Dec.  5 
Jan.  3 
Feb.     21 


Average  date  of  o]iening,  February  2!i;  average  date  of  closing',  .Taiuiary  .'>;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  51. 
Authorities;  Reports  of  the  United  States  Chief  Si-ual  OlHcer,  1872-1888;  Mr.  J.  U.  Cde. 


I 


I.     Closed. 


Open. 

Open. 

Open. 

|.Ian. 

» 

\Dcc. 

20 

OlICM. 

Dec. 

;u 

Opcu. 

nlier  of  days 

on   ("Stages 
ry  ilissouri 


il.     Closed. 


!1 

5 

Open. 

Open. 
Dei.  20 
Dec,     3 

26' 

S 

Doe.  31 
Jan.  26 

u 

niber  ol'dir,  s 

i  Kivcr  Cotn- 
thcr  Bureau, 


d. 

Closed. 

28 
12 

9 

27 

n 

Jan.     21 
Mai'.      1 
Open. 
Dec.     2(i 
Dec.     31 
Dec.     30 

17 
13 
J3 

Dec.       ,') 
Jan.       3 
Fob.     21 

mberof  ilays 
>de. 


3 

4 


i 

1 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

N(j.  59.— KINCAKDINU,  OXTAKKJ. 
144°  10'  latitude  uerth.     Altitude,  579.60  feet.    81^  37'  lonKitudo  west.] 


219 


Year.       I  Open,.'d. 


1875 Mar.  27 

187n Mnv     5 

1H77 Mai-.    2 

1878 Apr.  26 

1870 Apr.  1;! 

1880 May     7 

1881 Apr.  28 

1882 Mar.  27 


Closed. 


Year.       1  Opened,  j   Closed. 


Nov. 

20 

Oct. 

27 

Nov. 

12 

Nov. 

16 

Nov. 

20 

Nov. 

5 

Nov. 

23 

Nov. 

30 

li 


1883 

1884 

1885 May     0 

1880 i  Apr.     3 

1887 Apr.  20 

1888 May     2 

1889 1  Mar.  20 

1890 !  Apr.  18 


Year. 


Apr.  23  I  Doc.   28    |  1801 

Mav     6  I  Nov.  24  h  1802 

Nov.  30  '    1893 

Nov.  28   : 

Nov.  15  ; 

Dec.  4 
Nov.  6 
Nov.  10  |, 

II 


1894. 
1895. 
1890. 


Opened. 


Apr.  22 
Apr.  5 
Apr.  2 
Apr.  4 
Apr.  10 
Apr.     0 


Closed. 


Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


15 
26 
6 
26 
20 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  15 ;  average  date  of  closing,  November  21 ;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  143. 
Autlioritv  :  Department  of  Public  AVorks,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1896. 

No.  60.-KINGSTON,  ONTARIO. 
[443  15'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  244.53  feet-    70"  29'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


Opened.      Closed. 


Apr. 
.\    Ai)r. 


1831... 
1832... 
1833... 

1834 / 

1834 Mar.  10 

1835 Apr.     0 

1830 Apr.  23 

1837 \i  A]r.  11 

1838 J 

1838 j  Apr.     0 

1839 1  Apr.    8 

18411 !  Mar.  19 

1841 Apr.  23 

:Mar.  24 
Apr.  23 


Dec.   19 
Dec.     4 


Jan.  1 
Dec.  22 
Dec.  31 
Dec.  20 


Mar.    9 


1812 

1843 

1844 

1844 

1845.     .. 

1845 \   Apr.     2 

1840 / 

1846 Mar.  31 

1847 \   Apr.   11 

1848 / 


1848... 
1849  .. 
1850... 
1851... 
18,">'2... 
1853... 
1853... 
18,54... 

18.54 \1  Apr.  10 

1855 / 


Apr.  3 

A\)T.  3 

Apr.  5 

Apr.  2 

Apr.  19 


Apr.     4 


Jan.  10 

-Doc.  18 

Dec.  20 

Dec.  23 

Dec.  31 

D'^c.  31 


Yea- 


Opened. 


\    Apr.  17 

I] 

Apr.     8 
Apr.     2 


Jan. 

3 

Jan. 

12 

Jan. 

9 

Jan.  6 
Dec.  30 
Dec.  31 
Dec.  26 
Dec.  22 


Apr.  2ti 


Apr.  15 
Apr.  12 


'  1855. 
I  1856. 

1850. 
i  18,57. 

1858. 

1858. 

1859. 

1859. 

1860. 

1801, 

1861, 

1862 

1802 

1863 

1863 

1864 /l 

1804 \ 

1805 /' 

'  1805 \\  Mar.  28 

1806 / 

,  1860 \   Apr.  11 

I  1867 / 

1807 Apr.     8 

'  1868 !  Mar.  31 

1809 \   Apr.  17 

1870 j' 


Apr.  8 
Apri'ii 
Apr.  10 


Apr.     5 


Jan.  14 
Jan.  5 
Jan.   is 


1870.. 
1871.. 
1872.. 
1873.. 
1874.. 

1874 \\  Mar.  28 

1875 J 


Apr.  13 
Mar.  10 
Apr.  22 
Apr.  24 


Closed. 


Jan. 
Dec. 


Year. 


Feb. 


J.in. 
Dec. 


25  I 


Jan. 
Jnn. 


Jan. 
Jan. 


Jan. 


10 
'4' 

"i\ 
"4' 


Jan. 


Jan. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


18 
24 


Jnn. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


8 
31 
25  ' 
21  I 


Jan.    14 


Jan 


■  1 


1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1878, 
1879. 
1879, 
1880, 
1881 
1882 
1882 
1883 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1889 
1890 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1890 


Opened.     Closed 


Apr.  19 
Apr.  18 
Apr.     9 


Mar.  11 


Apr.  21 
Mar.  23 
Apr.  12 


Mar.    7 


Apr.  19 
Apr.  19 
Apr.  28 


Apr.  9 
Apr.  19 
Apr.  12 


Apr.    2 


Mar.  31 
Apr.     3 


Dec.     23 
Dec.     20 


Jan. 

8 

Jan. 
Dec. 
Doi'. 

2 

28 
21 

Jan. 

12 

Jan. 
Dec. 
Dec. 

4 

31 
31 

Jan. 
Dec. 
Dec. 

8 
30 
30 

Jan. 

19 

Jan. 
Dee. 

23 
20 

10 
26 


Jan. 
Dec. 
Dec.     30 
Open. 
Jan.     10 
.Ian.      2 


Average  date  of  o|)ening,  Ajiril  8;  average  dale  of  closing,  January  2;  average  nunihcr  of  days 
clo.-ied,  96. 

Authorities:  (ieneral  Kcporl  I'ublic  Works,  Caiuula,  1H07-18."^2;  Anninil  liepoit  of  tlic  Department 
of  llailways  anil  I'anals.  Dominion  of  Canada,  1883-1889;  Department  of  I'ublic  Works.  Dominion 
i)i  Canada,  1890. 


rwjmim" 


220 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

No.  fil.— LACROSSK,  "WIS. 
[43°  49'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  628  feet.     91  ">  15'  longitude  west.l 


Y<'ar. 

f 
Opened.  Closed. 

Yiar. 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

Opened. 

Mar.  7 
Apr.  9 
Mar.  4 
Apr.  0 
Mar.  29 
Apr.  1 
Mar.  28 
Apr.  5 
Apr.  9 

Closed. 

Nov.  19 
Dec.  m 
Dec.  8 
Deo.  18 
Nov.  24 
Dec.  7 
Nov.  29 
Nov.  28 
Dec.  21 

Tear. 

Opened. 

Mar.  30 
Mar.  20 
M.ar.  21 
Mar.  25 
Apr.  3 
Mar.  10 
Mar.  24 
Mar.  21 

Closed. 

1871 

Ife72 

1873 

1874 

1875.... 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

Mar.  13  Nov.  22 
Apr.  8  1  Xov.  22 
Mar.  19  Nov.  27  ' 
Mai-.  28  Nov.  29 
Apr.  7  Nov.  22  ' 
Apr.  7  ■  Nov.  30  : 
ilar.  27  Dec.  2 
Feb.  22  Dec.  11 
Mar.  26  ;  Dec.  12 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

Nov.  29 
Dec.   3 
D.T.  26 
Dec.  10 
Nov.  28 
Dec.  27 
Dec   '> 

1887 

1888 

Average  date  of  epeniii{;,  March  26;  Average  date  of  closing,  December  5;  average  number  of  days 
closed, 111. 

Authorities:  IFnited  States  Weather  liureaii,  1896;  Mr.  AV.  U.  Simons,  observer,  Weather  I'.ureau, 
Lacrosse,  Wis.,  1896. 

No.  62.— LAKE  CHa:MPLAIN,  OPPOSITE  BURLINGTON. 

[44°  30'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  95.03  feet.     73^^  14'  longitude  west.) 


Year. 


Opened.   Closed. 


Year. 


Opened. 


I 


1816 :  Apr.  5 

1817 Apr.  16 

1818 Apr.  15 

1819 Apr.  17 

1820 1  Mar.  12 

1821 1  Apr.  21 

1822 Mar.  30 

1823 1  Apr.  5 

1824 Feb.  11 

1825 '  Apr.  1 

1826 Mar.  24 

1827 :  Mar.  31 

1828 ;  Open. 

1829 1  Apr.  4 

1830 '  Apr.  12 

1831 Apr.  10 

1832 Apr.  17 

1833 Apr.  6 

1834 1  Apr.  21 

1835 1  Apr.  12 

1836 Apr.  21 

1837 Apr.  28 

1838 Apr.  13 

1839 Apr.  6 

1840 Feb.  20 

1841 Apr.  26 

1842 Open. 

1843 Apr.  23 

1844 i  Apr.  11 


Feb.  9 
,7an.  29 
Feb.  2 
Mar.  4 
Feb.  3 
Mar.  8 
Jan.  15 
Jan.  24 
Feb.  7 
Jan.  22 
j  Feb.  9 
Feb.  1 
Jan.  21 
Open. 
Jan.  13 
Jan.  15 
Jan.  16 
Feb.  6 
Feb.  2 
Apr.  14 
Jan.  10 
Jan.  27 
Jan.  15 
Feb.  2 
Jan.  25 
Jan.  25 
Feb.  18 
Open. 
Feb.  26 
Jan.  25 


1845 Mar.  26 

1846 Mar.  30 

1847 Apr.  24 

1848 Mar.  31 

1849 Mar.  30 

1850 Open. 

1851 Mar.  30 

1852 Apr.  21 

1853 Apr.  10 

1854 1  Apr.  11 

1855 '  Apr.  20 

1856 Apr.  18 

1857.... 
1858.... 
1859.... 


Closed. 


Year.    Opened.  '  Closed. 


Apr. 
A])r. 
Ajir. 


9 
6 
2 

i  18f)0 Apr.  2 

1  1861 Apr.  14 

1862 

1863 

1864 

1865 

1866 

1867 

1868 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 


Apr.  23 
A  pi'.  26 
M^f.  13 
Apr.  5 
Apr.  11 
Apr.  8 
Apr.  15 
Apr.  20 
Apr.  12 
Mar.  12 
Ajir.  22 
Apr.  25 
Mar.  27 


Feb. 

I'eb. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Open. 

Feb. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

l'\'b. 

.Ian. 
!  Jan. 
j  Feb. 
;  Jan. 
;  F<-b. 

.fan. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 
<  Jan. 
;  Fell. 
!  J. in. 

Jan. 
1  Jan. 
!  Feb. 


3 

10 

15 

13 

7 

1 

18 
28 
28 

4 
22 

12 

11 

2 

23 

5 

4 

17 

17 

30 

20 

7 

10 
25 
24 
H 
29 
1 


1875 1  Apr. 

1876 Apr. 

1877 ,  Apr. 

1878 !  Mar. 


1879. 
1880. 
1881. 

1882. 

1383. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 


1887. 

1888. 

1889. 

1890. 


1891. 

1892. 
1893. 
1H94. 
1895. 
1896. 


Apr. 

Mar. 

Apr. 
(Feb. 
\Mar. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 
/■Jan. 
\Apr. 

Apr. 

Mar. 

Feb. 

Keb. 

Mar. 
f.L"\u. 
I  Feb. 
lAjir. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Feb. 

Apr. 

Apr. 


Jan. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
•Tan. 
.Tan, 
24     Feb. 

21  Jan.  10 
5  Keb.  4 
4     Feb 

22  Jan, 
19     Jan. 

Jan.  29 
Jan.  24 
Jan. 


25 

15 

12 

27  I  Feb. 

22    Jan. 

27  Feb. 

1 1  Feb. 

28  Fob. 

12  Mar. 
31  i  Jan. 
27  1  Feb. 

2 

3 

9  i  Jan. 
15  Feb. 
17     Feb. 


16 
2 

15 

29 

29 

2 


26 
8 


9 
13 
22 

7 

10 
21 

7 

27 

14 

Mar.      8 

Feb.     14 

16 

6 


30 


Feb,    17 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  1 ;  average  date  of  closing,  January  26;  average  nunibof  nl'  days 
closed,  64. 
Autlioriites:  Mr.  Charles  V.,  Allen  and  Mr.  Thomas  U.  Canliuld. 


■';=''-»: 


-^m 


REPORT    OF    TT.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


221 


Closed. 


Nov. 

29 

Dec. 

3 

D.r. 

26 

l)f'.'. 

10 

Nov. 

28 

Dec. 

27 

Ih'i-. 

2 

mbtn-ot'days 
tber  r.ureau, 


.1.' 

CKmetl. 

30 

Jan. 

16 

24 

Feb. 

2 

.5 

ilaii. 

15 

1 

Jan. 

29 

22     Jail. 

29 

24  1  Fob. 

2 

21  i  Jail. 

IG 

5  i  Kel). 

4 

4     Feb 

25 

22     Jan. 

26 

19     Jan. 

8 

2.'> 

Jan. 

29 

15 

tlan. 

24 

12     Jan. 

9 

27  I  Feb. 

13 

22  '  Jan. 

22 

27     Feb. 

7 

11     Feb. 

10 

28     Fob. 

21 

12 

Mar. 

7 

31 

J  an. 

27 

27 

Feb. 

14 

2 

Mar. 

8 

3     Feb. 

14 

9 

Jan. 

16 

V) 

Feb. 

6 

17 

Feb. 

', 

30 

1  Feb. 

17 

inil 

Of  of 

ilay.s 

No.  r,:i.-  LAKE  PEI'lN,  LAKE  CVrX.  MINN. 
[44°  30'  latitude  north.    92°  26'  longitnde  west.] 


Year.       |  Oiiened.     Closed,  l'       Tear. 


1849 '  Apr.    9 

18.")0 Apr.  10 

Itifil !  xVpr.     1 

IK.-.2 Apr.  16 

IM3 Apr.  11 

18.>! I  Apr.    8 

1K55 1  Apr.  17 

18,')6 1  Apr.  18 

1857 i  May     1 

1858 '  Mar.  25 

1859 Apr.  19 

1860 Apr.    7 

1861 '  Apr.    7 

1862 Apr.    8 

1863 Apr.    5 

1864 Apr.  14 

1865 Apr.  15 


Nov.  24 
Nov.  27 
Nov.  28 
Nov.  28 
Nov.  21 
Dec.     4 


1866, 
1867. 
1868, 
1869 
1870, 
1871, 
1872, 
1873, 
1874, 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 


Opened. 


Apr.  19 
Apr.  19 
Apr.  4 
Apr.  20 
Apr.  15 
Apr.  17 
Apr.  25 
Apr.  17 
Apr.  22 
Apr.  20 
Apr.  22 
Apr.  16 
Mar.  9 
Apr.  4 
Apr.  10 
Apr.  3 
Apr.    6 


Closed. 


Doc.  4 
Nov.  29 
Dec.  1 
Nov.  19 
De< .  16 
Nov.  21 
Nov.  19 
Nov.  14 
Nov.  24 
Nov.  19 
Nov.  27 
Nov.  29 
Dec.  6 
Dec.  9 
Nov.  18 
Nov.  22 
Nov.  2 


Year. 


Opened. 


1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 


Apr.  11 
Apr.  16 
Apr.  21 
Apr.  14 
Apr.  15 
Apr.  22  ! 
Apr.    3 


Closed. 


Nov.  15 
Nov.  19 


Nov 

21 

Nov 

27 

Doe. 

17 

Apr.  15 

Apr.  17 

Apr.  6 

Apr.  14 

Mar.  24 

Apr.  8 

Apr.  13 


Jan.  14 
Dee.  3 
Nov.  23 
No..  21 
Nov.  24 
Nov.  19 
Nov.  23 


Avcrafje  date  of  opeuhij^,  April  12;  averaj;e  dat«  of  closiuj;,  November  25;  averaue  number  <il'  days 
closed,  138. 
Authority:  Dr.  D.  C.  Bates,  Lake  City,  Minn. 

No.  64.— LAKE  SIMCOE,  KEMPENFELDT  HAY. 
[44°  23'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  714  I'eet.    78'3  43'  longitude  west.) 


Year. 


Opened. 


1852. 
18.53. 
1854. 
1855. 
1856. 
1857. 
1858. 
1859. 
1860. 
1861. 
1862. 
1863. 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 


T 


Apr.  27 


Apr.  26 
Apr.  27 
May  5 
Apr.  17 
Apr.  26 
Apr.  12 
Apr.  24 


Apr.  23 
Apr.  26 
Apr.  12 
.\pr.  21 
Apr.  30 
Ai>r.  17 


Closed. 

Dee. 

31 

Dec. 

28 

Dee. 

21 

Dec. 

25 

Dec. 

16 

Dec. 

26 

Dec. 

17 

Doc. 

13 

Dee. 

13 

1 

Dec. 

19 

Dec. 

19 

Dec. 

22 

Dee. 

27 

Dee. 

20  1 

Dec. 

12 

!| 

Year. 


Opened. 


1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1.881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 


Apr. 
Apr. 


Closed. 


29     Dec. 
25; 


Year.         Opened.     Closed. 


6 


Ajir. 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
May 


Jan. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


24  I  Dec. 
30  Dec. 
29  '  Dec. 
15  Dec. 
27  ,  Dec. 
13  !  Dec. 

5  Dec. 

6  Dec. 


13!: 
11 

15 : 

30  i 

1  > 

31  ' 
27 
24 

9   , 
19 
16 

29   1 
19  i 


1885. 
1880. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1889. 
1890. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1896. 


May  6  , 
Apr.  23  I 
Apr.  30  1 
May     1  ' 


Apr.  19 


Apr.  17  I 
Apr.  22  , 


Apr.  10 
Apr.  22 
Apr.  13 
Apr.  22 


Apr.  19 


Dec. 

26 

Dee. 

23 

Dee. 

24 

Jan. 

19 

Jan. 

14 

Dec. 

24 

Jan. 

3 

Dec. 

25 

Dec. 

13 

Dec. 

27 

Jan. 

4 

Average  date  nt'  opening,  April  24  -,  average  date  of  closing,  December  22 ;  average  number  "f  days 
closed,  123. 
Authorities:  lion.  Judge  Ardagh;  The  Barrie  Examinei-,  Barrie,  Ontarin. 

No.  65.-LAKE  ST.  FRANCIS,  (;ANADA. 
[Altitude,  153.50  feet.) 


Year.         Opened.  ,    Closed. 


Year. 


1886 {•  1891. 

1887 ' 1892. 

18K8 i ' 1892. 

1889 1893. 

1890 1894. 


Opened. 


Closed. 


I  Jan.  11 

Dec.   28 

Apr.  14     Dec.   14 
Apr.    1  '  Dec.   28 


Year. 


1895. 
1895. 
1890. 
1896. 


Opened,  j    (Jlosed. 


Ajir.  15  ;  Dec.     14 

Dec.   20    

I  Jan.      4 

Apr.  16  ' 


.Average  date  of  opening,  April  12;  average  date  of  closing,  December  24;   Average  number  of 
days  closed,  109. 

.\ntlioritv :  Mr.  F.  (loiirdeau,  Deputy  Minister  of  Marine  anil  Fisheries,  Dominion  of  Canada. 
Note.— Compared  witli  Itouses  Point,  N.  Y.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 


222 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


No.fiti.-L.VNCASTKU  I'lEli  LIGHT  HOTSK,  LANCASTEU.  <)NTAU1(». 


Tear.       '  Oponed.     ('losed. 


1862. . . 
1863... 
1864... 
1865... 
1866... 
1867... 
1868... 
1869... 
1870... 
1871... 
1872... 
1873... 


Apr. 
Apr. 
A  pr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 
May 
Apr. 
Apr. 
jMay 
Apr. 


....    Dec. 
28     Dec. 

23  ,  Dec. 

24  I  Dec. 


Dec. 
Nov 
Dec. 
Kov 
Dec. 
Nov 
Dec. 


28     Nov 


0  ' 

9  , 
27  I 

2 
25 

9 
30 

2 

23 


Year. 


1874 Apr.  28 

1875 May     3 

1876 May     1 

1877 Apr.  30 

1878 !  Apr.  17 

1879 !  May     1 

1880 Apr.  22 

1881 Apr,  26 

1882 Apr.  24 

1883 May     1 

1884 Apr    26 

1885 May     6 


(JIOH 

^d. 

N..V. 

29 

Nov. 

27 

Dec. 

4 

Dec. 

2 

Dec. 

3 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

25 

Nov. 

27  j 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

29 

Dec. 

1 

Year.       '  UpeiKHl. 


TSIay  1 
May  4 
May  1 
Apr.  22 
Apr.  17 
Apr.  28 
Apr.  22 
May     1 


Closed. 


Dec.  2 
Nov.  30 
Nov.  25 
30 
30 
I 
3 
4 


Nov. 
Nov 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dc. 


\pr.  23  '  Nov.  30 
Apr.  29  .  Nov.  30 
Mav     1    


Average  date  of  opening,    ^    ri!  ^1 ;  .\  verag^.  date  of  closing,  December  1 ;  average  iiiiiiiber  of  days 
closed,  147. 
Authority:  Mr.  F.  Gourdt  .       >  ;;ut     ''nister  murine  and  flsheries.  Dominion  of  Canada. 

.)  67.— LEAVENWORTH,  KANS. 


Tear. 


[39"  18' latitude  north.     A.:  •  ide,  742  feet.    94  '  57' longitude  west.] 
Clnsed 


Opened. 


Feb.  20 
Feb."'i 


1871... 
1872... 
1873... 
1874... 
1875... 
1875. . . 
1876... 

1876 i  Fob. 

1877 V  Feb. 

1878 / 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 


.\\  Mar.  14 

■r 


Mar.  27 
Feb.  10 
Jan.  6 
Mar.  14 


Year. 


Opened. 


1882 \  Jan.    21 

1883 / 

1883 Feb.   25 

..j'  1884 '  Feb.  2.=i 

5   !  1885 \'  Mar.   10 

1886 1 

Feb.     4      1886 j  Feb.    20 

Dec.   31      1887 Fob.    17 

I    1888 \\  Feb.    19 

Jan.     4  ;    1889 / 


Jan. 


CloHed. 


Dec.  18 

Dec.  14 

Dec.  6 

Doc.  30 


1889. 
1890. 
1891. 


Mar.    4 
Open. 


Jan. 

0 

Dec. 

31 

Dec. 

18 

Year. 


Opened, 


Chweil. 


Jan.  7 
Dec.  26 
Dec.    20 

Feb."  24 
Open. 


Feb.     3 


1891 \   Mar.  12 

1892 / '  Jan. 

1892 Jan.    31  i  Dfr. 

1893 V  *'e^'    '^7  !  Doc. 

1893 Dec.    15  i... 


1894. 
1894. 

1894. 

1895. 
1895. 
1896. 
1896. 


Jan. 
Feb. 


7 

27 

3 

13 

28 


I   Jan.  18 

\    Feb.  28 

Dec.  12 

Feb.  25 


Jan.    20 


Dec. 
Dec. 

Jan. 


28 
3 


Average  date  of  opening,  February  18 ;  average  date  of  closing,  January  7 ;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  42. 

Authorities:  United  States  Weatlier  Bureau,  1896;  Missouri  River  Commission,  ''Stages  of  the 
Missouri  River, "  1894. 

No.  68.-LITTLE  TRAVERSE  LIGHT-HOUSE,  ^MICHIGAN. 

[45'^  25'  latitude  nortli.    Altitude,  579.60  feet.    84°  58'  longitude  west.  ] 


Year. 


1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 


Opened. 


Apr.  29 
Apr.  30 
Apr.  12 
Apr.     9 


Closed. 


Dec.  12 

Dec.  12 

Dec,  14 

Dec.  18 


I! 


Year. 


1891. 
1892. 
1893. 


Opened. 

Ai)r. 

15 

Apr. 

5 

Apr. 

14 

Closed. 

Year. 

Dec.   22 
Dec.   17 
Dec.   12 

1894 

1895 

1896 

Opened.  ,  Closed. 


Apr.  7  ^  Dec. 
Apr.  16  !  Dec. 
Apr.  14    


17 
13 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  14;  average  date  of  closing,  December  15;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  120. 
Authority;  Commander  J.  H.  Dayton,  U.  S.  N.,  Ninth  light-liouse  district. 
NoTii.— Compared  witli  Alpeua,  Mich.,  for  interpolation  foi'  twenty  years'  perio<l. 

No.  69.— LONG  TAIL  TOINT  LIGHT-HOUSE,   WISCONSIN, 
[44^  30'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  ,570.00  feet.    87^  59'  longitude  west.) 


Year.         Opened. 


1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 


Apr.  23 

Apr.  28 

Apr.  1 

Apr.  11 


Opened.  I   Closed. 

I 


Year.       i  Opened.     Closed. 


Apr. 

22 

Deo. 

6 

Ai)r. 

5 

Dec. 

7 

Apr. 

13 

Dec. 

3 

Mar. 

19 

Dec. 

10 

3895. 
1896. 


Apr.  15 
Apr,     5 


Dec, 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  10;  average  date  oi' elosinu,  December  5;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  126. 
Authoritj-:  Commander  J.  H.  Dayton,  U,  S.  N.,  Ninth  liglit-houfc  district. 
Note Compared  with  Green  Bay,  Wis,,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 


tl. 


Closed. 


2 

HO 
25 


Dec. 

Nov 

Nov 

Nov.    ;iO 

Nov     ;iO 

Dec. 

Dec. 

1  i  Dec. 

23  I  Nov. 

29  I  Nov. 

1    


miiber  of  days 
iida. 


aeil. 

Closed. 

12 

"31' 

.  27 
15 

.Tan.   7 

Dw.  27 
Dec.   3 

18 

Jan.  i:{ 
Feb.  28 

.  28 
.  12 
»  25 

Dec.  28 
Dec.   3 

.""20 

Jan.   3 

number  of  days 
"Stages  of  the 


oned.  '   Closed. 


7  Dec.  17 
ir.  16  Dec.  13 
r.  U    


. 


number  of  days 


)ened.     Closed. 


l>r.  15     Dec.       7 


number  of  days 
id. 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

No.70.-LOmsVILLE,  KY. 
[38"  15'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  394.45  Let.    85^  45'  longitude  -west.] 


223 


Year. 


184C... 
1847... 

1848... 
1849... 
1850. . . 
1851... 
1852... 
1853. . . 
.854... 
1855... 
1850... 
18,57... 
18.58... 
1859... 
1H60... 
1801... 
1802... 
1803... 


Opened.      Closed. 


Tear. 


Open. 
10  days] 
Open. 

Open. 

<)l)en. 

Jan.    28 

Open. 

12  dayM] 

Open. 

CI  days 

49  days 

Open. 

Open. 

Open. 

Open. 

Open. 

Ojien. 


Open. 

[Closed 

Open. 

Open. 

Open. 
I  Dec.   17 

Open. 
I  [Closed 
'  Open. 
j  (Closed 
i  [Closed 

Open. 
I  Open. 

Open. 

Open. 

Open. 

Open. 

Oi)en. 


1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1809. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1875. 
1870. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 


Opened. 


Open. 

Open. 

Open. 

Open. 

Ol)en. 

Oi)en. 

Open. 

21  days 

H5  d  ays 

21  days 

Open". 


Feb.  21 
Open. 
Jan.    13 
Open. 
30  days] 
Opeli. 


Closed. 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Closed 
("lo.sed 
Closed 
Open. 


Jan.    10 

Open. 

Dec.     9 

Open. 

[Closed 

Open. 

Dec.   28 


Tear. 


Opened. 


1881 .Tan.   31 

1882 i  Open. 

1883 !    Gdiivs 

1884 ,  22  days 

1885 22daVs 

1886 1  23  days 

1887 '27davs 

1888 6  days 

1889 !  Open. 

1890 Open. 

1891 1  Open. 

1892 '    8davs] 

1893 44diiy8j 

1894 ;  Oiien. 

1895 i43davs] 

1890 Opeii. 


Closed. 


Open, 
('losed 
Closed 
Closed 
Closed 
Closed 
Closed 

Open. 

Open. 

Open. 
Closed 

[Closed 

Open. 

[Closed 

Open. 


Average  number  of  days  closed,  11.6. 

Authority ;  Col.  W.  W.  Hito,  president  Louisville  and  Evansville  Ma 


(impany. 


Nu.  71. -MACKINAW  (UTV,  MICU. 
[4.5"  !)2' latitude  north.    Altitude,  579.0  feet.    84<^  52' '■    gitud"  \.  Rst.] 


Year. 


Opened. 


1871 

1872 

1873 

leW , 

1875 , 

1870 , 

1877 , 

1878 

1878 1  Mar. 

1879 V  Apr. 

1880 J 

1880 i  Apr. 

1881 i  Apr. 


Apr. 
.Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


Closed. 


Nov. 

28 

(Dec. 

27) 

(Jan. 
(Dec. 

23) 
25) 

Year. 


Opened. 


Jan.  15  ' 
Dec.  15(1 
Dec.   15 


1882 

1883 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1885 \ 

1880 / 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1888 

1889 

1890 


il 


Apr. 


Apr.  ^5 
Apr.  24 


May     1 

AytV.'ii 
Apr.  24 


May     4 
Mar.  27 


Closed. 


Jan.    1 
Dec.  2 


Jan. 


Jan.     0 
Dec.  27 


Jan.     2 
Dec.    18 


Jan.     4 


1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1893 
1894 
1894 
1895 
1895 
1896 
1890 


a  Mail  carried  across  the  ice  December  22. 

Average  date  of  openinc;,  April  15  j  average  date  of  closing,  December  31;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  105. 

Aiiihorities:  United  i^tates  We.athor  Bureau,  1890;  Mr.  Geo.  "W.  Marshall,  keeper  Old  Ma(!kiuaw 
J'oint  light-house;  Mr.  J.^mes  Davenport,  keeper  McGulpin  Point  light-house. 

Note,— Compared  with  Alpena,  Mich.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 

No.  72.-M.\NKATO,  MINN. 
[44°  08'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  750  feet.    94°  00'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


18.55 
18.50 
1857 
1858 
1859 
181)0 
1801 
1.^02 
1803 
1804 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1808 


Opened. 


Apr.  10 

Apr.  11 

Apr.  24 

Mar.  18 

Apr.  13 

Mar.  21 

Apr.  1 

Apr.  11 

Mar.  30 

Apr.  7 

Ai)r.  8 

Apr.  12 

Apr.  14 

Mar.  28 


Closed. 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 


Tear. 


1809 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 


Opened.     Closed. 


Te.ar. 


Apr.  12 

Apr.  3 

Apr.  3 

Apr.  16 

Apr.  10 

Apr.  10 

Apr.  18 

Apr.  15 

Apr.  10 

Apr.  13 

Apr.  14 

Apr.  7 

Apr.  8 

Apr.  3 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


1883, 
1884, 
1885, 
1886, 
1887, 
1888, 
1889, 
1890, 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 


Opened. 


Apr.  13 

Apr.  9 

Apr.  14 

Aj.r.  10 

Apr.  13 

Apr.  13 

Mar.  30 

Apr.  17 

Mar.  23 

Apr.  14 

Apr.  23 

Feb.  28 

Mar.  14 

Mar.  2 


('lo.sed. 


Nov. 

13 

Nov. 

19 

Nov. 

23 

Nov. 

17 

Dec. 

3 

Doc. 

29 

Dec. 

'> 

Dec. 

9 

Doc. 

6 

Nov. 

28 

Dec. 

18 

Dec. 

G 

Dec. 

4 

Average  date  of  opening,  April  6;  average  date  of  closing,  November  27;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  i;iO. 

Aniliority:  This  table  is  nnide  from  the  table  for  St.  Taul,  using  the  .statement  of  Mr.  John  C. 
AVise,  iiostnnister  at  Mankato.  'Usually  we  are  from  several  days  to  a  week  later  in  closing,  and  as 
mucb  earlier  iu  ox>euiug  here  than  at  St.  Paul.' 


224 


REPORT   OF    U,  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    fOMMISSION. 


No.  7;i.-MARQrETTK  LKiHTHOl'SK,  MTCITICAN. 
[46°  X\'  lat itiul.^  north.    87°  22'  longitude  went . ) 


Year.  Oponed.      t'loaeil. 


Yonr. 


74 May     3     Bcc.   12 

7.1 Ma'v   10     Hec.     0 

J>ec 


18' 
18 

187G Mav  10  Dec.  8 

1877 Apr.  2:1  Dec.  5 

1878 Apr.  2  D.t.  7 

1879 Miiv  1  Dec.  11 

1880 Apr.  21  Dec.  24 

1881 May  f  Dec.  5 


1882. 
I88:i. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1880. 


Opened.     Closed. 


Apr.  18  '  Dec.     7 

Mav  5  Dec.     ,'1 

Apr.  30  Dec.    20 

Mav  8  Dec.     2 

Apr.  28  Dec.     0 

Mhv  1  Nov.  30 

Mav  10  Nov.  30 

Apr.  7  Dee.   31 


Year.  Opened.     Closed. 


1890. 
1891. 
1892 
18911 . 
1894. 

\m> 

1890. 


Apr.  V>     Dec.   21 

Apr.  27      iJee.    l:t 

Apr.  18     Dec.    lo 

May  7     1). 

A|>r.  17 

Ai>r.  2,-. 

Ai)r.  20 


Dec.     4 
Dee.    10 


Average  date  of  opening,  A]>ril  27  ;  average  date  of  closing,  December  10  ;  average  nuinlter  of  day.s 
closed,  138. 
Autho  '.iv:  Conunander  Williani  Folirer.  T.S.  N.,  I'',l<-ventli  liglit-hoiiso  disirict. 

No.  74.     .MAKvrKTTi:,  .MICH. 
[4fi    ;U' latitude  uortli.     Altitude,  tlOO.69  feet.     «7    24' longitude  west.) 


Year.       I  Opened.      Closed. 


Year. 


Opened.  1  Closed. 


Year.  Opened,      ('losod. 


18G4 :  Mav     8  : 1875. 

ISCf) i  Ai)r.  28  ' '  187(5. 


186C. 
1807. 
1868. 
1809. 


Mnv 
May 
Mav 
May 


1870 Apr.  30  ! 

1871 Mav     1)  !  Nov.  22 

1872 Ma'v   13  j  Nov.  2r> 

1873 Mav  21  i  Nov,  22 

1874 May    13  j  Nov.  27 


1877. 
187.S. 
1870. 
18H0. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 


.May  20 
Mav  12 
Ma'v  5 
Apr.  18 
May  8 
Mav  4 
May  11 
Apr.  25 
Mav  5 
Apr.  30 
Mav    11 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


24 

20 
28 
20 
25 
29 
23 


Nov.  27 
Nov.  28 
Dec.  5 
Doc.     ■. 


1880 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1890 


I 


Apr.  28 
Mav  5 
MaV  11 
Ap"r.  21 
Ai>r.  23 
Mav  1 
Ai)V.  21 
Ma\  7 
Apr.  20 
Apr.  29 
Apr.  22 


Dec. 

1 

Dec. 

1 

Nov. 

26 

Nov. 

30 

Dec. 

3 

Doc. 

2 

Dec. 

0 

Dec. 

:i 

Dec. 

4 

Dec. 

8 

Average  date  of  o]iening,  May  3;  average  dat«  of  closing,  November  28;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  156. 
Authority:  T'nited  States  Weather  Hurcau,  1890. 

No.  7.1.-MENOMINKK  LKJnX  ITOITSE,  MICHKIAN. 
[45^  06  latitude  nortli.     Altitude,  579.00  feet.    87"=  35' loiigituile  west.] 


Year. 


0|>ened.  i   Closed. 


Year. 


Opened.      Clo.sed. 


Year.  Opene«l. 


(/'losed. 


1887 Apr.  23  !  Dec.   2.3      1891 1  Apr.  1.5     Dec.   26  I    1894 1    Apr.   18 


1888 Mav     2     Dec.   27       1892 Apr.     6      Dec.    20       1895  / .Ian.      31 

1889 Apr.     4     Dec.   31       1893 Apr.  23      Dec.    12      1895 Apr.     1      Dee.      31 

1800 Apr.  15     Dec.    21  |  i  1896 Apr.     8    


Average  date  of  opening,  April  14 ;  average  date  of  closing,  December  ^8 ;  average  nuirilier  of  day.s 
closed,  107. 

Authority:  ("onimauder  J.  H.  Dayton,  U.  S.  N.,  Ninth  liglithouae  di.strict. 

Note. — Conipare<l  with  (Jrecn  Hay,  Wis.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 


No.  76.— MEKEDOSIA,  ILL. 
[.'(9"  49'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  424.31  feet.    00"  a7'  longitude  west.] 


Year.         Ojiened.  '    Closed. 


1887 Feb.  16  I  Nov.  30  1891 

1888 Mnr.  2      Dec.    12  1892 

1889 Mar.  3      Dec.    17  1893 

1890  Feb.  2     Dec.     1 


Opened.      Closed. 


Year. 


Opened.     Closed. 

Jan.    23  i  Dec.   10  i    1891 Mar.     1     Dee.     28 

Feb,     6      Dee.     2      1895 Mar.     3  I  Dec.       3 

Mar.     6      Dec.      11    1890 1  Feb.    18    


Average  date  of  opening,  February  19;  average  date  of  closing,  December  7;  averageniunber  of  days 
clo.sed,  74. 
Autlioritv:  Mr.  J,  S.  (ioo<lrich,  superintendent  WabaMli  liailroad  Company . 
Note.— Couipartd  with  Fooria,  ID.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  jears'  period. 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


225 


No.  77.-MrLWArKKK,  WIS. 
i;r>  (L"  latitude  north.    Altitude, 579.0  feet.    H~"  .ll'  longitiulo  west.] 


Yi'iir. 


Ujicncd.     ('limed. 


Year. 


^  1871 ;  Open. 

1871! I  Open. 

187;i i  Open. 

1874 Open. 

1H7.1 :  Open. 

187(i Open. 

1877 Open. 

1878 Open. 

1870 Open. 


Open. 
0|)eii. 
Open. 
0|)t'n. 
Oj)en. 
Open. 
0]>en. 
0i)en. 
(>])en. 


1880. 

1881. 

188'J. 

188;). 

1884. 

188:). 

1880. 
i  1887. 
I  1888. 


Opened. 


Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 


C'loHcd. 


Open. 
( )pen. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 
Open. 


Year. 


Ojiened. 


Cloned. 


Open. 
Open. 


1889.... 

1890.... 

1891.... 

1892 1  Apr.  LI 

I89:t Apr.   13 

i    1894 \\  .Ian.    If. 

;  189.'-, I 

I    1895 1  Fob.   20 

1890 i  Open. 


Open. 

Dec. 

Dee. 

Dee. 

Dee. 


linn. 
Open. 


0 
lU 
10 

8 

14 


.V  venipe  diite  oCoitening.  Mareti  10-,  iiverajte  diito  of  elosinj;,  Febrnarj*  1!  1 ;  avera;;e  ininilnr  of  (l:iv« 
eld.sed.ll. 
Aiitliiirities  :   rnitetl  States  Went  her  Murcaii ;  Mr.  M.  .T.  Dunn,  liii'  department. 

No.  78  -MISSION   I'OTNT  M(i  IIT-HOirSK,  MIOHIOAN. 

[44'>  .Ml'  latitude  nortli.     85^  L'H'  longitudi'  wciit.l 


Year. 


1887. 

1888. 
188<.t. 
1890. 


Opened,  j   ( 'lowed .    i       Year. 


Apr.  22  '  Dee.   10 

Apr.  20  Dee.    19 

Apr.     1  I  Dec.  20 

Apr.     1  ;  Dee.   15 


1891. 
1892. 

i89;i. 


Opened. 


Closed,  i;       Year. 

ij 


Apr.  1  Dec.  17  1894. 
Apr.  1  Dec.  18  1895. 
Apr.     7     Dec.    15      ]8Ut!. 


Opened.  I   Closed. 


Mar.  16  '  Doc.  17 
Apr.  14  Dec.  15 
Apr.     0    


Average  date  of  opening,  April  5;  average  date  of  closing,  December  17;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  109. 
Authority:  Commander  J.  H.  Dayton,  I'.  S.  N.,  Ninth  lighthouse  district. 
NoTK.— Compared  with  Kseanaba,  Alich..  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  i)erio(l. 

No.  7'.».— MONROK,  MICH.— UAISIN  RIVKR. 
[41"  .52' latitude  north.     Altitude,  571.35  feet.     8:P  10' longitude  west.] 


Year. 

Opened. 
Jan.   7 

Closed. 

1 

Year. 

Opened. 

Closed.  :   Year. 

1 

Opened. 

Closed. 

1876 

Dee. 

9 

1884 

Mar.  19 

Dec.  10  1891 

Mar.  11 

Dec.  18 

1877 

Mar.  22 

Dec. 

28 

1885 

Apr.   1 

Dec.   5   1892 

Mar.  1 

Dee.  20 

1878 

Mar.  1 

Doc. 

22 

1880 

Mar.   9 

Nov.  25   1893 

M.nr.  11 

Dee.   2 

1879 

Mar.  9 

Dee. 

17 

1887 

Feb.  11 

Dec.  22   1894 

Mar.  5 

Doc.  25 

1880 

Feb.  21 

Dec. 

6 

1888 

Mar.  20 

Dec.  18  ,  1895 

Mar.  24 

Doc.   7 

1881 

Mar.  15 

Dee. 

31 

1889 \ 

1890 / 

Mar.  17 

1  1890 

Mar.  21 

1882 

Feb.  13 

Dee. 

8 

Jan.  21  i 

1883 

.Mar.  18 

Dec. 

15 

1890 

ilar.   8 

Dee.   4  ji 

11 

A  verage  date  of  opening,  March  7 ;  average  date  of  closing,  December  13 ;  average  nunilier  of  days 
closed,  84. 
AutiioritN  :  l.ieut.  Col.  Jared  A.  Smith,  ITnited  States  Army  Kngiueers. 


H.  Doc.  102- 


-15* 


H^ 


0 


22G 


REPOKT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


f^^ 


Year. 


Nu.so      MONTItKAI.,   I'UOVINCK  (»K  l^rKHKC. 
(45-^  ai'  liilitiub'  iiortli.     Altitii(U«.  211.0  feet.    7:i '  33'  l(>n){ltiub<  went.) 

Year. 


1W8. 
1840. 
18r.O. 
1851. 
18;V.'. 
18r.H. 
18,14. 
18.'').">. 
18.')0. 
1857. 
18,''.8. 
1H50. 
I860. 
1861. 
1862. 
186.1. 
1864. 


()|M>Ilt»<l. 

("lom'tl. 

Ajir. 

12 

D«>c. 

22 

Ai)r. 

13 

Dec. 

7 

A  pr. 

15 

Dec. 

"  i 

Apr. 

11 

Dec. 

0  " 

Apr. 

25 

Dci'. 

18 

Apr. 

^^ 

Dec. 

15 

Apr. 

25 

Dec. 

6 

Apr. 

28 

Dec. 

'■-    1 

A  ))r. 

24 

Itoc. 

3    1 

Apr. 

18 

Dec. 

y^  \ 

A  pr. 

U 

Dec. 

1-  , 

Apr. 

4 

Dec. 

11 

Apr. 

10 

Dec. 

7 

A|)r. 

24 

Dec. 

22 

AJir. 

23 

Dec. 

7  1^ 

Ajir. 

25 

Dec. 

12 

Apr. 

13 

Doc. 

11 

ll 

OpeiKtil.      i'liiHciI. 


ilaii. 

2 

Der. 

It 

Dec. 

16 

Dec. 

18 

Dec. 

7 

De.'. 

4 

Deo. 

23 

Dec. 

14 

De.'. 

20 

Dec. 

3 

Dec. 

17 

Dec. 

23 

Der. 

4 

De.'. 

26 

Dec. 

5 

Averape  date  of  opoiiiiiB,  Ai)rll  20;  avernRe  date  of  cbwlnK,  December  13;  nvernge  number  of  days 
closed, 128. 

Authority:  ^Ir.  Alexander  Uuliertsuii,  secretary  barbor  coiumiHBtoner.s. 

No.  81.-AIO()UHKAD,  MINN. 
[46°  .'•.2'  latitude  uortb.     Altitude,  86C  feet.    06°  44'  longitude  west.] 


Year.       j  Oi)cned.  !    ( 'o«cd. 


V.'ar. 


Opened,  i   ('losed. 


Year. 


1875. 

1876. 

1877. 

1878. 

187'.l. 

1880. 

1881 

1882. 


(Apr. 

Ai)r. 
(Mar. 
1  Ajir. 

Apr. 
Apr. 


18)  Nov. 
27  I  Nov. 
20  (Dec. 
15)  (Nov. 
6  (Nov. 
12  (Nov. 
23  Nov. 
12     Nov. 


10 
4 
4) 
3) 
5) 

15) 

15 

11 


1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1880. 
1890. 


Apr.  16 
Apr.  19 
Apr.  24 
Apr.  12 
Apr.  12 
Apr.  26 
Apr.  15 


!  Nov.  17  ' 
I  Nov.  10 
I  Nov.  25 
(Nov.  27) 
Oct.  26 
i  Nov.  17  I 
(Nov.  19)' 


1891. 
1802. 
1803. 
1804. 
1895. 
1896. 


Opened. 


I  Apr. 
(Apr. 
(Apr. 
(Apr. 
(Apr. 
Apr. 


("loaed. 


13)  (Nov. 
18)  (Nov. 
27)  (Nov. 
16)  (Nov. 
5)  (Nov. 
20 


21) 
12: 
22) 
13) 
0) 


(Apr.   13)  (Dec.      4) 


I 


Averafie  date  of  openini;,  April  18;  average  date  of  cloning,  November  14;  average  ti umber  of  day i 
cloHcd,  1.15. 

Autboritv:  T'liited  St.iteH  Weatbi-r  Bureau. 

NoTK. — C'ompurcd  witli  St.  Yincent,  Minn.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  yt^aru'  i)eriod. 

No.  82.-MOUIMS,  ILL.-ILLINOIS  KIVEU. 
(41°  23'  latitude  nortb.    88^  25'  longitude  woMt.] 


Year. 

Opened. 

Closed.   ■ 

Year. 

10)6 

18,57 

1858 

1850 

1860 

1801 

Opened. 

Feb.   It- 
Mar.  14 
Mar.  1(> 
Winter. 
Open. 

Closed.   1 

Dec.     2  : 
Dec.     1 
Mild. 
Open. 

Year. 

0|)enpd. 

(Mosed. 

1830 

Mar. 

1 
1 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1880 

1889 

1800 

1891 

1892 

1 
■•} 

Mar.     8      (Dec.  23i 

1R34     

Mar.    3 
Mar.    5 
Feb.     5 
Mar.     !) 
Mar.  21) 
Mar.  Ill 
( Ipeii. 
(Feb.      8 
1 A  pr.     8 
Feb.    26 

Mar.  15 
(Open.) 
(Feb.  7) 

( Nov.  22) 

1835 

Feb. 
Mar. 
Mar. 

1 
20 
20 

(Open.) 
.Intl.      16 
(Dec.  29, 

1836 

1837 

Dec.    19  1 

381)8  

(.)an.  18) 

1839 

1862 

1863 

1804 

!  1865 

1866 

1867 

1868 

1809 

'  1870 

Mar.  10 
Mar.    1 
Mar. 
Mar.  10 
Mar.    6 
Feb.   20 
Mar.     7 

Dec.    28 
Dec.    31 

Open. 

Ig40 

, 

Dec.     27 

1841     

I'eb.     15 

1842 

1843  

Mar. 
Apr. 
Mar. 

Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 

12 

9 

15 

is' 

17 

7 
11 

5 

Nov.  16 

Dec.      1 
De.^      2 

'  '  ' 

Nov.     20 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

'i)e<'.   "i' 
Dec. 

Jan.      12 

(Ol)eli.) 
(Open.) 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

Feb.   24 
Mar.  10 

Mar! '29" 

Open. 
Oi)en. 

Open. 
Open. 
(Dec.  24) 

(.Ian.  10) 

1849 

i892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1895 

1896 

1896 

.  .  . 

(Feb.  4) 

(Dec.  301 

1850 

1851 

Dec. 

(Mar.  8)      (Dec.    8) 
(Feb.  0)    

185'2 

(Mar.l) 
■("Feb.28)" 

(Jan.    8) 

1853 

Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 

10 

1 
8 

1854 

(Jan.    8) 

1855 

Average  date  of  opening,  March  10;  average  date  of  cloHing,  January  0;  iiverage  number  of  days 
closed,  63. 
Authority:  L.  W.  Claypoole. 
Note— Compared  vrith  Seneca,  111.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years"  period. 


7 


1803. 

1861. 
18(15. 

^m>. 

1807. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 

1875. 


1833 

1834 

1835 

1836 

1837 

1838  .... 

1830... 

1840... 

1841... 

1842... 

1843  .. 

1844... 

1845... 

1846... 

1847.... 

1848. 

1849. 

1850.... 

1851.. 

1852.. 

1853. . 

1854.. 


1872.. 

1873.. 

1874... 

1875... 

1876.... 

1877... 

1878. . . 

1878. . . 

1879.... 

1880.... 


■  f^ 


KEPOUT   OF    IT.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


227 


No.  H3.-NKBKASKA  OITV,  NKIU5. 
[40"  40'  latitude  north.    Altitiulo,  907  feet.    O.'i '  Til'  longitude  went.] 


Ve,i 


t 


1863 

1801 

IHOa 

1866 

1807 

1868 

1869 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873 

1874 

1875 


(>|iOUed. 

(.'loHed.   ! 

Mar. 

1 

rFeb.     2 
\Dec.  12 

Kel). 

23 

Dec.   10 

Fell. 

20 

Doc.     8 

Fell. 

28 

Dec.    Ill 

Aiir. 

2 

Dee.    18 

F..1.. 

23 

Dec.     0 

Kcli. 

28 

Dec.   24 

Feh. 

15 

De(.   21 

Feb. 

•»■> 

Nov.  20  i 

I'-el). 

24 

Nov.  28 

:  Mar. 

3 

Dee.     3  ; 

'  Mar. 

IG 

Nov.  28 

(Mar. 
\Uec. 

25 
22 

JNov.  22    i 

i 

Year. 


1876 

1877 \ 

1878 / 

1878..., 

1879..., 

1880..., 

1881... 

1882..., 

1883... 

1884... 

1885... 

188«. . . 

1887..., 

1888... 


1689. 


Opened. 

CloHed. 
Nov.  30 

Open. 

Feb.    16 

Jan.     6 

Jan.    19 

Dee.    18 

Mar.    6 

Dec.   11 

Jan.    11 

Nov.  10 

Mar.  24 

Dec.   18 

Feb.   11 

Dec.     8 

Mar.    4 

Dec.   19 

Mar.  15 

Dee.    18 

Mar.    9 

Dec.     7 

Mar.  17 

Dee.     5 

Mar.    9 

Nov.  27 

Mar.  17 

Open. 

Mar.    1 

Jan.   13 

Year. 


1890. 
1801. 
1892. 


1893. 

1894. 

1895. 
1896. 


(Jpeuwl. 


(/'lofle<l. 


/Feb.   10     Jan.      4 

\Mar.  17  '  Feb.     20 

Mar.  17  ;  Feb. 


Feb.   25 


I  (Jan. 
[Dee. 


fMar.  10  '\„  „ 

\Dec.   25    ;""■       ' 

M.ir     T    I  Jan.     24 

(Feb.   27  h„ 
\Dec.    16   /""• 
Open. 


Avern;;e  date  of  opening,  Fel)ruary27;  averaffo  date  of  elosinR,  Dec«>mber  14;  average  number  of 
dav.s  elo.sed,  7.'!. 
Authority  :  Tiie  Nebra.ska  City  News,  Decaniber  20,  1895. 

No.  84.-()GDKNSBUKG,  N.  Y. 
[44  43'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  244.28  fuet.    75'^  30'  longitude  west.) 


Year. 


Opened. 


Apr.  12 

A  pr.  2 

Apr.  4 

Apr.  20 

Apr.  20 

Apr.  12 

Apr.  U 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Alar. 
May 
A  pr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 

Apr.  20 

Apr.  4 

Apr.  14 

Mar.  311 

A  pr.  5 

Apr.  5 

Apr.  4 

Apr.  13 


Closed. 


Dec. 
Doc. 
Nov. 
Dee. 
Doc. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dee. 


Year. 


1855. 
1856. 
1857. 
1858. 
1859. 
1860. 
1861. 
1862. 
1863. 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 


Opened. 


Apr.  21 
Apr.  29 
Apr.  25 
Ajir.  8 
Apr.  12 
Apr.  9 
Apr.  12 
Apr.  11 
Apr.  14 
Apr.  18 
Apr.  13 
Apr.  11 
Apr.  17 
Apr.  1 
Apr.  14 
Apr.  11 
Mar.  21 
Apr.  17 
Apr.  15 
Mar.  31 
Apr.  27 
Apr.  14 


Closed. 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Doc. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Vw. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dee. 
De«;. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


Year. 


Opened.  I   Closed. 


1877.. 
1878.. 
1879.. 
1880.. 
1881.. 
1882.. 
1883.. 
1884.. 
1885.. 
1886.. 
1887.. 
1888 . . 
1889.. 
i  1890.. 
1891.. 
1892.. 
1893.. 
1894.. 
1895.. 
1896. . 


Apr.  10 
Mar.  21 
Apr.  19 
Apr.  I 
Mar.  26 
Mar.  28 
Apr.  13 
Apr.  7 
Apr.  23 
Apr.  10 
Apr.  15 
Apr.  11 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


Dec.  12 
Dec.  18 
De(-.  14 
Dec.  25 
Dee.  15 
Dec.  18 
Dee.  6 
14 
15 
17 
20 
18 
15 


Dec. 
Dei'. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec.  20 
Bee.     18 


Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 


13 
15 
15 


^ 


.\v(;raKo  date  of  npcning.  April  10;  average  date  of  closing,  December  15;  average  number  of  days 
cld.sed,  116. 

.Vutboritit'H;  Fifth  Annual  Report  of  the  State  AVeather  Bureau.  New  York;  Mr.  ATilliam  Petus, 
special  deputy  collector. 

No.  86.-OMAHA,  NEBR. 

[41 '  16'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  960  feet.    05'^  56'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

!       Year. 

■■] 

Opened. 

Closed. 

Year. 

1 



Opened, 

Closed. 

1872      

Apr.   10 

Mar.  10 

Mar.  19 

Mar.  30 

Apr.    3 

Mar.    2 


Feb.'  19 
Mar.    9 
Apr.    5 

1881 

1882 

Apr.  13 

'Jan.' "'2' 
Dec.     1 
Dec.   29 
Dec.    17  1 
Dec.     9 
Nov.  30 
Nov.  20 

1889 

Mar.    4 
Mar.  19 
Mar.  22 

"Felj."26' 
Mar.  12 
Mar.    4 

Feb." 

Nov     28 

1873 

Dec.     4 
Nov.  22 
Nov.  23 
Nov.  24 

'Jiui.""4 
Dee.    18 
Dec.   10 
Doc.   28 

1890 --- 

Dec.       8 

1874          

1882 

Mar.  10 
Mar.    9 
Apr.     5 
Apr.  14 
Mar.  17 
Mar.  12 
Mar.  16 

1891 

1892 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1  1895 

'  1895 

1896 

1 

::} 

... 

;:} 

1875 

1883 

Feb.       4 

1876 

1884 --. 

Dec.     10 

1877 \ 

1878            .  J 

'  1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

"\ 

Dec.       1 

1878 

1879 

Jan.      4 
Dec.      2 

1880        

Jan.  18 

Feb.     ; 

Average  date  of  opening,  Mareli  16;  average  date  of  closing,  December  14;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  92. 

Authorities:  I'nited States  AVeather  Bureau,  1896;  Mr.  Lucius  A.  \Yelsli, observer,  "Weather Bureau, 
Omaha. 


H 


'jmw^ 


228 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DKEP    WATERWAYS    COMMKSSIU.N 


^7 


Xo.  «6.— (ISHKOSII,   WIS. -LAKE  AVTXNKUAt  ;(>. 
|44^  Oli'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  750  tort.     )<8  '  li'J'  lonuitudf  west.  | 


Veni'.  Oix'iit'd.      Closed. 


Year. 


Opened.      Closed. 

I 


^'eaI•. 


Oi  (lied.        rlrscd. 


Apr.  -JO      Nov.  17  '!  1879 !  Apr.  17  I '  188!) I  Apr.  .^ 

■        "         '■  Mar.  :!0     Nov.    Hi  18!i() '  Ajir.  II 

May     2      Nov.  24  18'.l| Apr.  Is 

Mar.   li)     Nov.  -j;)  lMt2 Apr.  IL' 


1869 

1870 .\pr.   11      Nov.  U  ,i  1880. 

1871 Apr.    li:    1881 

1871: Nov.   10  >  188'J 

1873 188;) Apr.   II      Nov.  20      lH!i:i Vj.r.   P 

1874 '  Apr.  21     Nov.  23  I  1884 Apr.  22  '   Nov,  24      is;i4 Apr.     T) 

1875 '' 1  1885 Apr.  27   Nov.  28   181I,". Apr.  i,") 

1870 1880 Apr.  21   Nov.  Ml   1800 Apr.  i:i 

1877 Apr.  20  N»v.  28  i  1887 Apr.  21   Nov.  21 

1878 ■   Apr.  6  Nov,  20  li  1888 Apr.  21   Nov.  17 


Nov. 
Uec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


28 

2 

27 

r.) 
11 

19 
22 


.Vvcrasic  date  of  openiuc,  April  14  ;  average  date  of  ( losiii;:.  Noveiidier  22 :  average  iiiiiulier  (d'  days 
<.l(isi'd,  14:i. 
Authority:  The  Cook  aii.i  Mrowii  Lime  Company.  Oshkosh.  Wis. 

No.  87. -OSWEGO,  N.  Y.— LAKE  ONTAKIO. 

;43'^2n'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  244.");)  feel.     70"  r.'  lon^ilude  west.l 


Year.         Opened.      Closed. 


Year.  Oi»eued.     (."losed. 


Yea  I'. 


Opened.      Cloned. 


18,35 

1K36 

I8;i7 

1838 ; 

18,39 i 

1840 

184i 

1842 

184:1 

1844  

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 { 

1849 

IftW 

1851 

1852 

1853 j 

1854 { 


Apr. 
Apr. 

Apr. 

O 

10 

1 

Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Mar. 

0 
3 
4 
8 
7 

Apr. 
Mar. 

8 
15 

Mar. 

28 

Mir. 

24 

Mar. 

25 

Jan. 

8 

Apr 

•'■> 

Mar. 

28 

Mar 

21 

Mar. 

20 

Apr. 
Jan. 

1 

19 

Mar. 

12 

■fan. 

18 

I'eb. 

27 

'**''•' \    Feb. 

1850 Apr. 

18,57 Apr. 

18.'.!) Apr. 

18.^9 Apr. 

1860 Mar. 

1801 Ajir. 

1802 1  Apr. 

1863 Apr. 

1804 Apr. 

1865 Apr. 

IHCfi Mar. 

1867 Apr. 

1808. Apr. 

1809 A))r. 

1870 Aiir. 

1871 Mar. 

1872 '  Apr. 

1873 Apr. 

1874 1  Mar. 

1875 1  Apr. 

1876 i  Apr. 


Apr.   14 

I1.T. 

20 

Mar.  11 

Dee. 

10 

.\pr.     0 

Dec. 

10 

Mar.   10 

AverayP  date  of  opening,  April  4:  avera^je  date  of  clo.Minn, 
cloned,  108. 


DcccMilicr  17;  averHKc  nuniher  of  da\ s 


Authorilie.m  Eiftli  Annual  Ueport  of  llii>  State  Weather  Hureaii,  ISOI:  I'lilted  State 
IJiireau,  181)0;  Mr.  Alh'u  W.  I'oucher,  special  deputy  colleitor;  New  Viuk  Moterolo;;y. 
secoiul  aeries,  iiy  K.  H.  IIoukIi. 

Note.     'Ihc  river  at  Oswcfjo  Holdoni  freezes,  except  when  tlio  tloatiinf  ice  jjcts  lodjjcd  for 
at  a  timt>  ii.  midwinter,  and  owasioually  v  cs^ol-'arrisoaiul  tk'i)art  in  all  tin;  u  inter  months. 
of  1850  was  exceptionally  late,  ami  on  the  lOdli  (d  Apiil  tis.lms  "iryssod  thonvcr  near  ItrAmou 
lake  wa.s  I'ruzcu  ae  I'ur  us  cuuld  be  Been.     A  propeller  Hiavleft  tli8  harboi  on  Uio  lHUi  was 
in  HiKlit.. 


s  Wc.itlier 
185(1-180;!, 

a  fow  days 

'I'LCujirin^ 
Ih,  !\:n\  llie 
tljrouii.tya 


tl 


1840..., 
1SI7.... 
1848... 
184!)... 

IH.'ill 

1851... 

18,52... 

18,5;i..., 

1854..., 

1855.... 

18,50..., 

1857   .. 

18.58..., 

18,511..., 

1800.... 

1801.... 

1862.... 


1841... 
1842. . . , 

I84:t... 

1844..., 

1815... 

1840. . . . 

1847..., 

1848.... 

1849.... 

1S50.... 

18,5(1.... 

1851.... 

18.52   .. 

18.5;!    .  .  . 

18.53.  .. 

1854    . 

18.54.. 

18.55.. 

18,50.. 

1856.. 

1857.. 

1858.. 

18.58.. 

18.59   . 

18.59.. 

J80y... 

18lil. 
ISOl 
1802 
1S02. 

180;!. 


REPORT    Ol'    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


220 


B 


N,,.  KS.  -OTI'AWA    KrVKI!,  OITAWA,  ( »\l' A  1!I(  i. 
[45    Iti'  hititudi!  iiorlli.     Alliliidi',  llil  Coot.     7.'>  •  42'  longitude  west.J 


Vrar.  Oiiciicd.      Cliiscd. 


184») Ajir. 

ISIT May 

IMH Aliv. 

184it Apr. 

1K-,(I Aiir. 

.1H')I Apr. 

]85i; A])!-. 

]8r>:i Apr. 

18r,4 Vpr. 

]85r. Ai)r. 

iar.C Apr. 

1857 Apr. 

1858 Apr. 

185".> Apr. 

1800 Apr. 

18()1 Apr. 

180J Apr, 


II 


V<'iir.  OiM'.ncd.      (!lo.st!d.  Vciir.        ;  Opened.  I    CIosimI. 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 

Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dee. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 


20 
2S> 

4 

2;t 

24 

;«) 

2 
21 

liO 
25 
20 
28 
20 
2 
24 


180;t.... 
1864.... 
1865.... 
186C.... 
1867.... 
1868.... 
186!).... 
1870.... 
1871.... 
1872.... 
187:i.... 
1874 . . . . 
1875.--. 
187f..... 
1877.... 
1878.... 
?879.... 


Apr.  26 
Apr.  20 
Apr.  10 
.\|ir.  23 
Apr.  25 
Apr.  25 
Apr.  27 
.\pr.  18 
Apr.  11 
Apr. 
.\pr. 
May 
.May 
May 
A  pi'. 
Apr.  Ki 
Mav     ;i 


Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Deo. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


ao 
I 
1 
1 

:t() 
lit 

18 
30 
27 
20 
16 
15 
20 
■M) 
1 

;io 

20 


1880 Apr.  20 

1881 Apr.  20 

1882 Apr.  27 

1883 Apr.  27 

18S4 May     2 

1885 1  May     7 

1880 Apr.  26 

1887  Ai)r.  28 

1888 Apr.  30 

188!) Apr.  20 

1890 Apr.  20 

1891 Aiir.  20 

18'.t2 Apr.  28 

1893 Apr.  27 

1804 Apr.  23 

1805 Apr.  19 

1890 Apr.  27 


Nov. 

22 

Nov. 

19 

Nov. 

28 

Nov. 

24 

Nov. 

22 

Nov. 

26 

Nov. 

27 

Nov. 

24 

Nov. 

22 

Nov. 

29 

Nov. 

24 

Nov. 

20 

Nov. 

24 

Nov. 

20 

Nov. 

22 

Nov. 

21 

Avorage  date  of  oponing.  April  25;  average  date  of  closint;,  Noveiiilier  20;  averaui'  7inml)er  of  days 
closed.  l.'iO. 

Aiitlioritle.s;  Mr.  I'",  (iourdeaii.  deputy  iiiiniater  marine  and  lislieric's,  Canada;  Mr.  It.  W.  Slieplicril, 
luunagin};  director  (Htawa  Kiver  Navigation  (lonipany. 


N...80.— OTSKtJO  LAKK,  COorKUSTOWN,  N.  V. 

[42°  50'  latitude  north.     Allitiido,  1,300  feet.     74'^'  54'  longltudo  west.] 


Year.        '  Opened.       Closed. 


Year. 


1841 Apr.  25  •    1863. 

1842 Mar.  30  1,1804. 

1843 Apr.  20  1,  1864. 

1844 Apr.  13  1805. 


Opened. 


.\    Apr.  23 

•  J 


Closed. 


Year.        '  Opened.      (Mosed. 


I    Apr.  21 


Jan.      3 
.Jan.  ""« 


1845 Ap-'.     1 

1846 Apr.     7    

1847 Apr.  25    

1848 Apr.  10    

1849 \    Aiir.     7    

1H50 / Fell.      I 

1850 Apr.  24      Dec.    30 

1851 Mar.  30     Dec.    24 

1852 \    Apr.  26    

1853 / Jan.    17 

1853 \    Apr.     9    

1854 ( Ian.    2t    1  1871. 

1854 Apr.  20     Dec.    20   I   1872. 

1855 )    Apr.  24    !  1873. 


18()3. 
1866. 
1806. 
1867. 
1807. 
1808. 
1808. 
1809. 
1870. 
1870. 
1871, 


Ai)r. 


Jan.     7 

Ai)r,  14    

Jan,     3 

\'  Apr.  15  I 

i  Jan.     0 

Apr.  10     Dec.   27 

Apr.  21  ' 

Jan.     8 

Apr.  10  I 

.Ian.     4 

Dec.   21 

.Vpr.  2V  I  Dee.   24 
Mav     4    


.1 


Jan, 


Apr.  20     Dec,    18 


Ajir,     0 


A])r, 


18.56,., 
1850. . . 
18.'-'7... 
1858,.. 
18.58,.. 

1859 1'....: Ian 

18,59 1  Mar,  30     Dii 

3860 \^   Apr 

18G1,,, 
1801... 
J882  ., 
1862, . , 
1863... 


1874 1 ;  .Ian,    26 


Feb.      5 


1881. 
1882. 
1882, 
1883, 
1883. 
1884. 
1884. 
1885, 
1885, 
1886. 
1886. 
1887. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889, 
1889, 
1890, 
1890, 
1891. 
1892. 
1892. 


.\    Apr.  25 
I 


■-)■ 


\  pr. 


.\    Apr.  20 

■  I 

.\    Apr.  22 


I 


\    Apr,  26 


,\    Apr.  11 


l^ 


\\  Apr,   14 


1874 ;  Mav     5  |  Dec,   31  : 

1875 \:  Mav     7  I I 

1876 /  ....: !  Jan,    13  .'(  1893 

1876 1  Apr,  26  j  Dec.   17       1894 

!>      1877 1    Ajir.  27    i    1894 

28  .    1878 / 

7    ,i  lrt78 \|  Apr.     1 

'  Jan.      8  il  1879 l\ 


. .    Apr,     8 
.\    Apr.  15 


Apr.    5 
Apr.  17 


1879 \    Apr,  .to 

.fan.      5  II  1880  J 

W  Apr,  32    il  1880 

J Jan,    J7 


Mar.  22 
1 1  Apr.   19 


Apr.     7 


Jan,    29  i    1895,.. 

j.  1396 1 

.Fan,      3    '  1890 Apr,  18 

I  I 

Foil.     R  I 
Doc    29  ;, 


.Ian. 
■Ian. 
•Ian, 
Jan, 
•Ian, 
•Ian, 


,\    Apr.  14 

- .     A  pr,   28  j    1  >ec 
,1    Apr,  30 


Jan. 
Dec. 


dan. 
D.C. 

Jan. 


0 

6 

19 

ii 


30 
Ian.      19 


Feb.      22 
Dec,      25 


20 

28 


1  1 
29 


C\ 


Avei'.igoiliilo  uf  oponiMir,  Apiil   17,  iivei-ngo  duto  of  lOosIng,  JamiHry  Tj  average  number  of  duy.s 

imo<l,  10(1. 

Authority,  Mr.  O  i'umeroy  Keese. 


Dl 


230 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


1^ 


No. mi.     OlTKli  ISLAM)  LKill  1'  lIOfSK,   XK.VI;  ASHI,.VN1>,   WIS. 
146    50'  latitude  north.    Altituilo,  000.0'J  J'eet.    UU    2:>'  lougitudc  woat.) 


Year.         Opened.  |   Closed. 


Year.         Opened.     Closed 


1874 May     5 

IHT.'i Mav  17 

lh7() Muv  20 

1877 A\)r.  27 

1878 Apr.     7 

1879 '  Apr.  Y~ 

1880 May     2 

If^l Mav 


Nov.  28 
Nov.  29 
Dec.  1 
Kov.  :w 
Nov.  :iO 
Dec.  12 
Nov.  16 


l;i     Nov.  22 


1882 Ai>r.  28 

1883 Mux  8 

1884 Mav  10 

188") May  12 

1886 Mav  7 

1887 May  10 

1888 Mav  II 

;889 Apr.  17 


Year. 


Opened,  i   Closed. 


Nov.  28 

Nov.  2i» 

Nov.  2>.t  j 

Nov.  2!) 

Nov.  28 

Nov.  2i> 

Nov.  27 

Nov.  2<i 


1890. 
1891. 
1892. 

I89:i. 

1894. 
189r.. 
1896. 


Apr.  22 

Mav  8 

MmV  1 

Mav  12 

Apr.  25 

Apr.  18 

Apr.  2."i 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


20 
2(! 
2:( 
22 
20 


Avrraire  d!it«  of  opening,  May  11;  avorafie  date  of  closind,  November  27:  averajjo  niniib-M- of  day.s 
clerked,  157. 

Aiitiiority:  Coiuiuaiider  \\'illiani  Foltjer,  V.  S.  N.,  Kleveiitli  li;jlil  lion.se  district. 


Nil.  91. 
[44°  34'  latittide  iiortli. 


Year. 


Opened.      (Uosed. 


-OWKN  SOVNl),  ONTAlilO. 

Altitude,  ,''.79.0(1  f.  et.     8(i    :>'>•  lonRitude  we.st.] 


Vear. 


Opened.  ,    Closed. 


Year. 


1(^67. 
1808. 
1809. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 

1876. 


A  pr. 
Apr. 
AJir. 
Ajir. 
Mar. 
May 
M  ay- 
Ma  V 
May 
Mny 


10 
1.". 
24 
18 
2'* 
"it 
7 
4 

15 
4 


Nov. 
Dee. 
Nov. 
Dee. 
Dee. 
Dee. 
Dee. 
Nov. 
Dee. 
Pec. 


29 


28 


1 

11 

31 

2 

6 


1877 1  Mav     1 

1878 Mar.  19 


1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1S8.''.. 
1U86. 


Ai>r. 
Mar. 
Ajtr. 
Mar. 
Aiir. 
Aiir. 
May 
A  pi-. 


20 
20 
20 
20 
3 
15 


D.e. 

8 

Dee. 

14 

Dee. 

4 

Dee. 

1 

Dee. 

31 

Dee. 

13 

Nov. 

17 

Dee. 

1 

Dee. 

10 

Dee. 

11 

1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1802. 
1893. 
1894 . 
1895. 
1896. 


(Jpcned. 

Close 

d. 

Apr.  30 

D,e. 

8 

Mny     4 

Dee. 

4 

Apr.  14 

Dee. 

1 

Apr.   14 

Dee. 

8 

Apr.   18 

Ncn. 

30 

Mav     f. 

Uvc. 

0 

Apr.   12 

De.'. 

4 

Mav.   17 

Dee. 

3 

Apr.  2(1 

Dec. 

28 

Apr.  20 

.  .  ■ 

A\  erai;i' date  of  ojienins,  .Vpril  19;  average  date  of  closing,  Di'ceiiiher  0;  aver;ine  niinilier  of  days 
cloHed,  134. 

Aiitlioritits :  Oeiieral  Keiioit  I'ulil  c  Works.  Caiiiid;i,  18()7-1882;  Anniiiil  l!c|)orts  oC  I  lie  I)c));nliiient 
of  Itailwaysand  Canals.  Dominion  o''  Ciiiiaiia,  1883  1H89;  Dejiarluient  of  I'lililic  Works,  Doiiunion  of 
Canada,  1890. 

No.  92.— PASSAOI';  ISLAND  LIOHT  IKll  SK,   I.A  IvK  sri'KHlOK. 

f48°14'latitndenortli.     Altitude.  600.09  feet.     88'  22  longitude  \v.st.| 


Year. 


1883. 
1884. 
188,-.. 
1880. 
1887. 


Opeiiod.  I   Closed. 


Year.        i  Ojtened.      Closed. 


Mav 
Mf»'v 
Mav 
.Mav 
Ma'y 


Nov.  30 
Nov.  21 
Nov.  15 
Nov.  11 
Nov.  10 


1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 


Mav  14 
Apr.  30 
Apr.  28 
Mav  8 
May     1 


Nov.  l.l 
Nov.  12 
Nov.  28 
Nov,  28 
Nov.  20 


Year. 


1893.... 

1894.... 
1895.... 
1896.... 


Opened.      Closed. 


Mav 

May 
Ajir. 
Apr. 


20  Nov. 

2  Nov. 

18  Nov. 

i;.(    


22 

21 
23 


Average  date  of  opening.  May  .I;  average  <iate  of  closing,  November  19;  average  nunitierof 
closed, 107. 

Autlioritv:  ('oniiiiiiniler  William  Volger,  I'.S.N.,  l'"leventli  lighthouse  district. 

.\<iTK.--'f lie  keejier  li'aves  liefore  ice  loniis,  so  as  to  prevent  loss  of  boat,  (.'onijiareil  with 
Arthur,  Ontario,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  i.eriod. 

No.  93.   -I'KAltl.,  11,1,. 

[39' 2(»' latitude  north.     Alliliul.-,  411.11  feet.     9o    38' longitude  west.] 


days 
Port 


Year. 


i)|>«ned.     (Jlosud 


Vear. 


Ojiened.     Closed. 


Year.        Opened.!    Closed. 


1879. 

1880 

1881. 

1882. 

1883. 

1884 


.Ian.  0 
Mar.  3 
Open. 

Feb.  24 
Feb.    IK 


1885. 


1  Dee 
I  Nov . 
Ojivii 
Doc. 
I  0|i«li 
/Jan. 
I  Dee. 


I"'""-    "   '1  Ian 


IHHO 

IW17. 

1R88. 


(Feb. 
■  (Dec. 

.:  Feb. 
.|  Feb. 


lH«<t 


[Jan. 

I  iM'b. 

I  Fob. 
Mar. 


.,,,  !(.Ian.     9 

-Do.'.      1 

'■'    I  Dec.    V, 

H  i  Dee.   21 

20  ' 

...l.lan.    Vi 

'HllFeb.     7 
„;,      Fab,   20 

ill '••'■'••  -' 


1890. 
1891 

1802. 

IR93. 
1894. 


IRltr.. 
1890. 


Dec. 

28 

D.-C. 

27 

iJaii. 

13 

(Iini. 

13 

iFeh. 

10 

iF.'b. 

4 

.Tan. 

18 

|J;in. 

(Dec. 

6 
2(1 

r.b. 

25 

D.MV 

3 

Fob. 

28 

De.'. 

27 

) 

in.jc. 

25 

Uec. 

a 

Opei 

. 

•  ■  • 

Average  ilate  .if  opening,  February  10;  average  tlal.'  .il  .losing,  Dec.'iiilKJr  2C    ;iviiinge  i il)Or  of 

days  eloseil,  40. 

Aiiili.irily  :  Mr.  .Iiiliii  W.  Davis,  bridg.' tinder  tor  Chi. ago  and  All. in  Kaihvav 
NurK,— Compared  with  Peoria.  111.,  for  int.rpolati.in  I'm'  twenty  years'  peritj.f. 


* 


1834. 
1835. 
1836. 
1837. 
1838. 
1839. 
1840. 
1841. 
1842. 
1843. 
1844. 
1845. 
1840. 
18*7. 
1848. 
1849. 
1850. 
1851 . 
1852. 
18.53. 
18,''.4. 
1855. 


1807 . . 
1808  . 
1809.. 
1870.. 
1871.. 

1872  . 

1873  . 
1874.. 
1875.. 
1870.. 
1877.... 


1807... 
1808.. 
|K(!9  . 

1870... 
1^70. . 

1871  .. 

1872... 

1873  . . 

1874... 

1875... 

1870... 

1877.. 

1878.. 


'T» 


REPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


231 


fi 


? 


l^/« 


No.  94.— PEOKIA,  ILL. 
[40^  11'  liititudo  norlh.    Altitude.,  432  feet.    89^  37'  lougitudo  west. 


Year.       ,  Opeued.     Closed. 


Year. 


18.34.... 
18:i5.... 
lH;m.... 
1h:!7.... 

1838.... 
1839.... 
JH40.... 
Irt41.... 
184'J.... 
1843.... 
1844.... 
1845.... 
1840.... 
18«7.... 
1848.... 
1849.... 
1850... 
1851 . . . . 
1852.... 
18,53.... 
18.54.... 
1855.... 


.liin. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Feb. 
Fob. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Mar. 
Feb. 
Jjiu. 
.Jan. 
Feb. 
.Tan. 
Mar. 
Jan. 
Feb. 


Doe.  30 

Nov.  24 

Dec.  13 
Doc. 
Nov. 

Dee.  18 

Dec.  29 

Dec.  2il 

Nov.  13 


18 
5 


Dec.  20 

Dec.  15 

Dec.  12 

Dec.  18 

Dec.  14 

Dee.  11 

Deo.  Hi 

D«M'.  lU 


1850. 
1857. 
ia58. 
1859. 
1860. 
1861. 
1862. 
1863. 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1876. 


Opeued. 

Alar. 

22 

Fob. 

18 

Fob. 

19 

Feb. 

Hi 

Feb. 

21 

Feb. 

22 

Mar. 

12 

Feb. 

13 

Feb. 

')•> 

Fob. 

20 

Mar. 

3 

Feb. 

20 

Mar. 

6 
10 

Feb. 

Fob. 

17 

Alar. 

1 

Mar. 

6 

Mar. 

14 

Fob. 

20 

Mar. 

15 

Feb. 

14 

Year.  Opened.     Closed. 


Closed.    ; 

Doc. 

14 

Nov. 

19 

Jan. 

21 

Dec. 

15 

Nov. 

24   , 

Dec. 

21 

I)e.>. 

6 

De.^. 

9 

D.!C. 

9 

Dec. 

12 

Dec. 

14 

Dec. 

8 

1 

Dec. 

20 

Dec. 

4 

Nov. 

25 

Dec. 

26 

Dec. 

21 

Feb. 

3 

Dec. 

3 

1877 F'eb.    15  Open. 

1878 Open.  Doc.    15 

1879 Mar.  12  Dec.   12 

1880 .Jan.      2  Nov.  26 

1881 \   Mar.  17    

1882 /. ;  Jan.   12 

1882 '  Jan.   20  Dec.     8 

1883 Mar.    7  |  Dec.    16 

1884 Mar.  16  !  Dec.    15 

1885 Mar.  19  i  Dec.     7 

1886 i  Mar.  15  Dec.     1 

1887 Fel).   21  I  Nov.  28 

1888 (Mar.  19)  |  Dec.   15 

1889 (Mar.  19)  Open. 

1890 Open.  Open. 

1891 Feb.     4  Jan.    12 

ijqo                  Vi.i,      (1  /Jan.     2 

^'^^- ^'^"-     •'  \Dec.    19 

1893 Mar.  14  Nov,  23 

1894 Mar.  10  Dec.   24 

1895 Mar.  15  Nov.  26 

1896 Fob.   24    


Averaj;o  date  of  opening,  February  21 ;  average  date  of  closing,  December  17;  average  number  of 
days  clo.-ied.  <it!. 

Autliorilie.>i.  Caiit.  Ilenrv  Dctweiller,  Aliss  Mary  K.Cleveland,  river  observer. 
Noi'E.— Compared  witli  t^eneca,  111.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 

No.  95.— PEKCfi,  QUKISEC. 
[48<=  31'  latitud(!  north.    04^  13'  longitude  west.) 


Y'ear.         Opened.     Closed. 


18(i7 

I8r)8 

181)9 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1870 
1877 


May 

11 

Nov. 

Mav 

11 

.Nov. 

May 

10 

Nov. 

May 

0 

Nov. 

.May 

4 

Nov. 

May 

9 

Nov. 

May 

9 

Nov. 

Mav 

i 

Nov. 

Mav 

17 

Ih-r. 

Mav 

12 

Dec. 

May 

3 

Nov. 

9 
14 
27 
15 


10 


Year. 


1878.... 
1879.... 

1880 

1881.... 
1882... 
1883.... 
1884.... 
1885.... 
1880.... 
1887.... 
1888.... 


Opened.  I  Closed. 


Year.         Opened.     Closed. 


Apr.  11") 

Apr.  15 

Apr.  19 

Apr.  21 

Apr.  29 

-Apr.  23 

Ajtr.  25 

May  1 

Apr.  12 

.\pr.  20 

Apr.  22 


Dec.  2 
Nov.  27 
Dec.  1 
Nov.  1 
Dec.  7 
Nov.  2;i 


-  I 


Doc. 
Nov. 
Doc. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


1 
18 

1 5 
23 
23 


1880.... 
1890..  . 
1891 . . . . 
1892... 
1893.... 
1894.... 
1895.... 
1896.... 
1890.... 


Apr.  20 

Ajtr.  17 

Apr.  U 

Apr.  15 

Apr.  10 

Apr.  10 

Apr.  15 

Apr,  ■' 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Die. 


20 
21 
24 
5 
5 
22 


.Jan. 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  25;  average  date  of  closing,  November  2'J;  average  number  of  day* 
closfd.  14". 
Authority:  Departnieiil  of  I'uldic  Wiuks,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1890. 

No.90.-1'ICTOU,  NOVA  SCOTIA. 
|45    41'  latitude  north.     02  '  42'  longitude  west 


\ear. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

1807 

1 

1808 

I8tt!)     \ 

1870 / 

Juu.    14 

1870 

1871     

1872 

Apr.  15 
Mar.  23 
Apr.  25 
Ai>r.  19 
Apr.     1 
.May     3 
Apr.  15 
Aiu'.    7 
Apr.  15 

Doc.   27 
Dec.    15 
Dec.   24 

1873 

Dec.    18 

1874 

Dec.    28 

1875 

1876 

Dec.      1 

Dec.    'J7 

1877     

Dec     '-'8 

1878 

Duo.   28 

.'1 

Year. 


Ol)ened. 


1870.. 
1880.. 
1881.. 
1882.. 
1882.. 
1883.. 
1884.. 
1885. . 
1880.. 
1887.. 
1888.. 
1889.. 


Apr.  2 
Apr.  30 
Apr.  18 


Apr. 
A  pr. 
.Vpr. 
Apr. 

Ajir. 
.Vpr. 
Apr. 


24 

10 
17 
21 
3 
11 
15 


('losed. 


V 


Dec. 
Dee. 


•Ian. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


4 

30 
23 
24 
31 

30 


Jan,    14 


1889 
1890 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1892 
1893 
1891 
1895 
18U0 
18UU 


II 


A\  eragi<date  of  opuning,  April  12;  avi"    ;«  ilatu  of  olosiiig,  Decani bor  i^S^  ."WcMgti  nniulior  of  days 
ulnBed.  ICH 

Autlioritien:   Uunoial  Kupoi  t  ]'_ 
liiuiil   of    1,'aihvayN  ami   C;tunlii, 
Dominion  of  Canada,  1890. 


I'liblio  \V(.ilts,  CuiMcIa,   I(i07-I882j    Annual  llopoi  ts  nf   t.liO  Dopnrt- 
JUomluion    Mf   Ounada,  1883-188Jt    Deii;irtnient   ol   Pabllo  Woiks, 


I-     . 


232 


UEPORT    OF    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


No.  !)7.-riKHKK,  S.  DAK. 
L44^  24'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  1,420  feet.     lOi: '  17'  longitude  \v  ,<    ' 


Yeav.         Openi-.l.  ,    Closed.   \.        Year.         Opened.      Closed.   |         Year.         Ope:)Pil.  >   <  I'ised. 


(Apr.    7)  (\ov,    it)i    1890. 
(Apr.  17)    Nov.  2ti  I    im»l. 


H74 Mar.  24     Nov.  18  1882 

i875 Apr.  10     Nov.  10  i  1883.... 

1876 Nov.  22  1884 Mar.  20  Dee.    It 

1877 Mil r.  27      Dee.  10  1885 Miir.  18  Dec.     7  1893 

1878 M.ir.   18      Dee.  7  1880 Mar.  23  (Oct.     31)  18'.)4 

1879 Mar.  23    (Oct.  1,"))  1887 Apr.  18  Nov.  20  18!),'> 

1880 (Apr.   II)  (Nov.     4)  1888 Apr.  17  Nov.  10  1896 

1881 (Apr.  12)  (Nov.    8)  1889 :  Apr.  IS  Nov.  25  i 

I  ll  '  I  I 


.\pr.  6  i  N.n-.  3r 

Mar.  12  ^  Nov.  21 

1802 Mar.  27  Dee.  2 

.Apr.  7  Nov.  12 

Apr.  0  Nov.  18 

Mar.  21  Nov.  22 


Mar.  27  i 


Average  date  of  opv  ning,  Marc^h  30;  average  date  of  closing,  November  28:  averagenuuiberof  dav:' 
closed.  122. 

Autliorities:  I'nitt'd  States  Weutber  Hiireau,  Mr.  Frank  O.  Stetson,  observer  \Yeather  P.iireau, 
Pierre. 

NoTK.  — Dat<'8  from  18"  1-1889  are  for  Fort  Sullv.wben  station  wan  removed  to  Pierre.  Dales  from 
1890-1890  are  for  Pierre  12  miles  below  Fort  .Sully.  Compared  witb  Maukato,  Minu.,  for  inteii)ola- 
tiou  for  twenty  years'  period. 

No.  98.— PITT.SI?URa.  PA. 

[40°  32  latitude  north.     Altitude,  699  feet.     80"  02'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


Opened.      CloNcd. 


1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1870. 
1877. 
1878. 


Open. 
Ojien. 
Open. 
Open, 
(•lien. 
Open. 
Oiien. 
ojjeii. 
Open. 


Open. 
Open. 
OJieii. 
Oi)en. 
Olien. 
OJien. 
0])en. 
Open. 
()])en. 


Year.  Opened.      Clo.sed. 


1879 Open.  Open. 

1880 Open.  Open. 

18X1 Open.  Open. 

1882 ;  Open.  Open. 

188:t Ojien.  Open. 

1S84 Olieii.  Open. 

188r. Open.  Open. 

1880 :  Oi)eu.  Operi. 

1887 1  Open.  Oiien. 


Year. 


1888. 
18H9. 
IHOO. 
IS'.M. 
1S92. 
1S!)H, 
|Ki»4. 
W.K>. 
1890. 


1  ipei.eu. 

t  loseu. 

O  ten. 
F  t;;.  ice. 

ritg.  ieo. 

Open. 

Open. 

<  »jieu. 

Open. 

M|„  u. 

Open. 

l>tv.      28 

.Ian.    28 

<  ijii'ti. 

(»peii. 

<  'pen. 

l"eb     2S 

Feb.        3 

.Jan.      0 

.Ian.        4 

Average  date  of  opening,  January  29;  average  date  of  elonng,  .lanuary  27'  average  number  of  days 
closed.  2.  2. 

Authorities:  Keport  of  United  States  Cliief  Sign:d  Ollieer;  Mr.  T.  I'.  Koberts. 


1872.. 

is;:i., 

1H7I.- 

187;'). 

lH7ii. 

1877.. 

187S. 

187S.. 

1879   . 


1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1K82. 
1883. 
1884. 


No.  99.-POINT  PLliASANT,  \Y.  VA. -KANAWHA   UIVICK. 
|38-  53'  latitude  nortli.     Altitu<!e.  510  fefi.    S2"  10'  longitude  west.] 

'    '  1 


Year. 

1871 

1872 

1873 

-  1 
Opened. 

Dec.   25 
Feb.   11 

Closed. 

Dee.   20 
Jan.   29 

1874     

1875 

1870 

1877 

1878 

1879 

c 

Feb.    13 
Dec.    14 
dun.    13 
Open. 
.Ian.    11 
Dee.    12( 
Open.     1 

.Ian.    10 
Die.     9 
Jan.     2 
Dec.   27 
Ol)en. 

1880 ; 

Dec.    12 

I 


Year.         Opened.    Closed. 


Year. 


1881 (Jan. 11) 

1882 (Open.) 

1881 (Open.) 

1884 (Open.) 

..I   (Feb. 17) 
I    Jan.    24 


1885. 
1880. 


1H87. 

1888. 
1889. 


Feb. 

Jan. 

Jan. 
Open 


(Jan. 2) 
(Ol)en.) 
(Open.) 
(Open.) 
(Feb.ll) 

Jan.  10 
Feb.  3 
Jan.  9 
De<'.  30 
0|)en. 
Ol)en. 


1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 

1895. 

1890. 


Oj)ened.      Closed. 


Open 

Open. 

Open 

Open. 

Open 

Dee. 

25 

•Ian. 

31 

Open. 

Open 

Dee. 

29 

Jan. 

.) 

Feb. 

2X 

•I;in. 

31 

.Ian. 

8 

.I;in. 

4 

Average  date  of  opening.  January  18;  average  dad'  of  elnsing.  .lanuary  <•'. .  ,>v<>r;u.'e  number  of  days 
ibmed,  12. 
,  utiioiitieh:  i'ol.(;    H.  Thonins,  Ml.  II.  Fry,  Mr.  Uob.Mt  Kiger. 
KuiK.— CoMip  ■.  «hI  with  (;iiiiileston.  NV,  Yu',,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 


I«fi7.... 

i8i;rf 

18ii9.... 

1870... 

I,s71.... 

1X72.... 

1873... 

1H74.  .  . 

1H7,'.  .. 

1870. 

u'-f 


UEPOKT    01'^    V.  S.  DEKP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


233 


%^ 


^■|^.•1|■. 


.\i..  100.     I'oll'l'   .\KTIirK,  O.NTAlMi). 
[48    2-»' lalilmle  iiorlli.     Altilude,  600.00  feet.     SO    'J8   ',iint;ituil.'  ucst.  | 


(ipciicd.      CIi    .^<1. 


1872... 
187:!... 
1874... 
187.''..  . 
187(!  .. 
1877... 
1878.    . 

1878 Apr.  2:! 

1879 Apr.  25 


M:iv 

jMiiy 
Apr. 
Mar. 


!l 
II 
II) 
•JH 
17 


I  )cr 

1.-) 

D.c 

9  ! 

\Ur 

2:i 

Dec 

27 

.1 


Jill). 

Dec. 
Dec. 


10 

:iO 

28 


^'^:I^.  'Ipi'liicl.       ('l(/si'(l. 


1880... 
1881... 
1882... 
1883... 

188,5... 
188(5... 
1887... 
1888... 


Apr.  28 

Apr.  25 

A  1)1-.  28 

May  H 

Mav  10 

May  U 

Apr.  29 

May  11 

iMii'v  21 


Dor. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
U(;c. 
Doc. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
D.'c. 


;;o 
111 

27 

u 

27 
20 
22 
29 


Vciir. 


1880.... 
1890.... 
1891.... 

1802 

1891!.... 
1894.... 
1895.... 
1890 


>  )lll'lR'll.        (,  i().>..  .1. 


Apr.  Hi 

Mav  2 

May  2 

M;iy  1 

MaV  22 

Mav  :i 

.Vpr.  2!) 

Apr.  27 


Uer. 
Dec. 
Do.'. 
Dcr. 
Des', 
Dec, 
Dec, 


21 

2,'; 
1.-I 
1 

\<: 
2U 


Average  (l:ite  ipf  i>peiiiiii.f,  Ma\  1:  a\iTaf;(^  dato  nf  i  lo.siii;;,  December  21;  aver:ig(>  luiiiilii  r  of  dav.s 
closed,  i:il.  '  ' 

.\ullii>rilie.H:  .\iinual  Iteixirts  of  the  Department  of  IliiilwavH  and  Canals,  Dominion  of  C'liiada, 
188;i-lf<f-9;    Dei)artmeul  of  I'lililie  Workx,  Dominion  of  Canada,  i8U(!. 

No.  101.— I'our  Ais'i'iN  i.Kiii  r-ii(»rsK,  michkian. 

1 45'  o,'i'  l.ilitude  norlli.     82    .'i.K'  lonuitodc  west.] 


Year. 


(»pened.      ('losed. 


Vear. 


Opened.       Closed. 


Vear. 


Opened.       Closed. 


1879. 

1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
188:i. 


Apr. 

7 

Dec. 

13 

Mar. 

9 

Dec. 

T 

.Apr. 

2-'^ 

De<'. 

24 

Mir. 

.'i 

Dec. 

8 

Apr. 

17 

De<'. 

13 

1884 Apr.  11  ;  Doc.    14 


1885 Apr.  27     Doc.  10 

1880 Apr.  14      Dec.  0 

1887 Apr.  15     Dec.  19 

1888 \\)r.  15  '  Dec.  14 

1889 \pr.  1       Dee.  Ill 

1890 .Mar.  29      Dee.  24 


1891. 

1892. 
ISlKi. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896 


Apr. 

0 

Dec. 

18 

Apr. 

fi 

Dec. 

20 

Ai)r. 

9 

Doc. 

13 

Mar. 

10 

Dec. 

20 

Apr. 

9 

Dec. 

10 

Apr. 

8 

,\vi'rai;e  date  of  openion,  .\prilO;  ,ivera;ie  dale  of  clo.Hing,  December  17,  a\eratre  niimber  of  dava 
iliised,  110. 

Authority;  Comniiiin'er  \Villi;tm  Fol;;er,  U.  S.  N..  Klevenlh  litrht-liousi' disi  rict . 
>it>l'ii. — Ooiupared  with  I'oit  liomn.  Slich.,  for  interpobilioii  for  twenty  sears'  period. 


! 


No.  102  -  I'OK  T  DOVKK,  ().\  I'AKlO. 
[42  '  47'  hilitnde  north.      .Mlitude,  571.3".  feet.     80     111    ^.ll.^'itode  we.sl. 


Year.  Opened,      Closed. 


1867. 
1808. 
1800. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 


...  Apr      I) 

...  Ai)r.    10 

...  Apr.  24 

....  Apr.  22 

...  Apr.     3 

....  Apr.  30 

1873 Apr.  28 

IH74 Apr.   15 

\Hl!i .Mav     0 

1876 \pr,    19 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Doc, 
Doc, 
Nov, 
Xov. 
.Nov. 
Dee. 


<i 

29 

2 

24 

26 

4 


^'ear. 


1877. 


1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1886. 


( )|Mned. 

Close 

d. 

Apr.  25 

Dee. 

13 

Mar.  12 

i.'ee. 

:o 

Apr.  29 

Dee. 

27 

Apr.     2 

Nov. 

25 

.Apr.  ;i() 

Nov. 

3 

Mar,  25 

Nov, 

0 

Apr,   17 

Doc, 

1 

Apr.  17 

Doe, 

Apr.  28 

Dee, 

1 

Apr.    8 

D.c. 

! 

Year. 


( Ipenc 


1887 

1888 

1S89 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1800 


Closed, 


Apr 

Dec. 

15 

A  pi. 

, 

Dec. 

12 

Ai.r. 

J,) 

>fov. 

18 

A  pr. 

n 

No\, 

6 

,\l)r. 

H 

Dec 

20 

.\  pr. 

4 

Do 

-0 

Ai.r. 

2i; 

Di  V 

2 

-Vpr, 

;; 

Dec, 

15 

.\pr. 

1., 

I.'cc. 

12 

Apr. 

3 

.  .  .  . 

.\\er,ij.'e  dale  of  openin^j.   .\iiril  1 'i :  avciiijic  ibiie  of  rlosio'.;    December  4  ,  avera:;ti  nomber  of  dayH 
closeil.  132. 

Authority;   Deparliipenl  of  I'liblic  \\drU«,  Dominion  of  Cauaila,  1896. 


u  *# 


234 


REPORT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP   WAFERWAYS    COMMiaSION. 


1 


Xo.  10;i.— roKT  llOl'K,  ONTAUIO. 
[4;t°  56'  latitude  north.     All  initio,  ;;44.5;i  t'vvt.    78^  15'  Uingittuto  woat.] 


Year.       |  Ojiened.  I  Closed. 

1867 Apr.  1  I  l)<>c. 

1808 Apr.  1  !  Dec. 

1869 Apr.  1  I  IVc. 

1870 ;  Apr.  1  Di'c. 

1871 !  Miir.  21  Dec 

187J Apr.  I  :  Dec. 

187;i  j  Apr.  1  l»ec. 

1874 Apr.  1  1  Dec. 

1875 1  Apr.  1  i  Dec. 

lS7tl :  Apr.  1  I  l)e«'. 

1877 '  Apr.  1  Dec. 


11 

7 

11 

i:i 

0 


4 

II 
U 


Year. 


1878 
187U 
1880 
1881 
1882 
188:t 
1884 
1885 
188(i 
1887 
1888 


()])ened.      Closed. 


Ajjp. 
Ai.r. 
.Mar. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Ajir. 
A  pr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 

I).'C. 

Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


8 

9 
15 

(i 

8 

13  I 
12  I 

^?' 
12 
10  I 


Y'car.  Opened.  I   Cloned. 


1889. . 
1890.. 
1891.. 
1802.. 
189:i.. 
1894.. 

1895.. 

1890.. 


A  pr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Ajtr. 
Apr. 
Open 

Ai)r. 

Apr. 


2 
20 


Dec. 

R 

Doc. 

r> 

Dec. 

15 

Dec. 

12 

Open. 

Open. 

.Fan. 

2a 

Dec. 

G 

Averafjc  date  of  openinj;,  Ajiril  :!;  avera;;i- dale  of  clo.sinfj,  December  15;  avcra;;e  number  of  days 
dosed,  109. 

Antlioritio.-*:  General  Keport  I'ublic  Works,  <^inada.  1807-1882:  .Vnnual  IJt>portM  of  tlio  Dcparlmont 
of  Kaihvavs  and  Canals,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1883-1889;  Department  of  I'liblic  NVorks,  Domiuiou  of 
Canada,  1896. 


>4 


1874.... 
1875.... 
]87(i.... 
1877.... 

1K78.... 
1879.... 

1880 

1881 . . . . 


No.  104.-  I'OKT  HUKOX,  MICH. 
[43C  00'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  579.0  feet.    82°  26'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


Opened.      Close*!. 


1871 Mar.  10  Nov.  ,10 

1872 Apr.  12  :  Nov.  21 

1873 Apr.  14  '  Nov.   19 

1874 1  Mar.  23  Dec.   2o 

1875 Apr.  10  Dec.    11 

1876 Apr.    0  Dec.    10 

1877 Apr.  2.1  Dec.     9 

1878 ..    Mar.  24  Dec.    i:> 

1870 :  Apr.     3  Dec.    14 


Year.  Opened.      Closed. 


Mar.    7 
Apr.  18 


188(» Mar 

1H8I Apr.  27 

18^2 

1883.... 
1884.... 
1884.... 
1885.... 
1886.... 
1887.... 


Opened.      Closed. 


Apr.  8 
Apr.  2.1 
Mar.  28 
Ajir.  12 


Mar.  10 
Apr.  1 
Mar.  30 
Apr.  19 
Apr.  2 
AjSr. 
Mar. 
Ai)r. 
A  pr. 


1 
11 

7<J 
8a 


Dec. 
Doc. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Doc. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


11 
11 

25 

22 

15 

13 

19^* 

28& 


al'"ir.'<t  boat.  h  Last  boat. 

Averajte  date  of  opening,  April  4  average  date  of  <  lo.siug,  Deiember  11;  average  number  of  'lays 
closed,  114. 

Authorities:  T'nited  States  Weather  liiireaii.  1890;  Mi.  W.  M.  K<lniondson,  observer  Weather 
Bureau,  Tort  Huron.  1890 

No.  !05.-l''Ol{T  .STANLEY,  ONT.VKKt. 
[42°  40'  Iatiti!<l;  north.      Altitude,  .".71 .3.".  feel.     81  '  13'  louijitnde  wesl.^ 


Year.  Opened.      Closed. 


Y'ear.  Opened.  '   Closed. 


I 


1867 Apr.  i 

1868 Apr.  1 

1869 Apr.  I 

1870 i  Apr.  10 

1871 ,    M.::.    20 

1872 '  Ap«.  10 

1873 Apr.  ', 

1874 M  ...  20 

1875 Ajif.  10 

1876 Apr.  1 

1877 Apr.  10 

1878 Apr.  1 


Dec.    10  <    1870 Apr.     5 

Dec.   10  ;|  1880 i  Mar.  20 


Dec.     5 

i>.-c.    10 

De. 
Det 

'>3C 

Dec, 
1). 

IJ  ..• 
Dec 
Dec 


20 
5 

.'•) 

."> 

20 

!(( 
HI 


1881. 

1882. 
1883. 


..  Ajir.  10 

...  Apr.  1 

...  Apr.  14 

1884 Apr.  I 


1885. 
1880. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1889. 


.\  jir. 

..    Mar.  21 

. .    Apr.  4 

.1    :Mar.  31 

..1  Mfvr.  15 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


Yiiar. 


Ojioned.     ('loaed. 


Dec.     24 


i  18!M) Mar.  27 

1891 1    Mar.  17  j 

!  1892 1 1  d.in.      12 

1892 Fob.   26  I  Dec.     25 

i  1893 \    Mar.  25    

;  1894 (\ lau.      10 

1894 Mar.  14      Dec 

1895 Apr.     4      Dec. 

,  1830 Mar.  29    


Feb.     I) 
Dec.   28 


27 
lU 


I 


Average  diite  of  openinv,  March  30;  average  datti  of  closing.  December  18;  average  number  of  da.vs 
closed,  102. 

.Author. 'ies:  Oeneral  report  i'ublio  Works,  CmiiihIm.  1807  18H2:  Annual  Report  of  the  De|iarlnient  ot 
Railwu,>^  (Hid  Cmials,  Domiuiun  of  Canada,  1883-1889:  Department  of  Public  Works,  Dominion  of 
Cauuda',  xa90. 


I 


9^*9 


1887... 
1888... 
1889... 
1890. . . 
1891... 


1887.. 
1888  . 
1889.. 
1890.. 


"\ 


REPORT   OF   IT.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


235 


^ 


I 


m^ 


No.  100.— l^ORTAOE  TilVER  MCnT-nOTTSK,  MICHIGAN. 

.    [4tr  ,W  lulitude  north.     Altitude,  000.69  fret.     88"  24'  longitude  west.] 


1874 
1875 
1870 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 


1 
Closed. 

Dec. 

4    1 

Nov. 

30 

Dec. 

4 

Dee. 

5 

Dec. 

15 

Nov. 

30  ' 

Dee. 

:' 

D<'e. 

1 

Year. 


1890... 
1891... 
1892... 
1893... 
1894... 
1895... 
1890.,. 


Opened.  I    Closed. 


Apr.  21  Deo. 

Apr.  20  I  Dec. 

Apr.  21  Dec. 

May     7  Doc. 

Apr.  20  Dee. 

Apr.  19  Dec. 

Apr,  20    , 


.Vverage  date  of  opening.  April  25;  averuge  date  of  elo.sing,  December  3;  average  number  of  daj'8 
closed,  141). 
Authont.v  :  Coniiuander  AVilliam  Folger,  I'.S.N.,  Eleventh  light-Louae  distrii't. 

No.  107. -PORTE  DE.S  MORT.S  LIGHT-HOUSE,  WISCONSIN. 
[45'' 17' latitude  north.     Altitude,  579.00  feet.    80^  55' longitude  we.st.] 


Vear. 

Opened. 

Apr.  20 
Apr.  22 
Apr.    2 
Apr.    8 
Aftr.  20 

Closed. 

Year. 

!  Opened. 

Closed. 

Year. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

1887 

D«c.    15 
Dec.   31 
Dee.   15 
Dec.     9 
Dec.   16 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

...    Apr.  10 
...    Apr.  18 
.  .\   Mar.  28 

Dec.   18 
Dec.    13 

1895 \ 

1896 ( 

1896 

Apr.  15 
Mar!':ti 

1888 

.Tan.       9 

1889 

189(1 

Feb.     4 

1891 

Average  date  of  opening,  April  10;  average  date  of  closing,  December  24;  average  number  of  days 
elosed.  107. 
Autlioritv :  <  'oinmander  J.  H.  Dayton,  U.  S.  N.,  Ninth  lijjlit.honso  district. 
NoTii.— Compared  with  Escanaba,  Mich.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 

No.  108.-POVERTY  ISLAND  LKIHTIIOTSE,  MICHIGAN. 

[45°  31'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  579.00  feet.     80  '  40  longitude  west.] 


Year. 

Open 

Apr. 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 
Apr. 

•d. 

25 
24 

1 
5 

(Jloned. 

Dec.     6 
Dec.     6 
Dee.     8 
Dec.     7 

Year. 

1891 

,  1H92 

1893 

1894 

,  Ojjened. 

}  Apr.  14 
.    Anr.  12 
.    Aj.r.  22 
.    Apr.     7 

(Hosed. 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

Doc.     7 
Dec,     » 

Dee.      7 
Dec.   10 

Opened. 

Closed. 

Apr.  14 
Apr.  14 

Dee.     10 

Average  date  of  opening,  April  13;  average  duteof  closing,  December  8:  average  number  of  days 
closed,  126. 

Autlioritv:  Commander  J.  H.  Dayton,  V.  S.  N..  Nintli  light  bouse  district 
NoTK.—Ooiu pared  with  Alpena,  lilich.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 


23G 


UKPORT    OF    U.  S.   OEKP    WATi:RWAYS    COMMISSION. 


4 


Yfiir. 


N.I    l(il).     (.iKKIiKC    ri(()VlN("K  OK  t^UKUKC.-S'l".  {MlAKl.KS  lUVKH. 

I  HI    ;i!i   iMlilmlr  Miirlli.     Allitiiilc,  C.ll  IVt'l.     71     l-"  tniiiritiul.'  uost. ) 


()|«'ln'il.      Clii.m.l, 


Yriir. 


I>1H'|1Im1.         CldSltl. 


Vcar. 


Opi'Ilrcl,       CloHcil, 


1814 Apr. 

1815 Aj.r. 

isiti Apr. 

It<l7 Miiv 

1818 Apr. 

181!) Apr. 

18J0 Apr. 

1821 Mav 

18'.'2 Apr. 

I82:i Apr. 

1824   Apr. 

1825 Ai>r. 

l.'^2G \pr. 

1827 Ai)r. 

1828 Ai>r. 

I,x2n \pr. 

]8:!0 Apr. 

18J1 Apt. 

18:t2 Apr. 

18:!;! Aj.r. 

l.>-;)4 \pr. 

1835 Mav 

18:!ti Ma'v 

18:!7 Xlav 

18:!8 Mav 

I8;i9 <  Apr. 

1840 ;  Apr. 

1841 1  Mav 


28  D.T.  7 

28  Dec.  5 
;t  Nov.  2H 
tl((  Dec.  :< 

27  Off.  1 

:io  \h'i'.  7 

24  I  1  ).■<•.  1 

29  fi)("-r."';i' 

25    

2(1      Die.    II 

10    

22  i   IVc.    2i 
14  ! 

is:::::::::: 

17fr  Do.'.     4/. 

21  Nov.  :!U/- 

29  '  X(tv.  ;itW' 

19  '  N.iv,  •2:>h 

18  Dec.     9 

4(1  Dec.      1 

]0((  Dec.      1 

2i/  Dec.  12 

1(1  Nov.  21) 

2;t  Doe.  19 

21  Dec.     2 

4n  Dec.  14 


1S12 Apr.  20  Dec. 

1811! Mav     ;<a  Dec. 

1844 Apr.   23  ,  Nttv. 

1845 Apr.  2;t  Dec. 

184() Api.   14  Dee. 

1847 Mav    11  Dec. 

1848 \pi.   18  Dee. 

1819 Apr.  21  Dee. 

18.^) Apr.  2()  Dec. 

18,-i| \pr    22((  Dec. 

18".2 Apr.  ;!()(!  Dee. 

i8.'>:t Apr.  2t)  Dec. 

18,J4 May     5i(  Dee. 

18.Vi Miiv     8(1  Niiv. 

18,'.(i Apr.  22  Dec. 

18.'i7 AJir.   28('  Dec. 

18:>8 Apr.  10  Dec. 

18.^9 Apr.  20  Nov. 

1811(1 Ai)r.  2(1  Doe. 

1801 Apr.  20  :  Dee. 

I8ii2 Apr.  It  Dec 

18():! May     la  Doc. 

1801   Apr.  19  Dec. 

180.-. Apr.  18  Dec. 

1800 Apr.  27  Dee. 

1807 Apr.    17  Nov. 

1808 Apr.   2:!r  Dee. 

18(i9 Apr.   27o  Niiv. 


2  1870.. 

1  1871.. 
29  I  1872.. 

2  I87;i.. 

9  1874.. 

3  187.'... 
5  ,   187G.. 

7  !  1877.. 
10  1878.. 

5  1879.. 

19  1880.. 

3  1881.. 
5  1882.. 

27  1883.. 

2  1884.. 

4  188,''..  . 

3  1880.. 
29  1887.. 

8  i  1888.. 
17  1889    . 

5  189(1.. 

4  1891    . 
13  1892.. 

g  !   1893.. 

15  I   1894.. 

29/)  ;   1895.. 

1  1890.. 

3(1  I 


Ai.r. 

10 

Dec. 

2^ 

Apr. 

17c 

Dec. 

1 

A|.r. 

27 

Nov. 

206 

Apr. 

28 

Nov. 

226 

Apr. 

28 

Xi.v. 

2.-.6 

Apr. 

20 

Nov. 

236 

Mav 

6(( 

JsoN  . 

216 

A,.r. 

25 

N(.v. 

2116 

Apr. 

20 

Nov. 

25 

A,.r. 

29 

Nov. 

28 

Apr. 

3 

Nov 

27 

Apr. 

1 

Nov. 

28 

Apr. 

22 

Dec. 

•> 

A  jir. 

23 

Dec. 

1 

Apr. 

20 

De.'. 

14 

Apr. 

29 

Dee. 

( 

A  pr. 

11 

Dec. 

4 

Aj.r. 

30 

Nov. 

28 

Apr. 

19 

N(.\ 

23 

Apr. 

13 

Dec. 

4 

Apr. 

23 

Dee. 

1 

A))!'. 

20 

Dec. 

17 

Apr. 

19 

Dec. 

20 

A  pr. 

30 

Dec. 

4 

Apr. 

19 

Nov. 

27 

Vpr. 

17 

Doe. 

2 

Apr. 

27 

.... 

a  l'"irst  .steamer. 

Aveiage  date  ol'  oiieiiiiiy;,  April 
cl..se.l.  i:i8. 

.\  (illioritie.-*:  (ieiioral  Kejiort    1' 
J;;iil\va\  s  ai)(l  CaiiiiU    Doniiiiimi 
cominissioiiers,  187(1;   Dcpartr.ieiil 
tary  iiiid  f  reasdrer  l^tiiebec  harbor 


6  I.a.«t  steamer. 
^1  ;  average  date  of  e.losiiij; 


(•Sliii)8  from  soa. 
Deceinliir  4  ,  aNcrajle  iidinlior  of  d; 


iiv.4 


iiblic  Works,  Canada.  18(57-1882:  Aiiniml  Reports,  De|iartiiioiil  of 
of  Canada,  1883-1887;  Mr.  .Simons,  eiiiriiieor  to  the  (Quebec  liarbor 
of  I'lil.lic  Works,  Dominion  of  Canada.  1890:  Mr.  Jas.  Wood,  soerc. 
(•(.nimissioners. 


Nu   110.-  (JL'INCV,  ILL. 
[39^  55'  laliKidc  n.»rlh.      Allitiide.  i:,H  feet.     91  •  25'  longitude  west.] 


1851 

18.VJ    .... 

18;-.3 

I8f,4    ... 
18.55   ... 

18,50 

18.57 

18.58... 

18,59 

180(1 

1801 

1802 

1803 

1804 

1805   .... 

1800 

1807 


1875... 
1870.... 
1877.... 
1878.... 
1879  ... 
1880.... 
1881  ... 
1882.... 


Year.  (tpeiie.1.      Closed.  Year.  (»pcned.      Clo.sed  Year.  Ojienod.      Closed. 


1870 

1877 Feb.    19 

1878 Ian.    14 

1879 Mar.     7 

1880 .Tan.    10 

1881 .M;ir.  21 

1882 .Ian.    29 

1883 Mar.     5 

1884 :Mar.  23 


Nov. 

30 

Dec. 

29 

Dec. 

13 

Dec. 

11 

\.,v 

10 

Dec. 

27 

Dee. 

9 

Dec. 

8 

Dec. 

12 

1885 Mar.  13      Dec.     5 

1886 ^lar.    8  '  Nov.  24 

1887 Feb.  27  '■  Dec.     4 

1888 Mar.  14  i  Dec.   11 

1889 .Mar    10  ;  Nov.  25 

1890  Mar.  19  |  Dec.     6 

1891 1  Mar.  19  , 

1892 I  !  Jan.     7 

1892 Feb.     5      Dec.    20 


.\   Mar.    2 


■  I 


1893.. 
1894.. 

1894 Mar. 

1895 Feb.   28 

1890 Feb.   21 


Jan. 

25 

Dec. 

29 

Doe. 

9 

Average  date  of  opciiiii;;,  I'ebrnary  27;  :iv(ram'  .late  of  closing.  December  13;  average  luiniber  of 
da,\  s  closed.  70. 

Aotborities :  Mr.  J.  M.  Hyniaii,  superintendent  railro;(.l  bridee:  Mr.  K.  .1 .  Hlake.  chief  engineer 
Cliicago.  Hiirliiiiitoii  !ind  fjnin.y  Kailroad  Company. 

N...  lll.-l;OCIIKSTKK,  N.  V. 
[43' ()s   liiiilii.l.- north.     .Mtitmh,  508  feet .     77  '  42' longitude  west.] 


Year. 


Opened.       Closeif 


Year. 


1874.. 
1S75.. 
1870  . 
1877.. 
1878.. 
1.-79  . 
1880.. 
1881.. 


Mar 
Ai.r 
.\pr. 
Apr. 
Aj.r. 
Apr. 
Mar 
Mar. 


23 
19 

8 


Dee. 
Dec 
Doc. 
Die. 
Dec. 
De.  . 
Dec. 
Dei. 


17 
3 
1 

•Jl 
1 

19 


Opened.       Cl..se<l. 


Y. 


1882 Mar.  30 

188:! Ai.r.    9 

1884 1  Apr.     4 

1885 1  Aj)r.  24 

1880 Apr.     4 

18,'<7 (Apr.  1(1) 

1888 (Apr.  15)  (Doc. 

1889 l(Apr.    5)  (De<'. 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
(Dec. 
(Dec. 


8 

12 
21 
15 

i:!) 

10) 

5) 
12) 


Opened.      (>lo.sed. 


1890 \  (Mar.  26) 

1891 i 

1891 

1892 

1893 1 

1894 

1895. . . . 
1890.... 


(Apr.  5) 
(Apr.  C) 
(Apr.  0) 
(Mar.  :il) 
(Apr.  20) 
(Ai»r.  15) 


(Jan.  1 

(Doc.  2 
(De.  .  1 
(Dee,  I 
(Dec.  1 
(Do.  .  1 


it   ..(.eniii;;.  Aiiiil5:   :i\crage  dat.'  ..f  .losin;^,  D..iinl.er  9;  average   iKKober  of  days 


A  \ era;;.'  d;(t 
cb.H.'.l     117. 

Antboritv:   I'liiieil  Si;it.s  Weaih.  ]   lliireaii. 

NuTK.— Ooiui>ared  with  Osweg..,  N.  V.,  lor  interpolation  lor  twenty  years'  period. 


I 


1 


1874. 
1875. 
1870. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 


UEruKT    OK    IJ.  S.  DEKV    WATER  WAYS    CUMiMib«lUN. 


2^7 


\(..  IIL'.^  I!(M'K    ISLAND,    II, I,. 
Id'J'.l' l;itltu<li- norlli,     A  Hit  iidi.  ,'>||  In  I .     !iil    :i7'  loii^'iliiili'  \m  .s|. 


« 


Year.  Opi'iiid,      <'l(),s('(l. 


Vi'iir.  (>|iiii('(l,     (i(>,s((l. 


V.iir, 


I8r>l Dec, 

IHf.J I   Mar.     4  Dor. 

18r);i Mar.     It  Dec, 

1854 Mill-.     I  D.r, 

18r)5 M;ir.   It)  D.c. 

Ifififi Mar.  lit  Doi-. 

IH57 Miir.  'JJ  Open 

I8r)8 Open.  Oi)en 

18,W Open.  Uee. 

18(10 Mar.    '<  Dee. 

1861 Mnr.    r.  Doe. 

1862 Apr.     I  Open 

1863 Open.  Dee. 

1864 ,  Mar,     r>  Dee. 

180,"> M.ir.  l(i  Dec. 

1866 A  pi',     I  Dee. 

1867 Ai)r.    6  Dec. 


16 
17 
■J.''. 
:il 


111 

'JO 
21 

12 

7 

II 

2:1 


1868. 
186!>. 
18T0. 
1H70. 
1871. 


Mnr.  12 
Feb.  14 


Dee.  28 


Mar. 
Fel). 


28 


1X72 1  Mar.  '.'7 


15 


I87r!...   . 

1874 

187,'". 

1876 

1H77 [   Mar.  28 

1878 Open. 

18711 .Mar.  10 


Mar. 
Mar. 
A  pr. 
•Ian. 


1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 


.Ian     111 
Apr,  20 
Ol)en, 
Mar.  21 


Jan. 

Dee. 

Nov 

Nov, 

Dec, 

Dec, 

D<c, 

Nov. 

Open 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Nov.  20 

Open. 

Dee.     (! 

Dec.   18 


lU 
20 
28 
HO 
4 
21» 
II! 
liO 

16 
11 


n|ieiiiil,     Cliised. 


1884. . 

188,-).. 

1886. . 

1887,. 

1888. . 

1889.. 

1889. 

1890  . 

1890. . 

1891.. 

1891.. 

1892.. 

1892.. 

1893.. 

1894.. 

1895.. 

1896.. 


Mar.  27 
Mar.  Id 
Mar.  19 
.Mar.  17 
Mar.  24 


Mar. 
Sia'i\ 


I'J 


17 


■  / 


...|    Mar.  17 


Dec, 
Dei  , 
Nov. 

Dciv 


Jan. 
VliUI. 


in. 


Jan. 
Mar.  15  Dei, 
Mar.  31  Die, 
Mar.  6  Dec, 
Mar.  20  Dec, 
Feb,  25    


I.'. 

li 

110 

20 


:iO 


I 


9    > 


\\cni;;n  diile  of  opening,  Marcli  14;  avoraup  date  of  closinir,   Deci'niber  :'.>*■.  .iverai^e  iininlier  ol' 
i\ii\r.  I'liKsed.  70. 

.\  III  liDiilies  ;  Mr.  (MI,  Stoddard;  Mr.  T.J,  KobiiiBon.  president  Itock  Island  .National  HiinU. 

No.  llH.-KOrSK  rnlNT.  N.  Y, 
[44^  59'  latitude  norlli.     Altitude,  9,').UI1  I'eet.     711    22'  lon;;itiido  west,] 


Year.         Opened.  ,    Clo.sed. 


Year. 


Opeucd.      (.'lo.sed. 


Year.  Opened.  '   (Jloscd. 


Nov.  25 
1 


1875 

1H7I) Dec 

1877 Apr.  17  '  Dec.   22 

1878 Dee.    17 

1879 Mav    2(1  Dec.     3 

1880 Apr.  10  Nov.  22 

1881   Ajir.    4a  Doe.    10 

1882 1  Mar.  28(7  Nov.  28 


1883 Mav  'ia'  Nov.  30 

1884 Apr.  19  Dec.  1 

1885 Apr.  18f(  Dec.  3 

1886 Apr.  19  Doc.  11 

1887 Mav  1  l>oe.  2 

1888 May  7«  Dee,  19 

1888 Apr.  18  Dec.  13 


1890 i  Apr.    7  Dec.  4 

1891 Ajir.  13  Dec.  1 

1892 Apr.   12  Nov,  29 

1893 Apr.  25  Doc.  ,"> 

1894 Mar.  •JH((  Nov.  2K 

1895 \])r.  Hfi  Dee.  3 

1890 Apr.  20  


a  First  Itoat  jiassed  bridnf. 
Average  date  of  opening,  A]U-il  17;  :ivcrage  dale  of  elosinj;,  Decenibei-  ,'i:  avenige  iitinilier  of  days 

clo.sed,  Kill.  ,    ,     .,  ,,       ,.     II      •,     1 

Authorities;  Mr.  V.W.  Baldwin,  general  niai-.acer  Vermont  (,entral  Kailway;   Mr.  !•..  U.  .S(arK.s, 
bridge  tender,  Vermont  Central  Kaihvay  at  Kicbelieu  K.iver. 

No.  114.— SAtilNAW   KIVF.i;   LIOHT  i;AN(i  KS,  MICIIKi  A  N. 

143"  118' latitude  north.    8I>    .'ill   loiijiitiide  west. | 


Year, 


1874... 

1875... 
1876... 
1877... 
1878... 
1879.  . 
1880... 
1881 . . . 


Opened.     Closed. 


Year. 


Opened,     (lo.sed. 


Mar. 
Apr, 
A  pr. 


24 
20 

15 


Apr.  18 

Mar,  7 

Apr,  li 

Mar.  2 

Ai)r.  25 


Deo. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
De<'. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dee. 


7 
2 
2 

111 
14 
17 
23 
111 


1882 '  Mar,     6  Dec.  7 

1883   Apr.   16  Dec.  Hi 

1884 ,  Apr.   12  Dec.  12 

1HH5 Apr.  24  Die.  9 

1880 Apr.   17  Dec.  4 

1887 Apr.  18  Dec.  I 

1888 Apr.   16  Dec.  17 

18!<9 Mar.  29  Dee.  30 


\'ear.  Opoued. 

1800 i  Apr.  1 

1891 Apr.  7 

1892 Apr.  0 

1893 \pr.  14 

1894 \pr.  1 

1895 Apr.  20 

1896 Apr,  8 


Clo.sed, 


Dee, 

Dec, 
Dec, 
Dee. 
Dec 
Dec, 


4 

14 
12 


A\cra-e  date  of  opening.  April  7:  average  diito  of  closing,  December  10;  average  number  of  days 
Authovitv  ;  Commander  William  Folger,  U.S.  N.,  Eleventh  lighthouse  district. 


'.  »l 


I 
1 


238  BEPORT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


ii»* 


No.  n.'-.—sT.  PAnr,  minn. 

[44°  58'  latitude  uorth.    Altitude,  083  t'cot.    93"  03'  loiiKitude  west.] 


Year. 


Opened.  Closed. 


l«ti'.) Apr.  19 

1870 Apr.  10 

1871 Apr.  10 

1872 Apr.  23 

1H73 i  Apr.  17 

1874 1  Apr.  23 

1875 '  Apr.  25 

1870 i  Apr.  22 

1877 Apr.  17 

1878 Apr.  20 

187S> !  Apr.  21 

1880 Apr.  14 

1881 Aj.r.  15 

1882 Apr.  10 


Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Dei 

( »ct. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 


Year. 


1883 
1884 
188.'. 
1880 
1887 
1888 
188U 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1890 


('lOHPll. 


Average  date  ol'  opening.  April  13 ;  average  date  of  closing,  November  21  j  average  iiunilier  of  days 
dosed,  143. 
AutLoritioB :  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  1871-1895 :  Mr.  1*.  V.  Lvonw,  St .  I'aul  WeatlierBureau.  J896. 


4 


1879. 

1880. 

1881. 

1882. 

1883 

1884. 


No.  110.— SAND   UKAcn    LIGHT  HOUSE,  .MICUIGAN. 
[43"'  51'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  579.60  feet.     82'  37'  longitude  west. 


Year.       '  Opened.      Closed. 


Ve.ir.  Opened.  I    Closed.  Year.  Opened.      Closed. 


1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 


Apr.  4  '  Dec.  17    '  1885 '  Apr.  25  !  Dec.  10 

i  Mar.  22     Dec.  9      1880 Apr.     1      Dec.  10 

1   Aj.r.  26      Dec.  31       1887 Apr.  12     Dec.  22 

Mar.  8     Dec.  9      1888 Apr.    5     Dec.  21 

<  Apr.  18     Dec.  14      1889 Mar.  31      Dec.  31 

j  Apr.  9     Dec.  18    |  1890 Mar.  14  j  Dec.  25 


1891 Apr.  1  Doc.  .30 

1892 A]>r.  0  Dec.  31 

1893 Apr.  8  Dec.  19 

1H94 Mar.  10  Dec.  27 

1895 Apr.  7  Dec.  19 

1896 ,  Apr.  8  

I  I 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  3;  averaj^e  date  of  dosing,  December  20;  average  number  of  days 
closed.  104.  a 

Authority;  Commander  William  Foljicr,  C  S.  N.,  Eleventh  lightliou.<o  district. 
Note. — Compared  with  I'ort  Huron,  Mich.,  for  inter]iolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 


1807.. 

1808  . 

1«09... 

1870... 

1870... 

1871... 

1872... 

1873... 

1874... 

1874... 

187,-.... 

1870... 

1877... 

1878... 


Ni).  117.— SANDUSKY  HAY,  OHIO.— CEDAK  POINT  LIGHTHOUSE. 
[41 J  25'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  571.35  feet.    82^  40'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

Year. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

Dec.  7 
Dec.  31 
Dec.  10 
Dec.  23 
Dec.  19 
Dec.  13 
Dec.  9 
Dec.  24 
Dec.  31 

Year. 

Opened. 

Mar.  22 
Mar.  18 
M.ar.  12 
Mar.  14 
!Har.  23 
JIar.  15 
Mar.  3(» 
Mar.  30 

Closed . 

1871 

Apr.  1 
Apr.  1 
Mar.  18 
Mar.  7 
Apr.  5 
Mar.  10 
Mar.  5 
Mar.  10 
Apr.  1 

Dec.  7  1 
No\ .  30 
Nov.  29 
Dec.  13 
De<'.  16 
Dec;.  9 
Dec.  31 
Dec.  23 
Dec.  26 

1880 

1K81 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

Apr.  1 
Mar.  1 
Mar.  1 
Apr.  0 
Apr.  1 
Apr.  8 
Mar.  'JS 
Mar.  24 
Mar.  20 

1889 

1890 

!  1891 

1  1892 

1  1893 

1894 

,  1895 

1890 

1 

Dec.  '.'4 

1872 

Dec.  27 

1873 

1874 

Dec.  21 
Dec.  25 

1875   

Dec.   19 

1876 

Dec.  31 

1877 

De<,.   10 

1878 

1879 

Average  date  of  opening,  March  22 
closed.  93. 

Authorities;  Mr.  JatiK-s  A.  Ryan,  The  Kogister,  Sandusky 
States  Army  engineer,  Tenth  ligtit-house  district. 


average  date  of  clo.sing,  December  19;  average  number  of  days 
Lieut.  Col.  Jared  A.  Smith,  United 


1807.. 

1808.. 

IHOy.. 

1870.. 

1871.. 

IH72.. 

1873... 

1«74... 

187,'i. 

1870. 


REPORT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


239 


1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
188:i 
1884. 


No.  118.- SAND  POINT  LKiHT-HOUSK,  L'ANSK,  MKJH. 
[46'  47'  lalltudo  iiortli.     Altitude,  600.09  leet.    88 '  28'  longiludo  west.] 


Year.       '  Opened.     Closed. 


Tear. 


.  Apr.  2.'.  I  Nov.  30  |  1885. 

.  Ai)r.  20     Nov.  25  1880. 

.  May  I       Nov.  2H  1887. 

.  Ai>r.  2r>     Dec.  3  1888. 

.  May  1      Nov.  30  1889. 

.  May  1  :  DtH-.  0  1890. 

!  I  II 


Opened. 


CloHfld. 


Year.         Opened.      Closed 


1891. 


I 


May      1  ;  Dec. 

Apr.  27  '  Do.!.     (!  i,  1892 \  Apr.  21 

May     2  Dec.     1  1893 \  May     8 

iMav     (1  I  Nov.  .30  I  1894 Apr.  21 

Apr.   10  '  Nov.  30  i  189r) '  Apr.  23 

Apr.  21  I  Nov.  30  i  1890 Apr.  19 


Dec.  0 

Dec.  10 

Dec.  4 

Nov.  30 

l>ec.  8 


Average  date  of  opening;, 'April  27;  ttvcrafto  date  of  closin};,  DeccmlM'r2;  averaKc  number  of  days 
closed,  Uli. 

Aiiiimrity:  Coiiiiiuinder  William  Kolper,  V.S.  N.,  lOltventli  liclit-lioiise  district. 

.N'o'iK.— (,'(iiiipared  with  I'orlaue  lti\  ei- lii^litliouse,  Micliiiii'ii,  lor  interpolation  for  tu-enty  years' 
period. 


No.  1I9.-.SAI;NIA,  ONI'AKIt). 
[42   .19'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  .Wt.tio  I'oet.     82-  24'  longitude  ^ve8t.] 


Year.         Opened.     Closed. 


Year. 


Ojiened.      Closed. 


Vear. 


1807 Mar.  80 

1808 Mar.  10 

1809 1    Apr.     1 

1870 i 

1870 <  Mar.  29 

1871 :  Mar.    0 

1872 Mar.  18 

1873 \    Mar.  18 

1874 / 

1874 Mar.  17 

187". Mar.  29 

1870 Mar.  20 

1877 1    Aiir.     7 

1878 ; 


Dee.   30 
Dec.   12 


J  nil.  12 

Dec.  24 

Dec.  18 

Dee.  18 


Mar.  20 

Mar.  20 

Mar.  C 

Apr.  4 


.Ian.    12 


1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 \ 

1882 / 

1882 \1  Mar.  11 

1883 jj 

1883 \   Apr     5 

1884 / 

1884 Mar.  31 

1885 \'  Apr.  14 

1880 / 

1886 Mar.  22 

1887 Apr.     4 


Dec.  24 
Dec.  20 
Dec.    18 


Opened. 


Jan. 

io' 

Jan. 

8 

Jan. 
Doc. 

3 
25 

Jan. 
Dec. 
Dec. 

8 

15 

4 

1888 Apr.  9 

1889 \:  Apr.  15 

1890 J , 

1890 Mar.  25 

18!il Apr.  23 

1892 !  Ai)r.  5 

1893 1  Apr.  3 

189') i  Mar.  10 

1895 :  Apr.  0 

1890 Apr.  3 


rioBed, 


Dec.     17 


Jan. 

4 

Dee. 

U 

Dec. 

3 

Dec. 

18 

Dee. 

11 

Dec. 

28 

Dec. 

12 

Average  date  of  ojiening,  March  28 ;  average  date  of  closing,  December  24 ;  average  numlier  of  days 
closed,  94. 

Aiitliorities:  General  Jleport  Public 'Works,  Canada,  1867-1882;  Annual  liejiorts  of  tlie  Department 
of  liailwaysaud  Canals,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1883-1889;  Department  of  Public  Works,  Douiiiiion  of 
Canada,  1890. 

No.  120.-SAri.T  STE.  MARIK,  ONTAKIO. 

[40"  30'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  581.41  feet.     84°  22'  longitude  west.] 


Year.         Opened. 

Closed. 

Year. 

Openeil. 

(nosed. 

Year.       '  Opened. 

i         ... 

Closed. 

1807 May    4 

1808 May     2 

1809              .         M;iv      4 

Dec.     3 
Dec.     3 
Nov.  29 
Dec.     1  j 
Nov.  29 
No\.  20 
Nov.  18 
Dec.     2 
Dec.     2 
Nov.  20 

1877 

1878 

1879 

i  1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

May     2 
May     8 
May     2 
Apr.  28 

'Api'."2i' 
May     2 
Apr.  25 
May     0 
Apr.  26 

Nov.  30 
Dec.     3 
Doc.     3 
Nov.  15 
Dec.     5 
Dec.     3 
Dec.     9 
Dec.   10 
Nov.  20 
Dec.     4 

1887 

1888 

1889 

May     1 
Alay     8 
Apr.  17 
Apr.  i'O 
Apr.  28 
Apr.  18 
Apr.  29 
Apr.  17 
Apr.  23 
Apr.  18 

Dec.  1 
Dec.  4 
Dec.       4 

1870 

1871 

1872 

I87;t 

Apr.  29 
May     8 
May  11 
May    5 
May  12 
May   12 
May    8 

1890 

i  1891 

1  1892 

1893 

;  1894 

1895 

1896 

Dec.  4 
Dec.  4 
Doc.  C 
Dec.       1 

1874 

Dec.       6 

1875 

Dec.     11 

1870 

Average  <lato  of  opening,  April  30;  average  date  of  closing.  December  2;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  149. 
xVutliority  :  Department  of  I'ublic  Works,  Dominion  of  ("anada.  1896. 


J} 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


■JO  ^^"     H^H 

■^  Uii    |22 

£f   li£    12.0 

lit 


U£ 


1 

1-25    |||.4    1 1.6 

< 

6"     

► 

0> 


<^ 


% 


// 


> 


'^  > 


» 


^^ 


/J 


Hiotographic 

Sciraices 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRilT 

WHSTIR.NY.  MS80 

(716)  1:2-4303 


-^^ 


k 


V 


^ 


k 


;\ 


\ 


240 


HEPORT    OF    U.  S.  IJEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION 


'       f^^^ 


No.  I21.-SK\K("A,   11,1,. 
[41''  W  liititmlo  iiortli.    8M    :i7   lon^itiiilr  woHt.] 


Yt'iir.  <)i>0!u*(l.      (UiihcmI. 


(>|M  iu'<l.      ('loHi'd, 


V«iir. 


Oponi'il.      CloHi^il. 


IWO .Tail.    L>7  Deo.    10 

18.".ii Vv.h.   U  IV«-.      0 

1851 Fell.   20  Deo.    Ill 

185'.' i  Open. 

185:t OjU'ii.  Dec.    ;!0 

1854 (  Mar.     1  

185.-) J .liiii.    2'J 

1855 Mar     U  Deo.    1!» 

l.-^Sti Foil.   '-'!(  Doc.      -J 

18.-.7 1  Fob.     0  Nov.  2il 

\i"i \  Dfo.     :i  

1.S58 )  Foil,    lii 

18.^8 Fob.   10  Opou. 

1850 OjiPii.  Dec.      « 

18«0 Fob.   23  Nov.  24 

1861   Deo.      2 

18'i2 1  Alar.  10 

180:t    J 

18fi3   Fob.    ir. 

1H04 Fob.      1 


Jim. 

17 

Doo. 

;)0 

Doo. 

111 

186j Fob.      G  l>oo.    14 

1800 Fob.   24  Doo.   25 

1867 Fob.    14  Nov.  no 

186H F.'b.    20  Doo.     0 

1869 1'.liin.     5  Mar.    1 

1869 \   Mar.  15  

1870 .] ,Iaii.    18 

1870 Fob.   10  Doo.    I'.l 

1871 Fob.   15  Doo.     0 

1872 Fob.    25  Doo.      9 

187;» \ 

1874 / Jan.    10 

1874 Fob.   20 

1875 '  Mar.  20  Opon. 

1870 Open.      |  Deo.     C 

1877 1  Fob.     5  Open. 

1878 '  Opon.      I   Deo.   20 

1870 Mar.     7  Doo.    19 

1880 Jan.     5  Nov.  18 

1881 Apr.    2  0|)en. 


I  1882 Opon. 

'  188;i Mar.     1 

1884 Mar.  18 

1885 \    Mai.     2 

1886 / 

1880 Feb.    i:t 

1887 j  Feb.     8 

1888 \!  Mar.  15 

:  1880 / 

I  1889 i  Mar.  15 

I  18'JO Open. 

I  1891 .\  (Fob.     ;i) 

!  1892 J 

j  1892 1  Fob.      1 

;  1893 1  Mar.     5 

I  1894 1    Fob.     0 

1895 V '• 

•  1895 \\  Feb.   20 

1890 jl 

1890 Fob.    25 


1)00. 

G 

Doo. 

2.". 

Doo. 

18 

Jan. 

10 

Doo. 

20 

Doo. 

20 

Jan. 

12 

Opon 

(Ojion.) 

Jan. 

15 

Doo. 

20 

Doo. 

4 

Jan. 

4 

•lull. 

4 

.\  voratfo  ibite  of  oponin^,  Fobriiary  21  ;  avora){0  ilato  of  oloHinj;,  .lannarv  2;  avorajjo  nnniborof  days 
closod,  50. 
Aiithoritv  :  Mr.  D.  I,.  Carjientor. 
KoTK Coniparod  willi  Poori.i,  111.,  for  iritorpolatioii  for  iwonty  years'  periotl. 

No.  122  -SHEDIAC,  NFH'  JUM'NS\\'I(K. 


[40'^  1.V  latitiido  norlli.     04°  :i2'  longUiulo  wosl.) 


Voar. 


0|iene4l.      ('losod. 


Voar.  Opouod. 


1807 

1868 

1800  

1870 

1871 

1872 

187:i 1883 Apr.  23 

1874 1884 May   12 

1875 1885 ....." 

1870 Mav    10     Do<'.     0      1880 Apr.  27 


1877. 
1H78. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
18X2 


Apr. 

25 

Apr. 

29 

May 

1 

Mav 

20 

Alav 

10 

.Mav 

0 

Cb>sed. 

Deo. 

15  1 

Nov. 

17 

Dec. 

13 

Nov. 

22 

D.O. 

•> 

Dec. 

7 

Deo. 

1 

Year. 


Deo.  7 
Deo.  Ill 


1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1800. 
1891. 
1802. 
1893. 
1804. 
1895. 
1890. 


Oiiencd.  i    Closed. 


Mav  7 
Mav  8 
Apr.  18 
Apr.  21 
Apr.  23 
Apr.  7 
Apr.  14 
Apr.  20 
Ajir.  22 
Apr.  25 


Doo. 
Doo. 
Doc. 
Deo. 
Deo. 
Deo. 
Doo. 
Doo. 
Doo. 


23 
12 
13 

2 
13 
21 
11 

8 
10 


A\  oraso  dale  of  oiionin;;,  April  2il;  average  date  of  closing,  Deconibor  8;  average  nnnibor  of  dayw 
closed,  142. 

Aiilliorilios 
of  Kailwavs  ii 
Canada,  1890. 


lOSOU,   14.'. 

Aiiliiorilios:  ('■onoral  Kei>orl  I'liblio  Work.M,  Canada.  1867- 1882;  .\nnna1  IJeimrt  of  tlie  Departniont 
of  IJailw ays  and  Canals,  Doniinimi  of  Canada,  1883-1889;  Doparttnont  of  rublio  Works,  Dominion  of 


No.  123. -SIOUX  CITY.  IOWA. 
[42   20  latitude  iiortb.     Altitude,  1,000  foot.     96^  24'  longitudo  west.) 


Year. 


0|M'liod.      Closed. 


Year.        '  ()poue<l.      Closed. 


Year. 


1870  Doc. 

1H71 Nov. 

1H72 Nov. 

1M73 Doo. 

1S74 1 Nov. 

1H75 j I  Nov. 

1870  j I  Deo, 

1X77 '  Nov. 

1878 Deo. 

1870  [  Mar.    7    ({)•;.';; 

IMfld                   f'^''*'    -'•  Nov 


20 
23 
19 

4 

25 
28 

i 
29 
18 
28 

8 

18  ' 


1881. 

1882. 

1883. 

1884. 

1885. 

1880. 

1887 

18M8. 

1^89. 

1889. 

1889. 

1890 


Mar, 

20 

D.T, 

30 

Mar. 

1 

Nov. 

21 

Mar. 

13 

Nov. 

30 

Mar, 

22 

Nov. 

22 

Mar. 

13 

De<'. 

5 

M  ir. 

23 

Nov. 

10 

^^lr. 

n 

Nov. 

27 

I    Apr. 

/ 

y 

•Iitii. 
Nov 

VO 

)|  Mar, 

0 

29 

Doe, 

1 

Jan. 

1 

1890. 
1891. 
1891. 
1802. 
1893. 
1894. 
1805. 

1890. 


0))eiied.      (,'l4)Hed, 


.\    Mar.  20 


Apr.  10 
Mar.  15 
Mar.  22 
Mar.  4 
Mar.  20 
/Feb.  20\ 
\M«r.  21/ 


.Ian. 

4 

Deo. 

15 

Deo. 

19 

Nov. 

24 

Deo. 

28 

Deo. 

1 

Mar. 


Average  date  of  opoiiirj:.  Manli  17  ;  average  dale  of  obisiii,<4,  Dooeinbor  17;  average  number  of  days 
oloNod.911. 

AiitliontioH:  I'nitod  Slates  Woatlier  Kiiroau,  1887- 1894;  Iteporl  of  t lie  rniteil  Slati^H  MiHsoiiri  Uiver 
CoiiiniiHHJoii.  1887:  Uojiort  of  tlio  I'nited  States  Missouri  Kiver  CoiiinilsHloii.  "Stages  of  tlie  Missouri 
Klver,'   1894',  Mr,  A.  F.  Nu.sb,  ]Hmtiuaster,  1890, 


«^^ 


1874.. 

1876.... 

1876.... 

1877... 

1878... 

1879. . . 

1880... 

1881... 


1863. 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874.. 


REPOUT    OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


241 


at 

12 
i:« 

2 
13 
21 
II 

8 
10 


4 

15 
19 
U4 
28 
I 


lIllVH 

louri 


t 


ft^' 


\t).  llil. -SOUTH  FOX  ISLAND  LIUHT  IIOISE,  MICHIGAN. 
[45^  22'  latitiidti  iiortli.    Altitude,  579.60  feet.    85°  50'  limgitudo  west. 


Ytiar.       I  OiM>nod.     Closed. 


!l 


Year. 


1887 '  Apr.  18     Dec.  12 

1888 Apr.  24     Dec.  11 

1889 Apr.    1     Dec.  10 

1890 Mar.  28  i  Doc.  12 


1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 


Openud.      Closed. 


Ai)r.  0     Dec.  7 

Apr.  6     Dec.  9 

I  Apr.  12     Dec.  8 

!  Apr.  5     Dec.  13   , 

i  1                  l| 


Opened.     Closed. 


Apr.  11      Doc.     19 
Apr.     I    


Avcrngodate  of  opening.  April  7;  average  date  of  closing,  December  12;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  lie. 
Aiitliority:  Commander  J.  H.  Dayton,  T.  S.  N.,  Nintli  light-honne  district. 
NuTE.— IJoniparod  witli  Alpeiiii.  Midi.,  for  interpolation  Tor  twenty  years'  periiMl. 

No.  125.-ST.  CHARLKS,  MO. 
|:i8°  40'  lutittide  nortli.    Altitude,  416  feet.    90°  45'  longitude  west.] 


Year.       i  Oj.enod.      Closed. 


1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
188:i. 
188:1. 
1884. 
1884. 


Jan.  20 


Doc.  27 


Feb.  12 
(Open.) 


Dec.  2U 
(Open.) 


Feb. 
Jan. 


15 


Jan.  12 


31 


Jan. 
0]i«n. 


Year. 


1885. 
1885. 
1886. 
1880. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 


0|>ened. 


Dec.   25 


Feb.    12 
Jan.    22 
Jan.     8 
Open. 
Open. 
OJien. 


Closed. 


Dec.   11 

Jan.  "ili 

Dec.  :n 

Dec.   30 

Open. 

Open. 

Open. 

Open. 


Year. 


1892. 
lK9;i. 
1894. 
1 895. 
1895. 
1890. 


Opened.  '  Closed. 


Jan.  28 
Feb.  16 
Open. 
Jan.  20 
Feb.  25 
Open. 


Jan. 
Jan. 
Open. 
J, 111. 
Feb. 


19 
0 

13 
3 


Average  date  of  opening,  January  29;  average  date  of  closing,  January  10;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  10. 

Autliorities :  Re])ort  of  United  States  Missouri  Rive?  Commission,  1887 ;  Missouri  River  (JoniinissiDii. 
"Stages  of  the  Missouri  River,"  1894;  Unite<l  States  Weather  l?iireau,  18ii«;  Capt.  J.  C.  Sanl'unI,  Uniied 
States  Engineer,  Secretary  Missouri  River  Compiii^sion  :  ('apt.  J.  S.  Hill;  Dr.J.  U  Mud<l. 

NoTK. — Compared  with  Keokuk,  Iowa,  for  intiriiolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 

No.  126.— ST.  CLAIU  FLATS  LUJHT  HOl'SE,  LAKE  ST.  CLAIK,  MICHIGAN. 
[42°  32'  latitude  north.    82°  41'  longitude  west.] 


Year.         Opened.     Closed. 


Year.    0|)ened.  '  Closed. 


Year.   I  Opened.  !  Closed. 


I 


Mar  20  Dec.  8   1882 Mar.  15  Dec.  8 

Apr.  11  Dec.  12  '  1883 Apr.  17  Deo.  20 

1884 Mar.  30  Dec.  18 

1886 1  Apr.  19  Dec.  31 

1880 '  Apr.  27  Dec.  15 

1887 Apr.  6  Dec.  12 

1888 Apr.  7  Dec.  6 

1889 Mar.  28  Dec.  31 

I 


1874 

1876 

1876 Apr.  0  Dec.  8 

1877 ;  Apr  17  Dec.  15 

1878 !  Mar.  21  Dec.  17 

1879 Apr.  3  .  Dec.  13 

1880 Mar.  13  1  Dec.  0 

1881 Apr.  19  Dec.  31 


1890. 
1801. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1896. 
1896. 


.i  Mar.  30  '\  Dec.  2 

I   Apr.  25  Doc.  20 

.1  Apr.  4  Dec.  12 

.'Apr.  4  I  Doc.  17 

.    Mar.  20  '  Dec.  28 


Apr.    0 
Apr.    4 


Dec.     10 


Average  dat<«  of  opening,  April  4;  average  dale  of  closing,  December  15;  average  number  of  days 
cIosmI,  iT(I. 
Aiitliority:  Coiiiiuander  William  Folgor,  U.  S.  N.,  Eleventh  light-house  district. 

No.  127. -ST.  CROIX   RIVER,  LAKE  HIDSON,  WISCONSIN. 
[44°  65'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  607  feet.    92°  45'  longitude  west.] 


Year.         Opened. 


1863. 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 


Apr.  7 

Apr.  5 

Apr.  8 

Apr.  10 

Apr.  10 

Mar.  20 


Closed. 


Apr.  0 
Apr.  6 
Mar.  '29 
Apr.  8 
Apr.  6 
Apr.  15 


Nov. 
Nov. 

Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


Year. 


Opened,  j  Cbisod. 


1875... 

1870... 
1877... 
1878  .. 
1879... 
1880  .. 
1881... 
1882... 


I 


Apr.  12 

Apr.  18 

Apr.  8 

.1  Apr.  2 

.1  Apr.  4 

.1  Apr.  1 

.!  Apr.  12 

.|  Apr.  3 

18H3 1  Apr.  12 

1884  '  Apr.  15 

1885 1  Apr.  '-10 

1886 Apr.  1.1 


Nov.  16 
Nov.  25 
Dec.  31 
Nov.  2(1 
Nov.  17 
Nov.  13 
Nov.  14 
Nov.  23 
Nov.  12 
Nov.  24 
Dec.  5 
Nov.  24 


Year.         Opened.      Closed. 


I 


1887. 

1888. 

1889. 

1800. 

1891 . 

1892. 

1893 

1804. 

1896. 

1806. 


Apr.  13 
Apr.  24 
A  pr.  8 
Apr.  V> 
Apr.  17 
A  jir.  6 
Apr.  21 
Apr.  4 
Apr.' 11 
Apr.  15 


Nov.  26 

Doc.  3 

Nov.  25 

Doc.  2 

Nov.  24 

Nov.  24 

Nov.  '24 

Nov.  21 

Nov.  25 


Average  date  of  o|>enlng,  April  9;  average  date  of  closing.  November  20;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  140. 

Authorities;  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  I".  S.  A.,  1884;  Mr.  A.  O.  I'owoU,  lutslstaut 
engineer,  I'nited  States  Engineers,  St.  I'liiil,  Minn.,  1896. 

H.  Doc.  192 10* 


242 


saz 


?«tS3! 


REPOUT   OF    U.  8.  DEEP    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


t 


.Nn.  128. -ST.  .lOSKl'lI.   MO. 
130°  45'  latituilo  north.     Altiliidc,  700  tV-ol.    04  '  62'  longitude  w«'at.| 


i  '  '  '  ! 

\  c-iir.  Opt'iivil.      (Moscd.  Tear.        •  (tpfiicd.      Closed.  Vrur.  Opened.      (MoHi-d. 


187.-I 

l«7rt. . . . 
1870 

1870 


.liin. 


11 


1877 

1877 

1878 

1878 

187H 

1879 

1870 

1880 

1881 1 

IKSl I 

1882 I 


.Inn. 
Ki'b. 
I'fb. 

1>.T. 


15 

0 

10 

12 


Ntiv 


1 

:to 


.Ian.    10 


I'-.b. 
Mar. 
Jan. 
F.I.. 
.Mar. 
Mar. 


2;n 

24  ( 

"I 

20 1 
15 
1  ; 


tinu. 
l)e<-. 

Si  an 
Doc. 

•Tan. 
Mar. 

.Nov. 
Jan. 


4 
14 

21) 
11 

;io 

14 


18H2 I'Vli.     <; 

IHs:! .Mar.    :! 

1884 )  Mar.  11 

1884 }    Nov.  27 

I8S5 ) 

1H8.-. )  Mar.   12 

1885 UiT.   27 

1880 ) 

1887 Mar.     8 

1H.H8 I  (Mar.  10) 

1880 \ - 

1880   (    (I'Vli.  28) 

ISOO 

IHOO 

Vvh.      !! 
1800 •!     Mar.   15 

l)i>c.   24 


Dl'l!. 

Dec. 
Nov. 

Ja:i. 
Dec. 


7 
18 


2 

10 


1801 


■Ian. 

0 

Nov 

20 

Dec. 

10 

(De.' 

7) 

Fell. 

17 

Jan. 

i:i 

I'Vli. 

20 

iiiV.' 

"a 

1802 


I80;t. 


1S04. 


l.><05. 
1890. 


Mar. 
Mar. 
Nov. 
Doc. 
Dee. 
Dec. 

Feb. 
Mar 

Jan. 
Mar. 
Dor. 

Feb. 
Doc. 

Feb. 
Feb. 


10 
20 

:i 
11 
:tl 

0 
2;i 


Jan. 

:i 

Mar. 

:t 

No\ . 

18 

Nov. 

:io 

Doc. 

8 

Doc. 

26 

Jan. 

:< 

Mar. 

20 

Doc. 

26 

J    IJan. 
„:J    (Dec. 


.Jan. 

;io 

n»oc. 

3 

Deo. 

28 

Nov. 

27 

Avera({e  dnfp  of  oponin};,  Fobrnai-y  10;  average  date  of  cbwinj;,  December  19;  avornKo  number  of 
dayrt  I'loMed,  62. 

Aiitbiiritie.'4;  Heporl  of  the  I'nited  SlalOH  ^lixit'inri  Itiver  ('oniinis.sion.  1887-1800;  .Mi.ssonri  IJivcr 
ConiniiHsion  "Stajjosof  the  Missouri  IJiver,"  1H04;   I'niled  Stales  Weather  Ituroan,  18ori. 

NuTK.— Coiupar'tl  with  Nebraska  City,  Nebr..  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 

N«).  129.-ST.   I.Ori.S,  MO. 
[38'='  38'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  :i84  feet.    Oi) '  12'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


Ol>ened.     f'loHod. 


Year. 


Opened.      ('loscd. 


Year. 


Ol)pned.      (/losed. 


1805 Doc.    15  !    1877 

1806 i  Jan.    12     Dee.   20      1H78 

1807 \    Feb.     3    IHTO 

1808 ( Ian.     8      1880 

1«08 1   Feb.    18     Open.  1881 

1809 Open.         Dec.   21 

1800 \l   Dec.   28    1883 

1870 / Dec.   21 

1871 Jan.    23     Nov.  20 

1872 Fob.   24     Nov.  20 

187.1 Jan.   20     0)K'n. 

1874 Open.         Dee.   30 

1875 Feb.   27     Open. 

1870 Open.         Dec.     8 


Feb.  0 
Open. 
Jan.  31 
.Ian.  1 
Feb,  15 
1882 '  Open. 


Open- 
Dec.  17 
Doc.  18 
Nov.  1,H 
Open. 
Dec.  7 
.liin.    :iO      Dec.    10 


1887 Ian.    27      Dec.      19 

|N8.8  Jan.   31     Open. 

1880 Open.         Open. 

1800 Open.        Open. 

1801 \1  Open 

1802 / Ian.       0 

1>0J Feb.      I       Dec.     20 


,„  (     Feb.      5    I,,         ,„       180;! Feb.    15  ,  Open. 

''*''* (    Doc.   30    /'  '"      1804 \  Open 

188.-1 ) Doc.    10      1805  / Jan.       1 


1885  }    Deo.   23 

1880 ) 

l«8fi  '    ''"''■    "' 

'"■^"  \    Dec.    14 

I 


Jan. 

7 

Doc. 

1 

Dec. 

24! 

180.-I Mar.     1  ,  Open. 

1800 Open.      j 


Averngedateof  opening,  January  20;  average  date  of  iloHing,  Dcconibcr  19;  average  number  of  days 
cliisod   .(2. 

AiilliorilioR;  Keport  of  the  ('hief  Signal  Otlicer;  Annual  Statement  of  the  Trade  and  (Commerce  of 
St.  Louia,  Mo.,  1895, 

No.  130.— ST.  MARYS  FALLS  CANAL  LKHIT  IIOfSK,  MrClIKl AN. 
[40'^  30' latitude  north.     84  '  23   longitude  west.] 


Year. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

Year. 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1880 

1887 

1888 

1889 

Opened. 

Apr.  21 
Mav     1 

Apr.  27 
Mav     8 
.Apr.  25 
Mav     3 
May     8 
Apr.   11 

Closoii. 

Year. 

Openml. 

Closed. 

1874 

1875 

1870 

1877 

1878 

1870.... 

Mnv  11 
May     1 
May    6 
Mny     1 
Apr.    8 
May     1 
Apr.  20 
May     7 

Dor.     2 
Deo.     5 
Nov.  30 
Nov    30 
Nov.  30 
Nov.     5 
Nov.  16 
De<'.      7 

Dee.     2 
D.C.    10 
Doc.    10 
Dec.     7 
Dec.     4 
l»<c.     4 
Dec.      5 
Dec.       .-, 

1800 

,  18.11 

,   1802 

i   1893 

1   1804 

'  1895  

Apr.  20 
Apr.  28 
Apr.  17 
Apr.  30 
Apr.   17 
Apr.  27 
Apr.  20 

Dec.       4 
Dec.      8 
Dec.      7 
Dec.      6 
Dec.     17 
Dee.     11 

1880 

1881 

1800 

Average  date  of  <i|iening,  April  27;  average  dale  of  closing,  I )e«'enibor  2 ;  average  number  of  days 
closed.  140, 
Authority;  Ctinnnander  William  Folger,  I',  S.  N.,  ICleveuth  lighthouse  district. 


1871... 
1872... 
1873  .. 
1874... 
1875  .. 
1870... 
1877... 
Ifi78..., 
1870... 


1853... 
1854... 

1855... 

18,^)6... 

18,57... 

1858... 

1850... 

1800... 

1801... 

1802... 

1803..., 

1804.... 

1805.... 

1800. . . . 

1867.... 


Year. 


1874. 
1875. 
1870. 
1877. 
1878. 
1870. 
1880. 
1881. 


i 


KEPOKT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATEItWAY      COMMISSION. 


243 


:« 

18 

:<() 

8 
20 

:» 

20 
26 

2 

1 


Nu.  l.il.     ST.  VIXCKN  r,  MINN. 
148"  .%  iHtiliKit'  iii.rtli.     Allilinlc.  74K  feet.    !I7  J  14'  lougitudo  wvet. 


Year.  ()|ieiii'il.  |    Closed.  Yi-ar.  ()i)cnoil.  '    Closed.  Year. 


1871 i  Ai>r.   1« 

187'.' Apr.  -JO 

187:(  Apr.  2.') 

1H74 Apr.   I'.i 

1875  '  .\itr.  'il 

1870 Apr.  22 

1877 1  Apr.  23 

IS78 Mar.  18 

187!)  I  Apr.  12 


Nov.  30  1881) Apr.  24 

Oct.  28  1881 Apr.  25 

Nov.  7  1882 Apr.  17 

()(!».  17  1883 Apr.  21 

Nov.  4  1884 Apr.   19 

Oct.  10  188.-. Apr.  21 

Dec.  1  \xm I  .Ajir.   1.^ 

Oct.  30  1887 .\pr.    17 

Nov.  2  1888 Apr.   19 


Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

(Nov.18) 

Nov.  20  i 


12 
13 
11 
11 
22 
13 
24 


1880 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189G 


Opened. 


(Mar.28) 
(Apr.l6) 
(Apr.  10) 
Apr.  21 
Apr.  30 
Apr.  19 
Apr.  8 
Apr.  16 


Closed. 


Nov.  16 

Dec.  1 

Nov.  17 

Nov.  8 

Nov.  18 

Nov.  10 

Nov.  6 


.\vcraf;c  (late  ol'opciiinj;,  April  18;  average  (lute  of  closing,  November  10;  average  niiniher  of  days 
ilosed,  159. 
Aiitlioritie.s:  Tiiitcd  Stales  'NVeatlK^r  liiireaii.  1890;   Mr.  N.  (i.  Deacon,  New  Kra,  St.  Yiuoent. 
NOTK.— Compared  with  Winuipe;.',  Manitoba,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 


9 
20 


Closed. 


Dec. 

4 

l)t>c. 

8 

Dec. 

7 

Dec. 

(1 

Dec. 

17 

Dec. 

11 

Nn.  132.-STKA1TS  OK  MACKINAC. 
[45'  43'  latitude  north.    Altitude,  57».«  feet.    84°  46'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


Opened,  j   Closed. 

! 


Year. 


Opened.     Chjsed. 


\'ear. 


Opened. 


1853. 

1854. 
185;-) . 
18:i6. 
18,'-.7- 
1858. 
1859. 
1800. 
1801. 
1802. 
1803 . 
1804. 
1805. 
1866. 
1807. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
May 

May 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Ajir. 

Apr.  25 

Apr.  18 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Ai>r. 

Ai)r. 

Apr. 


17 
25 
1 
2 
1 
6 
4 
13 


17 
28 
21 
28 
23 


1868.. 
1869.. 
1870.. 
1871.. 
1872.. 
1873.. 
1874 . . 
1875. . 
1870. . 
1877.. 

1878 1 

1878 Mar.  15 

1879 Apr.  22 

1880 ;  Apr.    i 

1881 j  May     2 


■1 


Apr. 
A|ir. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
:..ay 
Ai>r. 
Ai)r. 
A  i)r. 
Ai)r. 


19 

28 

18 

*2 

28 
1 

29 
28 
28 
18 


(Dec.    21) 


(.Ian. 
(Dec. 
(Dec. 

Dec. 

Feb. 


17) 
19, 
24) 
15 
1 


1382.. 
1883.. 
1884.. 
1885.. 
1886.. 
1887.. 
1888.. 
1889. . 
1890.. 
1891.. 
1892.. 
1893.. 
1894. . 
1895. . 
1896.. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Ai>r. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


3 

28 

25 

5 

24 

17 

4 

6 

9 

17 

9 

17 

29 

11 

16 


Closed. 


Dec.  30 
Dec.  25 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Dec.  26 
Dec.  24 
Jan.  1 
Dec.     31 


21 

8 

15 

27 

30 

1 

5 


Jan. 


1 


Average  da'e  of  opening,  April  17;  ."verafie  date  of  closing.  January  9;  average  number  of  days 
chmed,  98. 

.\uth(irltieB:  Montlily  Weather  Keview.  I'nited  Slates;  KeiMirts  of  the  Chief  Signal  Officer  of  the 
Tnted  Stale.-^i  Kcporl  iif  Ihe  New  York  Produce  ICxchaiige;  Mr.  ^Ym.  Kitch,  general  manager  Duluth, 
South  Shore  and  xMlantic  Uuihvav;  Mr. J.  II.  P.  liuu'harl,  general  manager  (irnnd  Uapids  and  Indiana 
Kailroiid. 

Noxa.— Compared  with  Alpena,  Midi.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  period. 

No.  133.-STIK01':0N  POINT  I.IOHT-IiOUSE,  MICUKIAN. 
|44^  47'  latitude  north.     Allitiule.  579.00  feet.     83^  15'  longitude  west.) 


Year. 


Opened. 


Clos 

ed. 

I.-. 

Year. 
1882 

Open»Ml. 

1 
Closed. 

Year. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

Dec. 

Mar. 

10 

Dec. 

15 

1890 

Mar. 

17 

Dec. 

20 

1  )ec 

12 
13 

188:1 

Apr. 
Ajir. 

12 

5 

Dec. 
Dec. 

20 
18 

1891 

1882 

Apr. 
Apr. 

6 

5 

Dec. 
Dec. 

17 

Dec. 

1884 

19 

Dec. 

18 

1S8,-. 

Apr. 

20 

Dec. 

15 

1893 

Apr. 

10 

Dec. 

15 

1)(M'. 

10 

18.'<0 

Mur. 

29 

Dec. 

10 

1894 

Mar. 

19 

Dec. 

23 

Dec. 

18 

1887 

Apr. 

11 

Dec. 

12 

1895 

Apr. 

o 

De(. 

21 

Dec. 

11 

1.'<88 

Apr. 

5 

Dec. 

18 

1896 

Apr. 

6 

.  .  . 

Dec. 

29 

1889 

Mar. 

11 

Dec. 

31 

1874 Mar.  20 

1875 Apr.   19 

1870 Apr.   12 

1877 Apr.  13 

1878 Mar.  10 

1879 Apr.     (I 

1880 Mar.     0 

1881 Apr.  27 


Average  <ImI(<  of  opening,  .\pril  2;  average  dale  of  closing.  lK>comberl8;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  105. 
Autliorily:  Commander  William  F(dger.  U.S.  N.,  ICIuventh  light-house  district. 


2U 


KLroKT    OF    U.  S.  DEKP    WATERWAYS   CUMMl.SSION. 


1 


No.   i:U.-SVl)NKY,  NOVA  SCOTIA. 
[46-'  in)'  laliluilo  iiiirtli.     60  '  III'  l(iiit;ilii<lo  w<>st.| 


Yfur. 


18«7 

1868 \ 

1860 1 

186a 

1870 

1871 

1872 

187;i 

1874 

1873 

1K76 

1877 ( 

1878 ( 

1878 \ 

1870 ) 

1870 

1880 


0|K)llf<l.        (!lo8V(l. 


Year. 


0|Mtn<'(l. 


Apr.  23 
May     r> 


Apr.  21 
Apr.  11 
Apr.  21 
Miiv  :t 
Apr.  28 
Mav  1 
Ma'v  12 
May  7 
Apr.    7 


i '1 

Jan. 

10 

1  Dec. 

:il  ; 

1 ■ 



'  Doc. 

2:t 

Jan. 

8 

I 


.1 


Apr.  20 


1881.. 
1882.. 

1882 i  Apr.  24 

188:i  ) 

1883 \  Apr.  10 

1884 ; 

1884 ^  Apr.  26 


Apr.    6 

Jan.  Hi 

Apr.  10  Dw.  ;t0 

May     6  l)c.'.  Ill 


188ri. 
1885. 
1886. 
1886. 

1887. 
1887. 
1888. 
1888. 
1889. 


.( 


•  l   May 


.( 


•  1    Apr.  10 


.\    Apr.  26 


Apr.  25 


Closcil. 


Year.       >  0|teiit'(l      CIohlmI. 


.Ian.  5 

J  nil.  6 

.Ian.  3 

Jiin.  '6 

.Ian.  i4 

■Ian.  7 

.Ian.  10 
i'eb.'s' 


Apr.    4 


1880 

1800 

1800 \\  Apr.  11 

1801 j 

1891 \!  Apr.  20 

1892 ( 

1802 \\  Apr.  26 

1803 (i 

1893 li  Apr.  2(i 

1804 )' 

1894 t  Mav     2 

1805 ) ....: 

1895 \    Apr.  25 

1806 1 

1806 Mar.  28 


ilan.  n 

.Jan.  9 

ivi».""4 

Jan.  io 

.Ian.  10 

.lini.  27 

.lini'  2:J 


Average  ilatc  of  opcnint;,  April  22:  average  date  ol'  closing,  January  13:  average  number  ol'  days 
cli»se<I.  99. 

.\MthoriticM:  (Jcneral  licport  rublic  Works,  ('anada,  i867-1882:  Annual  Report  oC  the  Duparluient 
ol'  Uaihvav.'*  and  ('anals,  Duniiniuii  of  Canada,  1883-1880:  Dcpartuieut  of  Public  WorkH,  Doniiuiuu  uf 
Ciiuuda,  1896. 

No.  i;t5.-SHERWOOD  I'OINI'  LKiHTIIonsK.   \VIS<;oNSIX. 
144'"'  53'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  579.60  feet.     87^  26'  longitude  \v(  wl.) 


Year.  Opened.      Closed. 


1887 Apr.  26  Dec.  23 

1888 Ai>i.  29  Dec.  31 

1880 Apr.     8  Dec.  31 

1800 Apr.   13  Dee.  24 

1801 Apr.  21  Dec.  31 


Year. 


Opened.      Closed. 


Year.         Opened.      (Mosctl. 


1892. 
1803. 
1804. 
1895. 


Apr.     6      Dec.    18      1805 Apr.     I      Dec.     31 

Apr.    14      Dec.    15  „  1806 Apr.     0    

Mar.  21    


J»n.     8 


Average  date  of  opening,  .\i)ril  10;  average  date  of  closing,  December  27;  average  number  of  davs 
closed.  101. 

Authority:  Comiuaudcr  J.  II.  Dayton.  U.  S.  X.,  Ninth  light -liouse  district. 
NoiB.— Compared  with  Green  Bay,  Wis.,  for  interpolation  for  twenty  years'  periml. 

\().  rJ6.-TAWAS  LKJHT  HOISK,  LAKK  HURON,  MICHIGAN. 
[44°  It' latitude  north.    Altitude,  579.60  feet.    83°  27' longitude  west.) 


Year.         Opened.      Clo.sed.  Year. 


1874 Mar.  18  Dec.  16  1882. 

1875 Apr.  15  Dec.  11  1883. 

1876 Ap>-.    7  Nov.  0    I  1884. 

1877   \i:r.  10  De<'.  29  1885. 

1878 Mar.    9  !  Dec.  14  1886. 

1870 '.pr.    4  Dec.  15  1887. 

1880 .Mar.    2  Dec.  10  1888. 

1881 Apr.  20  Dec.  31  1889. 


Opened.      Closed. 


Mar. 

4 

Dee. 

13 

Apr. 

16 

Dec. 

18 

Apr. 

10 

Dec. 

10 

Apr. 

25 

Dec. 

14 

Mar. 

30 

Dec. 

8 

Apr. 

10 

Dec. 

23 

Apr. 

5 

Dec. 

»>•> 

Mar.  10     Dec.  31 


Year.  Ojiened.      Closed. 


1F10 Mar.  14  Dec.  27 

1891 Apr.     1  Dec.  27 

1892 Apr.    4  Dec.  10 

1803 Apr.    8  Dec.  12 

1894  Mar.  18  Dec.  20 

1895 ,  Apr.     8  Dec.  30 

1896 Apr.    5  


188'1. 


18.-8 

18.59 

18(i0. .. 

1861. 

1802... 

186;i... 

1804... 

1865... 

1860... J 

1800... 

1807... 

1808... 

18ii0... 

1870... 

1871... 

1872... 

1873... 

1874... 


1874.... 
1875.... 
1876.... 
1877... 
1878.... 
1879... 
1880.... 
1881   ... 


Average  date  of  opening,  .\])ril  2 :  average  date  of  closing,  IVocember  18 ;  average  number  of  da.\ » 
dosed,  105. 
Authority:  Commander  William  Kolger,  U.  S.  N.,  Kleveuth  liglit-huuHe  district. 


1 


RKPORT    OF    T'.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


245 


ClORt'll. 


t      

..    Jiiii.       9 

I    

..    .Jan.       n 

•»    

..    IVl>.       4 

(i    

.    Jim.     Ill 
i>    

..    .IlUI.       10 

2 

".    Auu.     21 

'..'ihiu.     2-f. 
18  , 


iilier  of  «lii.v9 

Dt'imrliiu'iit 
Duniiuiuii  of 


(I.      Cliiscd. 


1      D.r.     31 
!»    


inberof  (lays 


NO.  i:i7.      TKIiUK  HAItTK,  TNI). 
f30' L'T   l;i;;tiulf  iiorlh.     Aitiliuh',  447  iH-t.     s7    '.M' lony;iliiilf  west.] 

Vnir.  ()|Muit'tl.     (JliigtMl.  Yeiir.       i  0|ien«»1.      (Jloscd.  Vrar.  (>|ii>ni!(I.      ('IohimI. 


188!. 


Veil.    IK 


(    Jiiii.     2    i  1887 l\'h.     7     Nov.  y.^      1892 Mar.  Hi      l)c;r.     'J2 


i  Dec.   '20    11888 .Ian.    17  Open.           18!»;i VpU.  15  ,  Nov  .    2J 

18H» Jan.    21  Due.    1«    ^  lS8it Open.  ,  Nov .  IK)      1894 F.l..  28     JVc.     27 

IKsr. F«>lt.   22  Dec.   21       1890 Fob.    15  Dim-.    20       1895 Fo!..  20      ih'r.       4 

188(5 Feb.   11  Due.  27    i  1891 !  Ftsb.   19  !  Nov.  27      1890 Feb.  24    

_' i _.i I iL...__.     .' \ 

Avorafii!  «lato  oC  opi'iiin;;,  Ft-hniary  Iti;  avnraffo  ilato  <if  rlo.sinji.  Dcccinbfr  14  j  uvcragw  nmnbiTof 
dayH  r lowed,  04. 
Authority:  Mr.  Jost'i)li  Mi^Kinloy. 

No.   138.— THK  AUSKXA!,,  CKXTIJAI,  I'AllK,  XKW  YORK,  N.   V. 


Vcar.  Oponod.      Closed. 


Vear. 


'  Opnncd.      Clo.srd. 

I  I 


18.'-.8  

18.59  Mar.    6 

1800 Feb.   20 


1801 

1802 

1803 

1864 

1805 

1860 

1860 

1807 

1808 

18(.9 

1870 

1871 , 

1872 

1873 

1874 


10 

8 


..  Feb. 

. .  Mar. 

..  Feb.   26 

..  FVb.   21 

.\  Feb.   24 
■I 


Feb.  18 
Feb.  2 
Mar.  6 
Feb.     8 


Dec.  29 

Dee.  24 

Dor.  14 

Dec.  20 

Dee.  22 

Doe.  11 

Dec.  21 

Jan."  "s 

Doc.  15 

Dee.  15 

Doc.  17 


Mar.     8 


Doc.    16 
Jan.    20 


1874.. 

IH?,--).. 

1876  . 
1877.. 
1878.. 
1878.. 
1879.. 
1880.. 
1881.. 
1882.. 
1882.. 
1883.. 
1884.. 
1884.. 
1885.. 
1885.. 
1886.. 
1880.. 


Feb.    12 
Feb,    22 
Open. 
Jan.    31 


Dee.    2fi 
Open. 
Dee.   24 


Jan.     9 
Mar.     2 
Open. 
F,.l..    22 


Jan.     7 
Doe.   20 
Open. 
Dee.   23 


F'eb.    10 
Feb.   10 


Jan.   31 
Dee.   20 


Feb.     3 

Feb."  24 

"Feb."     8 


Jan.     0 
Jan.  "27 


Jan.    14 
Dee.   30 


Year.  Ojiened.       CloMod. 


Feb. 


Jan. 

"fJi").'  " 

Feb.   20     Open. 
.\    Open. 


\    Feb.   22 


I 


1887.. 
1888.. 
1888.. 
1889.. 
1889.. 
1890.. 
1891.. 

1891 \   Jan.    24 

1892 1 Jan      27 

1892 Feb.    14  !  Dee.     30 

1893 Feb.    12     Open. 

1894 \   Open. 

1895 1 

1895.. 
1896.. 
IIWO.. 


.\:  Feb.   27 


Jan.   23 


Jan. 


Jan. 
Jan. 


10 

is 


AvoraKO  date  of  openinj;.  February  15;  avnra^jedat*' of  closing,  January  5:  average  number  of  days 
closed,  41.  " 

Note. — This  t.nlde  is  made  from  data  furnisbod  by  New  York  Meteorology.  1850- 1803,  .soeond  series, 
by  F.  B.  Hough  and  by  .Mr.  William  I.oary.  seeretiiry  of  commissioners,  Department  of  I'liblii'  I'ark.s. 
The  data  is  the  dates  of  the  first  and  last  days  of  skating  in  the  park. 


Closed. 


4      Dec. 

27 

1      Dec. 

27 

4      Doc. 

19 

8      De(^ 

12 

8     Dec. 

20 

8      Dec. 
5    

30 

nber  of  da.v  s 


No.  139.— I'ln'NDEU  HAY  ISLAND  LIGHTHOUSE,  MICHKiAN. 
[45^  02'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  .->7!».ti0  feel.    8  P  11'  longitude  west.y 


Year. 


Opened.      Clo.sed. 


1874. 


1875 

1870.... 

1877 Apr.  U> 

1878 Mar.  16 

1879 j  Apr.     6 

1880 1  Mar.     I 

1881   May     2 


Apr.  15  I  Dec.  15 

I  Apr.  15     Dec.  14 

■      Dec.  10 

Dec.  15 

Dee.  10 

Dec.  10 

Dec.  13 


Year.  Opened.      Clo.sod. 


\'ear. 


Opened.      Closed. 


Mar.  20  !  Dec.   13      1882. 


..    Mar.  iiO     Dee.    14      1890 Mar.  22     Dee.      14 


1883 Apr.   14  Dee.  12 

1884 Apr.     8  Dee.  10 

1885 xVpr.  22  Dee.  12 

1880 Apr.     1  Dee.  9 

1887 Apr.   13  Dee.  Id 

1888 Apr.  15  Dee.  15 

1889 Mur.  27  ,  Dee.  14  |; 

I  I  I' 


1891 Apr.  1  Dee.     17 

1892 Apr.  7  Dee.     31 

1893 Apr.  11  Dee.      17 

1894 Mar.  13  Dee.      24 

1895 Apr.  11  Dee.      19 

1890 Ajir.  10    


Average  date  of  opening,  April  5;  average  date  of  elo.sing.  Deeember  14  ;  average  number  of  ilays 
closed, 112. 
Authority;  Commander  William  Folgor,  U.  S.  N.,  Klovenlh  light-house  district. 


24G 


REPORT   OK    11.  S.  1»EEI»   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

No.  1411.  -  I'di.KHn,  (»h..i. 

141  '  4l»' liititiulo  iii.rlli.      Alliliulr,  riTl.aO  I'rti.     83  '  iU    loilKitudu  WOBt.] 


Tear.       |  OiMincd.     ("loscil.  Vrar.  Mpciicd.      Closid.  Vfur.  Oiioind.     CIhbciI. 


1857. 
18r.8. 
1  «")!•. 
IHdo. 

ISfit. 

iafl4. 

1805. 

1800 

1807 

1808. 

1809. 

1870. 


Mnv 
Aim. 
A  pr. 
A  jir. 
Ajir. 
Apr. 
A|ir. 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 
AJir. 
Aj)r. 
A  pr. 
AJir. 
Apr. 


1 

(I 

I 

18 


i:t 
17 

'Jl 


1871. 

1X7'>. 

is7;i. 

1874. 
187.'>. 
1870. 
1877. 
1878. 
187!>. 
188(1. 
188). 
1882. 
188:«. 


20    i    1884... 


Mnr. 

10 

1  )•><■. 

4 

-Apr. 

<) 

Nov 

29 

Mar. 

28 

Dir. 

r. 

Mar. 

1!) 

Die. 

•1 

Apr. 

i:i 

Dcr. 

1(1 

Apr. 

»> 

!>.f. 

,'■. 

Apr. 

17 

Dtf. 

Ill 

Mar. 

28 

I>IC. 

IS 

Apr. 

1 

1  ».'«•. 

1.^. 

M.ir. 

:! 

DlT. 

1 

Apr. 

t 

Uff. 

"7 

VrU. 

•2-< 

DlT. 

10 

Apr 

!t 

Doc. 

JX 

Mar. 

2".l 

D.c. 

1.') 

188.'i... 
1880... 
1887... 
1888... 
1889... 
IWtO... 
181)1... 
18112... 
I8!U... 
18il4... 
18itr).  .  . 


A  pr. 
Mar. 
A  pr. 
Mar. 
Ai.r. 
Apr. 
A  jir. 
Ai)r. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Aitr 


18'JO Mar.  21 


l)w. 

.   7 

Dec. 

'    1 

Der. 

1.S 

DlT. 

:t 

I  )<•<■. 

t 

Di-c. 

1 

I)(T. 

10 

Dec. 

'l 

Doc. 

'} 

!).(. 

27 

Nov. 

21 

Avcrnpc  date,  of  opcninj;,  .\pril  1 ;  :ivirii).;i'  tlatc  nt"  cInHiii);.  l)cccml>cr  lO;  averajic  niimbor  of  <lav« 
clom-il,  112. 

AdtlioritiPH:  Keportof  Toll  do  Hoanl  ol  Tiaili':  KcportsnC  tlioCiiief  S'jjnul  (  Mliccr,  Mr. I'.  Uandolph 
liruuil. 

No.  14I.-T()1J<»\T(».  (tXTAlilO. 
[4T';t8'  latilddc  north.     Altitddc  244.5:!  fVct.     79    2!)'  loiifritudo  wegt.) 


Tear. 


Opened.     Closed. 


V.ar. 


Opened.      Closed. 


()))e«ed.      Closed. 


1A3:t. 
I8:i4. 
I8;i,'>. 

IKIO. 

1h;i7. 
l8;iH. 

IKtll. 

1W4(). 

1841. 

1.-42. 

184;i. 

1844. 

184"). 

1840. 

1847 

1S48 

18l',l. 

iXM 

IS,')! 

18^2 

185:1. 

1H54. 

18,5.5. 


Apr. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Aiir. 
A  i)r. 
Ai>r. 
Aiir. 
Mar. 
Aitr. 
Mar. 
Ai)r. 


4 

14 

:i() 
2:. 
10 


Dec.     1 
iiec.   ii 


Dee. 
Dec. 


0 

IH 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Alar. 
Apr. 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
De(. 
Dec. 
Deo, 
l>e'.'. 
.la... 


13 

18 

:i 
14 
20 


1:1 


Apr. 


Dec.     V, 
Dec.    l9 


-— - 



\9o(i 

Apr. 

\»!i7 

Fel,. 

IWK 

Mar. 

IH.'-U) 

Kel.. 

180(1 

dan. 

1801 

.Ian. 

1802 

Jan. 

18(i:t 

.Ian. 

1804 

|-.l.. 

1805 

Mar. 

18(«! 

Apr. 

18ti7 

Mar. 

isort 

Apr. 

1M09 

Apr. 

1870 

Apr. 

1871 

.Mar. 

18.-2 

Apr. 

187:!..     .. 

A  pr. 
Mar. 

1874 

ui:< 

.\pr. 

1.'^70 

Apr. 

iH77 

Mar. 

1878 

.Mar. 

1(1 


De<'. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

De<. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

D.f. 

Dec. 

Dee. 

De-. 

Dt" 

Dec. 

Dec. 

De.. 

Dec. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Nov. 

De.'. 

N..V. 

De.'. 

D.M'. 

1  »e.'. 


:i(i 
21 
III) 
;ii 
:il 
:!<> 
21 

29 

;» I 

.  i 


■.0 
1(1 
20 
20 
Itll 
9 
19 
10 


1879 

1880...   . 

1881 

1882 

1882 

18h:i 

1884 

\XH't 

1880. 

1880 

1887 

18H8 

18S9 

1890 , 

i891 

1H92 

1892 

1H93 

1S94 

1H95 , 

18UG , 


Mar. 
leb. 
Aj.r. 


25 

19 

1 


T>ec. 
Dec. 


24 
8 


Fel). 
Ajir. 
Mar. 
Apr. 


dan. 
Dec. 
D..C. 
Dec. 


9 
21 
19 


Mar. 
A  pr. 
Ai)r. 

V  T. 

Mar. 
Mar. 

Mai". 
A])r. 
Mar. 
Ai)r. 
Mar. 


2U 
12 

7 
15 

5 
22 

:n' 

7 

17 

5 
28 


dan. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Doc. 
De;. 
I'ec. 


8 

4 

24 

20 

27 
24 


I'an. 
Doc. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


5 
22 

;io 

23 
9 


Average  date  of  openinj;.  Mar.li  21 ;  average  date  .if  .loHin;:,  Dcccnili.r  19:  nveraj;.'  nunilier.if  days 
cloHe.l,  92. 

Antli.irit'es:  (len.'ral  Kep.irt  Pnlilic  Works,  (.'anada,  1807  1X82;  It.'port  of  II10  Department  of  Itail- 
wava  and  Cunak,  Dominion  of  (Canada,  1883~18K9;  D.pariiii.'nt  of  I'lildii'  W.irks.  Dominion  of  (/'anada, 
1890. 

No.  142.-TfftNEI{S  FALLS.  M ASS.-COXNKCTICDT  KIVKR. 


1887.... 
V-'Hii... 
1889. . . 
1890. . . 


1858. 

]S.')9. 

1800. 

1801. 

1802. 

180:!. 

18(U. 

1805. 

1800. 

1807. 

1808 

1809. 

1870. 

1871. 


1874. 

1875.. 

1870.. 

1877.. 

1878.. 

1879.. 

1880.. 

1881.. 


142'3  34'  l;ilitii.lf  north.     72  '  34'  lonpitnde  w.'sl.) 


V'enr.  Opened.      Clos.-d. 


Closed. 


1884 

Dec. 
Dec. 

15 

1885 

Mar. 

10 

r> 

18Hfl 

Apr. 

29 

Dec. 

2(» 

18H7 

.Mar. 

10 

D.'c. 

15 

1888 

Mar. 

15 

Dec. 

10 

Average  date  of  opening,  March  10;  av.'r:i(5e  date  of  .'LiHinir,  D.'.i  iiih.T  9;  aver.nge  nnniher  of  days 
closed,  97. 


Antiioritv:  Mr.  F.  M.  Stongliton. 

No'iK.— Compared  with  Hartford,  Conn.,  for  in 


torpolntion  for  twenty  years'  period. 


REPOHT    OF    r.  S.  T)EKP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


247 


Nn.  Ill.-WAGOSIIAXCK  MlillT-HOI'Sr,,  MH'JIKiA.N. 
14r>'  IT'  latJluUi'  north.     Altituilc,  .ITO.OO  fort.    Hj--  Oj'  l<iU';itu(lM  wi'M. 


CIiihimI. 


Doc. 
Vor. 
Iter. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
I  ).•«•. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Nov. 


27 


bor  of  tlaj'H 
I'.  Kaiuldlpli 


1.  !   Closed. 


Dec. 
Dec. 


24 
8 


,1nii.  'J 

Dec.  It 

Dec.  21 

Dec.  lit 


.Inn. 

8 

Dec. 

4 

Dee. 

24 

1  tec. 

20 

De;. 

27 

I'ec. 

24 

.'an. 

5 

Dec. 

0'> 

Dec. 

;to 

Dec. 

2;i 

Dec. 

0 

ibercif  (lays 

I'lit  of  Kail- 
III'  (^iiiuda, 


Closed. 


I  te<'.       4 
Dee.      11 


Iter  of  (lays 


Yeui'. 


OpeDed.  '    ( 'loHcd. 


Year. 


1887 !  Apr.  10  Dec.     7  '  1801... 

I'JSS Apr.  28  Dec.     8  1W12.., 

ISHil >!ar.  24  !   Dec.  Itl  I8l»:i... 

IHOO 1  Apr.    4  ;  Dec.     0  1804... 


OpeiuMl. 

CloMpd. 

Dee.   10 
Dec.   10 
Dee    i;i 
Dee.   11 

V. 

•ai'. 

(tpened. 

.\lir.  10 
Apr.  19 

Closen. 

Ajir.    8 
Ai.r.    1 
Apr.    it 
Apr.    (i 

1805. 
1800. 

Dec.      9 

Average  date  iif  npeiiinj,',  AprilO;  average  date  ofreloBiug,  Deeeinlier  12;  average  number  uf  days 
cloned.  118. 

Antliority ;  Conmiander  .1.  If.  Dayton,  V.  S.  X.,  Xintli  liglit-lioime  district. 
Note.— Compared  with  Alpena,  ilicli..  for  interpolation  for  twenty  year.s'  period. 

Xo.  144.-\VUITEHALI.,  N.  A'. 

(4;jo  34   latitude  north.     Altitude,  95.03  feet.    73^  24' l<mgitude  west.] 


Year. 


tlpcne<l.      Closed. 


Year. 


0|)ened.       Closed. 


1858. 

IH.JO. 

1800. 

1801. 

1802. 

1803. 

18<>4. 

18tir.. 

IStiti. 

1807. 

IWi.S 

1809. 

1870. 

1871. 


Apr.  10 

Apr.     9 

Apr.    7 

Ajir.  20 

Apr.  '.'O 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

A  jtr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 


4 

3 

1 

7 

0 

26 

12 

8 

l.'i 

2.'i 

2 

2 

10 
30 


1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
187,'). 
1870. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 

1882. 

1H83. 
1884. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 
Apr. 
.Mar. 
Apr. 
Iklar. 
Apr. 
rFel). 
\Mar. 
Ai)r. 
A  pr. 


28 
11 
30 
24 
5 
1 

"7 
21 
5 
4 
22 
19 


Nov. 
Nov. 
•Ian. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
.Ia\. 
.Ian. 
Kel). 
.Ian. 
Keb. 
Feb. 
•Ian. 
•lau. 


Tear. 


Opened.  Closed. 


22 

30 

10  1 
o 

15  ! 
29  I 

29 ; 

2 
10  1 

4  ; 

25  I 
20  I 

8  I 


1885. 
1880. 

1887. 

1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1800. 


Apr. 
Apr. 

May 

May 
Apr. 
!M  ay 
A  pi- 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


25 

Jan. 

29 

15 

Jnn. 

24 

1 

/Jan. 

\Nov. 

9 

30 

1 

Nov. 

30 

24 

N()v. 

30 

1 

Dee. 

4 

27 

Dec. 

30 

28 

Dec. 

4 

24  '  Dec. 

20  j  NoV. 

28  '  Dec. 

1    


3 

30 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  11 ;  aven^ge  date  of  closing,  December  17;  average  number  of  day 
closed,  115. 

Authorities ;  1858-187."i,  Mr.  (loorgo  Ivusiilow,  general  manager  Champlain  Transportation  Com- 
panv;  1875-1887.  rostmaster,  Whitehall,  1890;  1887-1895,  Commander  A.  S.  Snow,  inspector  Third 
ligh'thouso  district;  1890. 1'ostmaster,  Whitehall,  1890. 

No.  145-AVlXDillLL  POINT  LIGUT-HOL'SE,  LAKE  ST.  CLAIR,  MICHIGAN. 
[42<i  21'  latitude  north.    82^  50'  longitude  west.  ] 


Year. 


1874. 

1875.. 

1870.. 

1877.. 

1878.. 

1H79.. 

1880.. 

1881.. 


Opened.      Closed. 


Mar.  18 
Apr.  9 
Apr.  1 
Apr.  12 
.Mar.  18 
A  pr. 
Mar. 
A  pr. 


1 

3 
10 


I 


Ytvr.  Opt'icd. 

I  ■     " 

Doe.   18      1882 Mar.    a 

Dec.   18       1883 Apr.   10 

Dec.    10      1884 Mar.  30 

Dec.    31       l,S85 Apr.   20 

Dec.   21       1880 Apr.  28 

Dec.   22       '..W Apr.     3 

Dec.    18      1888 Apr.     5 

Dec.    31       1889 Mar.  20 


Clo,sed. 


Y'ear. 


Opened.      Closed. 


Dec. 
Dei 
lte<'. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec.  22 
Dec.  20 
Dec.   31 


11 

20 
18 
31 
10 


1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 


1895. 
IB'JO. 


I 


Mar. 

22 

Dec. 

16 

Apr. 

22 

Dec. 

16 

Apr. 

i 

Dec. 

27 

Apr. 

5 

Dec. 

15 

Mar. 

14 

Dec. 

28 

.\pr. 

0 

Dec. 

18 

Apr. 

2 

Average  dale  of  opening.  Ajiril  2;  a'era;:c  ilat<    of  closiiiu,  December  21 ;  average  number  of  days 
clo.sed,  10". 
Authority:  Commander  William  Folgcr,  I'.S.N.,  Kleventli  lighthouse  district. 


248 


UKI'ORT   OF    U.  8.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


No.  14«.-W1NDS()K,  ONTAKIO. 
[4'i°  111'  Intitudc  north.    Altitude,  .^73.8(1  feet.    8:t°  U2'  longiliidc  went.] 


Viar.  OjM'iicil. 

.—       -        ^_  __ 

I8«7 Fell.  23 

IHtia Miiv.  »5 

1809 Apr.  5 

1^70 Ajir.  7 

1871 Mar.  8 

1872 Apr.  1 

1873 Apr.  1 

1874 Mnr.  in 

1875 Apr.  9 

1870 Juii.  1 


( 'limed. 


Dec. 

11 

D»c. 

10 

Dec. 

17 

Dec. 

U 

Dec. 

8 

De.-. 

7 

Dec. 

13 

Dec. 

28 

Dec. 

4 

Dec. 

4 

Year.  Opened.  '   ("loHed. 


1877 Apr.  1 

1878 Mav  1 

1879 Apr.  3 

IfSO Mnr.  1 

1881 Apr.  L'l 

1882 Mar.  1 

1883 ,  Mar.  9 

1884 Mar.  l.^i 

1885 Jan.  14 

1886 Apr.  28 


r 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Doc. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


31 
31 
24 

3 
31 
18 
17 
17 

9 
27 


Vear.  Opeiiod.      Closed. 


1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1803. 
1894. 
1895. 
1806. 


Jan. 

Open. 

Open. 

Opuii. 

Open. 

Open 


Die.     le 

Open. 

Open. 

0|)en. 

Open 

Dt 


Apr.  18     opcii. 


17 


Open. 
Open. 
Mar.  23 


Open. 
Dec. 


Averane  dale  of  o]ienii!^'.  Feltriiary  20 ;  averaj{e  d.'to  of  eNmin;;,  December  10;  average  niinilier  of 
days  closed,  72. 
Aiitborily:  Department  of  Public  Workx,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1890. 


No.  147.- WINN Kl'KO,  MANITOllA. 
1 49'  ri2'  latitude  north.     .Vltitude,  724  feet.     07  '  08'  longitude  uext. 


Oponml.     Closetl. 


Apr.  19 


Apr.  24 

Ajir.  2.'i 

Apr.  14 

Apr.  25 

Apr.  28 

Apr.  25 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


13 

10 

1 

2 

4 

1 

15 

19 


Year. 


1890. 
1801. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
i8it5. 
1890. 


Opened.     CIoHed. 


Ajir. 

21 

Nov. 

3 

Apr. 

17 

Nov. 

15 

Apr. 

20 

Nov. 

30 

Mav 

8 

Nov. 

13 

A  p'r. 

21 

Nov. 

U 

Apr. 

8 

Nov. 

25 

Apr. 

20 

... 

Averajio  dat'.' of  ojieninf;,  April  21.  averaj^i^  date  of  ch>sing,  November  8;  average  number  of  i!avs 
dosed.  104. 

Authorities:  .Vnnunl  UetiortH,  Department  of  liailwayH  and  Canals,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1883; 
Department  of  I'ublic  Works.  Canntln,  1890. 

No.  148.-VANKTON,  S.  DAK. 


142 '54' latitude  north.     Altitude,  1,150  feet.    97'^  28' longitude  west. 


Year. 

Opened,  j  Closed. 

..    Mar.  IX     Nov.  20 
..    Apr.     3     Nov.  21 
..    Apr.     0     Nov.   15 
..    Feb.    22      Dec.    24 
..    Feb.    19     Dec.    14 
..    Mar.  23      Dee.     3 
. .    Feb.   14      Nov.  17 
. .    Apr.  24      .Nov.  18 
..,  Mar.  17     Dec.     2 
..    Mar.   13     Dec.    10 

Year. 

i 

1884 

Opened. 

Cloned. 

Dec.    14 
Doc.     8 
Dec.      1 
Nov.  23 
Dec.     0 

Jii.i."l3" 

1 

Year. 

Opened. 

Apr.  20 
Mar.  2!) 
Mar.  10 
Mar.  18 
Mar.     1 

Closed. 

1874 

1875 

1870 

1877 

Mar   22 
Mai    14 
Mar.  18 
Apr.     4 
Mar.  31 
Mar.  10 

Mar! '23' 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1890 

! 

Nov.    24 

1885  ... 

Dec      1 1 

1880 

Dee.     24 

1887 

Nov.    30 

1878 

1888 

1879 

18811 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1889 

1890 

1890 

1891 

1891 

:} 
> 

Jan.     2 
Dec.   26 

Apr.     1 

Average  date  of  opening,  March  21 ;  average  date  of  t  losing,  December  7;  average  mniiber  of  dnys 
chised.  101. 

.Vuliioiilies:  I'uited  Slates  Weallier  llureau,  1890;   .Mr.  I'.d.  Palmer,  eily  engineer. 


f. 


REPORT    OF    U.  .S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


•J4D 


llOtl. 

Closi'd. 

.    :> 

l».r.      10 

n. 

Opfli. 

n. 

(tpt'll. 

n. 

Open. 

n. 

<I|H'II. 

■1. 

Dto.     17 

p.  18 

()|i('i>. 

II. 

())IC1I. 

u. 

Dtc.      5 

r.  'J3 

rago  niiiiilMtr  of 


incd.     CloBi'd. 


r. 

21 

Nov. 

3 

r. 

17 

Nov. 

IS 

r. 

•JO 

Nov. 

30 

V 

8 

Nov. 

13 

V. 

•J  I 

.Nov. 

U 

T. 

rt 

Nov. 

25 

r. 

L'rt 



miinltcr  of  i'..t,v8 
f  Canada,  188;ij 


)DP4l.     riosoil. 


20     Nov.  24 

29  ;  Dec.  11 

10     Do.-.  24 

18     Nov.  30 
1 


iiiiiilx'i'  of  (liiys 


No.  119.- YORK  FACTOHV,  HAYKS  lUVKlt. 
[57°  00'  Itititiulo  nortli.    112'  28'  lon^itiidn  wi-st.] 


Yoar.  ()|ii'ni'd. 


I 

182S Juno    1 

1H2!I MllV    10 

18:i0 Mnv   17 

18111 AIiiv  22 

18:i2 May  25 

18;i:t Mav  i:i 

183; Mnv  27 

18:i5 May  2-4 

18.18 May  10 

18117 Miiv   11 

18:)8 May  23 

1830 Alay  22 

1840 May  12 

1841 May  10 

1842 Mnv   17 

1843 Mav   2it 

1844 May   13 

to  20. 

1845 Mav  22 

1840 May     7 

to  9. 

1847 May     9 

1848 May   21 

1849 May   18 

to"  24. 

IS-IO Mnv  31 

1851 Mnv   31 


cioKed. 

X.iv. 

15 

Nov 

11 

DlM'. 

2 

Nov. 

28 

Nov. 

20 

Nov. 

22 

1  Nov. 

20 

1  Nov. 

18 

Nov. 

29 

Nov. 

25 

Nov. 

22 

Nov. 

19 

Nov. 

10 

Nov. 

13 

Nov. 

11 

Nov. 

10 

Nov. 

20 

Year. 


1852. 

I«,'i3. 


18.-i4 

18,'i5 

IfM 


1857. 

1S,j8. 
18.59. 
1800. 
1801. 

1802. 


Nov 
Nov. 

Nov. 
Nov. 


24 
25 

15 
28 


1803. 
1804. 
1H05. 
1806. 
1807. 

1808. 


Nov.  27 


Nov. 
Dec. 


28 
9 


1H09. 
1870. 
1871. 


()]M'ii('d.      (Mo.scd 


May    10 
Mav   20 

to  30. 
May   23 
Mny  25 
.Mav   2(1 

to'22. 
Mav    14 

t<Jl9. 
May  24 
May   13 
Mav    18 
May  22 

to  28. 
Mav  24 

to  29. 
May  22 
May 
^lav 
May 
May 

to'28. 
May  '24 

to  31. 
Mav  25 
May   11 
Mav   12 


Year 


f>Iteiicd.  ,  CIoHcd. 


Nov.  24 


19 
10 
14 
23 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


30 
20 

2i) 
28 
21 


Nov.  29 


1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1SH9 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1803 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


0 

27 
23 


...    May  21 
...  a.liily  15 

1804 May  20 

1895 

1896 


Nov.    14 
Nov.      4 


a  Ice  iu  river  AuguHt  1. 

A  veragt' date  of  opi'idng,  Ma,  '.9;  average  date  of  closing,  Novcmlier  19;  average  ininii)er  of  davn 
closed,  181. 

AiUliorities:  ^Ir.  Woods,  Yorlt  Factory,  in  Report  of  Minister  of  l'ubl;c  Works,  Doiuiiiiunof  (.'anaila, 
1881;  Department  of  Public  Works,  Doiuiuiou  of  (janada,  1800. 

No.  I50.--ZAN1C8VILLK,  OHIO,  MUSKINGIM  KIVKU. 
139'  59'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  678  feet.    82''  00'  longitude  west.] 


Year.       I  Opened.      Closed. 


1888... 

1889... 

1890... 


Fob.  21     .Ian.      1 
Mar.    4     Feb.    6 

.Mar.  10   ^jj^^.     ,g 


Year.       ,  Opened.  Closed. 

1891 Jan.' 29  Open. 

1892 Feb.    15  [l^   ,7 

1893 Mar.     1  Dec.   23 


Year.  Oponeil.      Closed. 


1804.. 
1895.. 
1896.. 


Feb.   21      Oi)en. 
Mar.     5     .lau.       1 
Mar.    2     Jan.       3 


Average  date  of  opening,  February  25 ;  average  date  of  closing,  January  3 ;  nvcragi<  numb.'r  of  days 
closed,  ."i3. 
Autliority:  Mr.  iMlniun.l  Maeser.  assistant  engineer  I'liited  States  Kngiiieer  OHicc. 

No.  151.-HKArilAi;NUIS  C.VNAL. 


Yenr.       '  Opened.     Closed. 


Year.         Opened.     (Jlosod. 


1845.. 
1840.. 
1847.. 
1848.. 
1849. . 
18,50.. 
1851 . . 
18.52.. 
1853.. 
1854.. 
1855.. 
18.-.6.. 
1857.. 
1858.. 
1850.. 
I860.. 
1861.. 
1862.. 


Oct.     11  Nov.  26      1803 Mav     2     Die 

Apr.   '..  Nov.  29    ;  1864 Apr.  24  ,  Dec. 

1  May     5  Nov.  28      1805 Apr.  25  ,  Dec. 

,  Apr.  12  Nov.  30      1803 Ajir.  30     Dec. 

i  Apr.  19  Dec.     8    ,   1807 Apr.  29      Dec. 

Apr.  26  Dec.     4  ii   1808 Apr.  27     Dec. 

Apr.  25  Nov.  25    |  1809 May     3  '■  Nov. 

May     2  ,  Dec.    13      1870 Apr.  28  ,  Dee. 

Apr.  29  Nov.  24      1871 Apr.  19     Dec. 

May     1  Dee.     2   I  1872 May     1     Dec. 

May     1  Nov.  28   \  1873 May     1      Nov. 

Mny     1  Dec.     1      1874 May     3     Nov. 

May     2  Nov.  26  ,    1875 May     3  j  Nov. 

Apr.  20  Nov.  20  |    1876 May     1   '  Nov. 

Apr.  19  I  Nov.  29  h  1877 May     5  I  Dec. 

Apr.   19  Dec.     3      1878 Apr.  24      Dee. 

Aju.  24  Dec.     3      1879 Mav     1      Dec. 

Apr.  30  Nov.  30      1880 \pr.  30     Nov. 


4 

3 

2 

8 

2 

2 

3 

5 

2 

2 

24 

25 

25 

29 

0 

0 

•> 

28 


I  i 

Year.  Opened.     Closed. 

1881 Apr. 

1882 Aiir. 

1883 Apr. 

1884 Apr. 

1885 May 

1880 May 

1887 May 

1888 May 

1889 Apr. 

1890 Apr. 

1891 Apr. 

1892 Apr. 

1803 May 

1894 Apr. 

1895 May 

1896 Mav 


25 

Nov. 

28 

25 

Dec. 

4 

30 

Dec. 

1 

20 

Dec. 

1 

3 

Dec. 

3 

1 

Dec. 

1 

3 

Dec. 

1 

1 

Dec. 

I 

17 

Nov. 

30 

21 

Nov. 

3(1 

24 

Dec. 

1 

30 

Dec. 

1 

1 

Dec. 

1 

3 

Nov. 

;i(» 

1 

1 

N..V. 

;iO 

Average  date  of  opening,  April  28;  average  date  of  closing,  December  S;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  146. 

Autliorilios:  (teneral  Keport  rubli.'  Werks,  Cannda.  1807-1882:  Annual  Kei">'l  <••'  <'"'  Dcpariment 
of  Uailwavsaud  Canals,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1883-1805;  Department  of  Public  Works,  Dominion  of 
Canada,  1806. 


n   iimjiiii  iiiiani 


250  llEPORT   OF   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

No.  152.— CAKILLON  CANAL. 


Yciir.    ()|icno(l.  '  ('In8f><l. 


Year. 


Opened. 


18.'i0. 

mm 

1801 . 

IWi'J. 

18ii:(. 

\M\. 

lHt!5 

180(1. 

1807. 

180H. 

180U. 

1870. 

1871. 


Apr. 

29 

Apr. 

;io 

Mav 

Mnv 

Miiv 

May 

May 

Alav 

yi»\ 

May 

Mav 

Apr. 

07 

Alny 

Nov.  28 
Nov.  29 
Nov.  2!t 
Nov.  :io 
Dw.  2 
Nov.  30 
Nov.  :io 
Nov.  ;U) 
Nov.  30 
Nov.  :io 
Nov.  20 
I>ec-  6 
Nov.  27 


1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875. 

1870. 

1877. 

1878. 

1879. 

1880 

1881. 

1882. 

1883. 

1884. 


Mav 

2 

May 

1 

May 

0 

May 

1 

May 

1 

Apr. 

20 

Apr. 

l)> 

May 

1 

Apr. 

21) 

Apr. 

21> 

Apr. 

28 

Apr. 

28 

Apr. 

28 

Closed- 


Doc.  1 
Nov.  18 
Nov.  15 
Nov.  20 
Nov.  30 
1HH-.  5 
He))t.  U 
Nov.  24 
Nov.  23 
Nov.  20 
Nov.  24 
Nov.  27 
Nov.  24 


Year. 


1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1880 

:.soo 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1804 

1805 

180« 


Opened,  ('losnd. 


■"I"'" 



May 

7 

May 

1 

May 

2 

May 

•1 

Apr. 

26 

Apr. 

20 

Apr. 

23 

Apr. 

3U 

May 

1 

Apr. 

23 

Apr. 

20 

Apr. 

27 

Nov.  30 

Nov.  30 

Nov.  30 

Deo.  2 

Nov.  :io 

Nov.  29 

Nov.  28 

Nov.  30 

Nov.  30 

Nov.  30 

Nov.  30 


Avfrii|;i>  dato  of  opening;,  Apvil  30;  average  date  of  rloaiu);,  November  28;  avorago  ti\iiiilier  of  days 

floHtMl,  153. 

Aiitlioriliooi  (""leiioral  Ui'port  I'liblic,  Works.  Canada,  1807-1882;  Annual  Uoportit  Department  of 
KailwiivH  mill  Cauala,  Duuiiniou  of  Canudu,  1883-181)5;  Department  o(  I'uUlio  Wurk»,  Domiuiou  of 
Canada,  18i>t). 

No.  153._CUAMULY  CANAL. 


Year.  Opened 


Year. 


Openml. 


1801 Apr. 

1802 May 

1863 ;  May 

1864 Apr. 

•805 1  Apr. 

1866 1  May 

1867 j  May 

1868 May 

1869 '  Apr. 

1870 ;  May 

1871 May 

1872 Mav 

1873 :  Apr. 

1874 1  Apr. 

1875 •  May 

1870 May 

1877 !  May 

1878 '  May 


Closed. 


Year. 


Dec. 
D»<c. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
IK-c. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 

D«H!. 


3  1879 

4  1880 
8  1881 

7  1882 

8  1883 
12  .  1884 

6  I  1885 

2  1880 
29  1887 

3  1888 
28  {  1880 

2  >  1890 

20  1891 

25  1892 

22  1803 

28  1894 

2  1895 

0  1896 


I 


Ojieucd.  I    ("loHed. 


May 

May 
MaV 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
Apr. 
May 
May 
May 
May 
Mav 
May 
May 


5     Dec. 

20  I  Nov. 


2 
2 
1 

5 
I 
3 
5 
8 
29 
1 
1 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


6 

25 
28 
30 
30 
30 
30 
I 
1 
22 
28 
24 
30 
30 
1 
30 
30 


Average  date  of  oiiening.  May  1;  average  date  of  cloaing,  Novi-mbcr  29;  average  number  of  days 
closed.  153. 

.AiitiioritieH;  C-meral  Ueport  Public  AVorkx,  Canada,  1867-1882;  Annual  Ueports  Department  of 
liailways  and  Caiialw.  Dominicm  of  Canada,  1883-1895;  Mr.  .lolin  C.  Cliurchill,  Jr.,  C.  U. ;  Department 
uf  I'ublic  Workw,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1806, 

No.l54.-CHESAl'KAKK  AND  OHIO  CANAL. 


Year.  Opened.  !   Closed. 


Year.       I  0|iened.     (Closed. 


Year.  0])ened.  |   Closed. 


1891 Dec.    24       1893. 

1892 Mar.  l.'i     Dec.   24  ,,  1894. 


Mar.   15  l  Dec.    20       180.^ Mar.   18  !   Dec.     22 

Mar.  18     De.-.   22      1H90 ;  Mar.  10  , 


Averagt"  ditc  of  opening,  Marrli  18;  average  date  of  do.Hing,  December  23;  average  number  of  d;iy:i 
closed.  85. 
Authority:  Mr.  (i.  I..  Niodson,  general  manager. 


Yei 


1824  .. 

1825... 

18'J0.... 

18'.'7. 

1828.... 

1829.. 

1830. . 

1831.... 

1832... 

1833... 

1834... 

1835... 

1830. . 

1837... 

1838... 

i8;m.., 

1840.. 

1841..    . 

1842.... 

1843.... 

1844.... 

1845.... 

1840.... 

1847.... 

1848. . . . 


1843 

1844 

1845 

1840 

1847 

1848 

184!).... 

18.')0 

1H51 

18,V2.... 
1853.... 
1854.... 

1855 

18:'>0.... 
18,57.... 
1858.... 
1859.... 
1800.... 


REPORT    OF    II.  H.  UKVA'    WATKIiWAYS    COMMISSION. 


•Jf)! 


N'n.  i:..-.-(IIAMI'LAlN'  CANAL. 
[43°  UJ'  latituiln  north.    Altitutlo  (Huiiiiiiit),  H'.'.lo  fut-t.    73°  'M'  lougi'uilu  v,v»C 


Vciir.         Opitnud.     CWmwl.    ,       Year. 


1840 '  Mav     I 

1H80 :  Ai.r.  22 

1851 Apr.  ir. 

I  1852 Apr.  'JD 

•  I85:t Apr.  20 

1H54 May     I 

1«.'.5 Miiy      1 

1850 Miiy     5 

1857 ,  May     « 

1858 1  Apr.  28 

1850 '  Apr.  15 

1800 Apr.  25 

1801 Mav     1 

1K02 May      1 

180:t May     I 

1804 i  Apr.  Ill) 

180,". May     1 

1806 May     1 

1807 May     0 

1808 May     4 

Irtfll) Alay     0 

1870 May   10 

1871 Apr.  21 

1872 Mav   i:i 


C'li  aid.  Ytmr.       |  Opened,  i  CUmeil. 


Dec. 
Dec. 
H.'f. 
D.r. 
Dur. 
D.r. 
D.f. 
Dt'i. 
Hue. 
Dcf. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
lie. 
Dec. 
D.c. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


a 
11 

5 
10 
21) 

:i 

10 

4 

15 

8 

12 

12 

10 

lU 

0 

0 

12 

12 

20 

7 

18 

8 

1 

I 


187.1.... 
1874.... 
1875.... 
1870.  .. 
1877.... 
1878.... 
1(<7!).... 

1880 

1881.... 
1882 . . . . 
1883.... 
18rt4.... 
1885.... 
1880.... 

1887 

1888... 

1889.... 

18iM).... 

1891.... 

18U2.... 

189;i.... 

1804.... 

189D.... 

1800.... 


May 
Mav 
May 
May 
May 
Apr. 
Mav 
ApK 
May 
Apr. 
Mav 
May 
Mav 
.Miiy 
M.,y 
Mav 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 


Dec. 

Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
D<'c. 
Dee. 
De.'. 
Doc. 
Dec. 
Ni)V. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
De.'. 


5 

5 

;io 
1 

7 
7 
0 

:;o 

H 

7 
1 
1 
1 
I 
1 

a 

:io 
:m 
;io 
:io 

30 
30 


Averngo  dale  of  openini;,  April  28;  average  <late  of  closing,  December 
cloHcil.  142. 

AiitliorilicH:  Annual  Ueportn  of  ilie  Department  of  KaiUvays  and  CanaU,  Dominion  of 
1883-1805;  Mr.  (>,  C.  KobinHon;  Mr.  John  ('.  Churchill,  .jr.,  C.  I').;  Mr.  ThoniaH  II.  Uautield. 


average  number  of  days 
Canaila, 


No.  150.— CO  UN  WALL  CANAL,  COUNWALL 
145'^  01'  latitude  north.     74  >  44'  hmKituile  wcat. | 


Year. 


184,1. 
1844. 
1845 
1840 
1847 
1848 
1840 
1850 
1H51 
1852 
1853 
1854 
1855, 
18i>0 
18,'-.7 
1858 
1859 
1800 


Opened.      CloMed. 


Apr.  10 
Apr.  24 
Apr.  28 
Apr.  20 
May  1 
A  p'r.  7 
Apr.  7 
Apr.  20 
Apr.  25 
May  1 
Apr.  29 
Apr.  30 
Apr.  30 
Apr.  28 
May  1 
Apr.  20 
Apr.  20 
Apr.  21 


Nov.  28 
Deo.  2 
Nov.  29 
Dee.  2 
Dec.  4 
Dec. 


Dec.  0 

Dec.  7 

Dec.  12 

Dec.  16 

Dec.  14 

Dec.  10 

Dec.  18 

Dec.  6 

Dec.  12 

Dec.  7 

Dec.  7 

Dec.  10 


Ai>r.  24 
May  1 
May  4 
Apr.  27 
Apr.  20 
Apr.  30 
May  1 
Apr.  27 
May  3 
Apr.  28 
Apr.  20 
May  2 
Apr.  30 
Apr.  20 
May  4 
May  1 
May  27 
Apr.  22 


Doc.  12 
Dec.  12 
Dec.  12 
Dec.  10 
Doc.  13 
Dec.  13 
Dec.  1 
Dec.  8 
Dec.  7 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


Year. 


Opened.  I    CloHed, 


1870 Mav     2 

1880 '  Apr.  20 


1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 , 

1885 

1880 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1890 


Apr.  20 
Apr.  25  ! 
Apr.  28 
Apr.  29 
May  8 
May  1  , 
May  4 
Mav  2 
Apr.  22  ; 
Apr.  21 
May  4 
May  1 
Apr.  30 
Apr.  23 
Apr.  29 
Apr.  22 


Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Doc.     26 

Doc.     11 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 


0 
0 

10 
6 
8 
8 

10 
8 
4 


4 

15 
4 

9 

8 
7 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  27;  average  date  of  closing,  December  3;  average  number  of  days 
cloRcd, 145. 

Authorities:  Oencral  Keport  Public  Works,  Canada,  1807-1882;  Annual  Report  of  the  Depiirtnient 
of  Kailwaya  and  Canals,  Dominion  of  Cuuudu,  1883-1895;  Department  of  Public  Works,  Dominion  of 
Canada,  1890. 


on.) 

M 1 1*. 


RKPOKT   OK   V.  R.  DEEP    WATKRWAYS    COMMISSION. 

X<>.  l,-.7.     DKI.AWAUr.  A\l»  HUDSON  <'ANA1„   IJONDOf  I',   NY. 
[41  •  r.r>'  lalitiKlc  iiDilh.     Altiluilr,  0.00  (Vrt.     7'.    :>-    lim;;itiitl.'  «-.'8l.| 


Vrar.  OpoiK'd.        C'loHi'il. 


VtMir, 


OpiMiod.  I    Closi'il. 

I 


Vt'iir. 


ISTl 

1H7.' 

1«7:!  

1H71 

1H7:. 

1870 

1H77 Ajir.  I'J  I»ci-.  C.  18Hti 

1S7S I  Apr.  II  DiT.  7  1HH7.. 

i87'J .1  Apr.  Jl  DtT.  10  1S88.. 


Aj.r.  I  Nov.  :i(l  1880  Apr.  1 

Apr.  8  DiMv      f)  1881 Apr.  1 

Apr.  11  N..V.  'Jii  188'J Apr.  1 

Apr.  1  Nov.  ;iO  188:! Apr.  10 

Apr.  IJ  D.f.      1  1884 Apr.  .' 

Apr.  12  Nov    J'.l  l.x8,"> A)>r. 


No\.  LT. 

Ui'v  7 

Uvv.  ti 

DiT.  4 

Nov.  l'9 

Doc.  r. 


18S<I.. 
18tHI 
18111.. 
IS'.rJ.. 
I89;i . . 

1804. 


Apr.     2  I  Dw.  4       18i».-. I  Apr 

Apr.  11  Dtr.  11       18Ur. Apr.     1 

Apr.     it  i  Die.  7 

I                   1^ I 


()llt'lll 

.1. 

(  'loMCll. 

Mnr. 

J.'. 

DlT.          11 

Apr. 

1 

D.M'.            .'. 

A|)r. 

1 

Dec.      10 

A  pr. 

t 

D.'c.       8 

Apr. 

I 

Di'o        ri 

Ajir. 

•» 

Nitv     ;io 

Apr. 

K 

D.C.       (i 

.\\('rn;.:r  ilnir  ol' npiiiiiii;.   .\pril7;   iivi'rii^i>  dittc  I't' I'lii.siui;.    Dt'i'i'iulur  ."     ;i\  riii'.ii>  iioiiiliir  of  diiyH 
t'ldxid,  rj:i. 

.\iillioiil,\  :   .Mr.  S.  S.  .Siiiiili,  siipi-riiilt'iidriil. 

No.  l.-.8,_l>Kl,A\VAKK  AND  K.VKll'AN  C.WAI.,    I'liKN  ION.  \,.l. 
140    Ki    latiliido  iiortli.     7>     t.'i   luii:;il  ode  wast,  i 


V.ur. 


Ojii'IumI.      ''lo.scil. 


18:i4 (I  Alls;. 

18:t.^ A'ur. 

18:t6 

1K!7 

I8;i8 

18;i!i 

1840.  .. 

1841.     Apr. 

....    Miir 
....    Miiv 


A  in. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Mar. 


20 
10 

18 

•JO 
10 


D.-c.  ir> 


1842.... 

i84;t  ... 

1844    ... 

i84r..... 

184«..,. 

1847 

1848.... 
184'.1.... 
18,''>0.... 
18,M.... 
li''^.... 
18,".:!.... 
18r.4.... 
1855. . . . 


Mi.r. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mai'. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
A  pr. 
Miir. 
K.I.. 


Dt'p. 
Dir 
D.r. 
Do.'. 

DtT. 


Ja 

•;o 

28 
20 
24 


Di. 


Year.  OpuiH'd.      CloHcd. 


18.'.(i Mar.  28  Dim'.  Ja 

<8a7 \,  Mar.  12  

1858 J ,Iaii.  10 

18.'">8 Doc.  2r) 

185» Mar.  15  Doc.  24 

18(10 ;  Mar.  20  Dec.  24 

1861 1  Mar.  21  Dec.  20 

l«<i2  1  Mar.  20  Dec.  20 

i8ti:i I  Mar.  10  Dec.  25  ! 

1801 i  Mar.     8  Dec.  17 

18(i5 j  Mar.  U  Doc.  2:i  I 

18110 Mar.  15  Doc.  18 

18117 1  M?.r.  18  Doc.  20  i 

1808 1  Mar.  2:t  Doc.  19  i 

1809 Mar.  10  Doc.  25 

1870 Mar.  10  Dec.  21 

1871 I  Mar.  Ill  Dc.  15 

1872 I  Mar.   15  Doc.  15 

18711 Mai.  17  Die.  20 

I87i i  Mar.  10  Dec.  19 

1875 1  .Mai.  22  Doc.  24 

1876 Mar.  20  Doc.  20 

I  .     - 


Year. 


()|icncil.      Closod. 


1877 Mar. 

1878 .Mar. 

1870 .Mar. 

1880 Mar. 

1881 Mar. 

1882 Mar. 

188;i '  Mar. 

1884 .Mar 

1885 Mar. 

1886 .Mar. 

1887 '  Mar. 

1888 .Mar. 

1889 Mar. 

1890 Mar. 

1891 Mar. 

1892 .Mar 

180a Mar. 

18'.l4 Mar. 

1895 .Mar. 

1800 Mar. 


Doc 
Dee. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dc. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
D.'C, 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Doe. 
Dee. 
Doc. 
Dec 
Dec. 
Dec 
Dec 
Dec. 


21 

20 
18 
20 
20 
20 
20 
19 
20 
10 
20 
2il 
20 
10 
19 
20 
20 
20 


((  Canal  ripfninlly  opeiiod. 

A  verace  dale  of  open  III);.  March  15:  averai.'i'  dale  ol'  elosiiij;,  Deceinlier  2:i :  averaiie  iiiiiiiIhm' ol'dav.s 
elo.>"c>i.  82. 

Aiitliovitov-     Mr.  \V.  II    Diliiii,  .siiperiiiloi  dent,  and  In  hod  Stales  W'eatliei   lloreaii. 

No.   1,511. -DKS  MOINIvS  IJATIDS  ('ANA!,.   MONTIMSi;.    IOWA. 
|40     •'>!     I.ititildi    Iioitli        Altilllde.   'KIO  I'eet       01     '.'5    lolif^it  llde  wi'Hl . 


Yoa 


1824... 
1825... 
1826.. 
1827  . . 
1,S28. . . . 
1829  . 
18:i0.. 
18:tl.. 
18112   . 

I8:i:i.. 

1834.. 
18:i5.. 
18;t6.. 
18.17.  . 

I8;i8.. 
I8;t9 

1840.. 
1841.. 

1842.. 

I8t:i  . 
1844.. 
1845.. 
1846.. 
1847.. 
1848.. 


1848. 

1849. 

1850. 

1851. 

18.52. 

185:i. 

1854. 

18.55 

18.56. 

18.57. 

1858 

18.59. 

1860. 

1861  . 

1862. 

18011 . 

1864. 


Opened.       (  losed. 


V( 


( Ipeiied        I  losed. 


1877 An:;.  22 

1^7.^       .Mar.  8 

1870 Mar.  17 

1880 Mill'.  8 

18*1 Apr.  Hi 

188'.>    .    Mar  t) 

188:i Apr.  1.1 


Dec 

Nov. 

Dee. 

Nov. 

Oel. 

Nov. 

D.c. 


10 
28 
0 
10 
17 


I8.><4 \i>r.      1  Nov. 

1885 \pi'.      I  .Nov. 

|88ti Apr.      I  Nii\  . 

XHHl Mar.  28  Nov. 

1888 Mar.  29  Nov 

1880   .Mr.   18  Nov  , 

\.m \pr.     I  Nov  . 


2;i 
21 
21 
V:i 

2:1 
20 


\  ear. 


1891... 
1892  . . 
1  soil . . . 
1894  .. 
1805... 
1896... 


(Ipel'.ed.       ("losed. 


Apr 

1 

Nov. 

21 

A  |ii'. 

1 

Nov 

2:1 

-■Vpi . 

1 

Nov 

15 

Mar 

21 

Nov. 

1 

Mar. 

15 

Nov. 

.i>> 

Mar. 

1 

.\  voraco  dale  of  nponliin  Manli  21 :  av  ora:ic  d.di'orelosln'^',  NovciiiImt  21 :  avorajro  nunilior  of  day* 
closed.  12:1. 

.Aiitliorities  Ueport  (if  .Soeietaiy  of  War,  I'liited  Stales  I'.nKineois,  1880  181:5;  Mr.  Moiilnomciy 
Moij.       I'liitoil  Staten  eiv  il  en^iiiuei'  in  eliiirne. 


1859.... 
18(i0  ... 
1801.... 
1862  ... 
I8O;!.... 

1804  ... 

1805  ... 

1806  .. 
1867.... 
1868... 
1869  ... 
1870..., 
1871.... 


KEPOliT   UF    U.  S.  DEKP   WA  TEUWAVS   COMMISSIUN. 


253 


N...  itio.     KKIK  CANAl,. 


( 'losi'd. 


:,". 

1).'.'. 

11 

1 

1  >.•.•. 

5 

1 

I).'.-. 

10 

■i 

Di'c. 

H 

i 

J)io 

H 

o 

N«x 

::o 

H 
1 

D.r. 

(i 

iilur  111"  (liiVH 


1.      Closed. 


1»      Dec 

•>  > 

H       l).'r. 

'i\ 

V      l>.c. 

2lt 

:>      Dec, 

IH 

1      I).'.'. 

i;o 

i      l>ir. 

•JO 

i;    i>iT. 

JO 

0      l».r. 

•JO 

(i      Dim'. 

I'J 

J         D.T. 

JO 

4      Di'i'. 

1!) 

i      D.'c. 

•JO 

1       1  ».•<•. 

'JO 

■         P.T. 

•JO 

1      Mcc. 

U) 

|)f.- 

It) 

I         Itl'C 

•JO 

1      D.r 

•JO 

l).r. 

•JO 



1H'J4. 
IH^Jf). 
IH'JC). 
1H^J7 

IS'J'.t 
IKtO. 
18;U. 
18TJ 

iK:i:t 
1 8114. 

i8:ir. 
i8:to. 

18.17. 

I8:i8. 
I8:i!) 

1840. 

1841. 

1 84  J 

I8i:i. 

1844. 

1845. 

1 840. 

1847. 

1848. 


Apr.     4 

Apr.   rj 

Apr.  JO 

.Vpr.  •JJ 

Miir.  '27 

May     •> 

ApF. 

A  jir. 

Aiir. 

Ajir. 

Apr. 

.Vjir. 

Ajtr. 

Apr. 

Apr. 

AJir. 

A|ir.  'JO 

Apr.  24 

Apr. 

May 

Apr. 

Apr. 

Ai.r. 

M.iv 

Mav 


•JO 
Ki 
!!.'> 
10 
17 

ir> 


rj 

•JO 


•JO 

1 

18 

15 

Ki 

1 

1 


1  >.-.•. 

4 

Di'i  . 

.■> 

D.r 

18 

D.r. 

18 

D.'.'. 

•JO 

D.".'. 

17 

D.M'. 

17 

!)."(•. 

1 

1  )••<•. 

21 

Der. 

12 

Die. 

12 

Nov. 

:io 

Nov. 

2ti 

D... 

0 

Nyv. 

J.') 

1)<T. 

ii; 

D.".-. 

;i 

Nov. 

:;o 

Nov. 

■:»■ 

Nov. 

:;o 

Nov. 

Jt! 

Nov. 

'Ji» 

Nov. 

2') 

Nov. 

;!o 

1  ).•<•. 

!) 

18411 

18.-i0 

,    1851 

18,-i2 

I.x.'it 

I       

j  t.*» 

1850 

1857 

1858 

I8."',l 

I    1800 

i     1801 

!     1802 

;     I8(i;( 

i     1804 

186i") 

l.SOO 

1807 

1808 

i    1800 

1870 

1871 

1872 

187;t 


May     I  D.r.  5  1874 Mav 

Apr.  '22  Dec.  II  1875 A])!- 

Apr.  15  I  I »!•<•.  5  1870 Mav 

Apr.  •JO  I  Die.  10  1877 Mav 

Apr.  •JO  D.T.  20  I8'.8 1  Apr. 

Mav     1  I  !».•.•.  ;t  187i» I  May 

May     1  Die.  10  1880 Apr. 

Mav     r»  I  1>.<-.  1  188! Mjy 

Mav      0  I  Di'c.  15  1882     Apr. 

Aii'r.  '28  I  I ).'(•.  8  I88:t May 

Apr.  15  D.'.'.  12  1881 MaV 

Apr.  ^25  Nov.  12  1885 Ma'\ 

Mav      '   i  l>ff.  10  1880     Mav 

Mav     1   J  D.'c.  10  1887 May 

May      1   I  Dir.  0  18^8 May 

Ai>'r.  :u>  '  DiT.  8  1880 Mav 

Mav      I  "'•'■■  12  1800 Apr. 

May     1  Dtr.  12  isui Mav 

Mav      0  Dec.  -JO  \^\r> M:i'\ 

Mav      I  1  )»■<•.  7  I89;i Ma'v 

Ma\      0  D.f.  10  |8'.)4 Ma'v 

Mav  10  1).>.'.  8    :   18115 May 

Apr.  •J4  D.C.  1  18'J0 May 

Mav  y-i  1  ).•'■.  1    !                         ■ 

Mav  15  Dpo.  5    i                        ] 


Die. 

Nov. 
Dt'c. 
D.r. 
D.M. 

Di.v 
Nov. 

D.M'. 

Nov. 

Dr.'. 

D.MV 

Die. 
Dim' 
D..'. 

D.M. 
D.M'. 

D.I'. 

D.M'. 

Dim. 
Nov. 

D.M'. 
D.M'. 


1 


0 
28 
I 
I 
I 
1 
1 


Averiid."  dad'  ol' o|iciiiim,  April  27;  av.'ra^.' dal.' ol' .losiiii;,  Dcc'ihIht  5;  avrrajjc  iiiiiiiliiT  uf  ihiv  « 
.•loH.'d,  Hit. 

A  III  lion  I  i.".'.:  (i.'iicral  K.'port  I'liiilir  Works,  Caiia.la.  ISO"  I8s2;   1  iilcriial  ('oiiiiiicrc.'.tl' I'nil.'.l  Slalr,<, 
1885;  Marin.'  Il.^vi.'w.  1890. 

N.i.  101.     KAUKVNS  rolN'l"  (\VNAL. 


Year.  (i|imi*'d.     CUmiMl. 


Y.'iir. 


Opnii.Ml.      CloMi'il. 


V.-ar.         Op.Mi.'.l.      Clii.si'il. 


1848.. 
1840.. 
18.50.. 
1851.. 
l8;-.2.. 
185;i.. 
18,54.. 
18.55.. 
18.56.. 
18.57.. 
1858  . 
185!).. 
I860.. 
1801  . 
186'.;.. 

I86;i. 

1864.. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Ajir. 
A  pr. 
Apr. 
May 
May- 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
Apr. 
A  pi. 
Apr. 
.'Vpr. 
Mav 
Apr. 


Ui'C. 

D.M'. 
I).'.!. 

Nov. 
N..V. 

D.Ml. 

D<'ii. 
D.'.'. 
D.r. 
Due. 

D.M'. 

Dec. 
D.'c. 

D.T. 

Nov. 

D.M'. 

1>.<\ 


6 
15 
10 
25 
24 

1 

8 
15 

0 
12 
II 

5 
lU 
10 

;io 

7 
10 


1805 Apr.  20  D.r. 

1800 Mav     1  D.M'. 

1807 Apr.  ;iO  ;   D.M'. 

1808 Apr.  ^27  ,   D.r. 

1800 .Mav      1  I  ><•.•. 

1870 Apr.  ^23  .   D.M  . 

1871 Apr.  21  :  D.'i'. 

1872 1  Mav     1  ■  I)i'.'. 

187;t Ma'v      I  D.'C. 

1874 May     1  '.Hm'. 

1875 May     I  !>«;. 

1870 Mav      I  1).M'. 

1877 Ma'v      I  ;   D.-i;. 

1878 Apr.  'JO  ;   D.'I'. 

1879 Apr.  28  !   Di'.'. 

18,'<0 Apr,  •JO  '  D.'.'. 

1881 Apr.  27  D.'C. 


i:t 

II 
0 
.5 

:t 

10 
0 
7 


7 
12 

!1 
11 
10 


1882 Apr. 

188;t Mav 

1884 Ma'v 

1885 ;  May 

1880 !  Apr. 

1887 Mav 

1888 i  .May 

1880 Apr. 

1890 Apr. 

1801 Apr. 

1802 Apr. 

I80;! Apr. 

1804 Apr. 

1805 Apr. 

1890 Apr. 

I 

I 


24 
1 
1 
4 

20 

III  I 


21 

•Jii 


2n 


D.M 

D.'I 

D.M 

D.'I 
Di'i 

D.M 
D.M 

D.'I 

D.M 

Dim 

D.M 
D.M 
D.M 

D.'I 


0 

I 

,5 

10 
0 
4 
12 
KI 
i:! 

10 
10 


lii'i  111  (la\  s 


CIlLSI'd. 


N.i\. 

21 

Nov 

2.) 

Nov 

15 

Nov. 

1 

Nov. 

•)•) 

T  III'  .laVH 
III  tlOIIHI'V 


A  vi'i'ii(;i>  <lali' III' iip.'iiiini,  jViiriPJT;  av.irajt."  .lal.'  of  .'l.isin.i;,  D.'riinli.T  7;  avi'rafxi'  iiiiiiilMr  nl'ilavi* 
I'loN.'d,  I4i. 

Aiitii.iriti.'.i :  (ioii.'ral  It.'p.irt  I'lilili.' W.irks,  ('aliiula.  1807-1882;  Aiiiioal  Uniiorl  of  lln'  D.'pailnn'iil 
•  d  Uailwav.s  ami  Caiialu,  Doiaiiiioii  .il'  I'aiia.la,  188;t-1805;  D.'parliii.'iil  ul  I'lililir  WorkM.  DniiiiiinvM  nl 
Canada,  1800. 

N.).  lOJ.-CKKNVlLI.K  CANAL. 


V.-ar. 
IH50 

( )p«i 
\iir 

I80O    

1801 

1802 

i8o;t 

•,  '"  • 
Apr. 

Mav 

Mav 

Mav 

May 

May 

May 

Mav 

May 

May 

Apr. 

May 

1804 

1805   

l8(Mt   

1S07 

1808 

1800 

1870 

1871 

OpOlU'lJ.    CloRr.l. 


V.-ar. 


Op.-n.Ml.  Clii.siil. 


V.>ar.    Op(>ii.'.l.  Cl.)M-il. 


20 

Nov. 

28 

28 

Nov. 

20 

;i 

Nov. 

29 

:i 

Nov 

;io 

1 

1).'.'. 

.) 

•» 

N..V. 

II') 

I 

N.)V. 

;io 

;i 

N..V. 

;io 

7 

Nov. 

;io 

•> 

Nov. 

;io 

:i 

Nov. 

•JO 

27 

1  »<«.•. 

0 

1 

Nov. 

27 

1872.... 

1.87,1.  .. 

1871... 

1875.... 

1870... 

1877.... 

1878.... 

1879.... 

1880.... 

1881... 

1882.... 

I88;t.... 

1884.... 


Mav 

•j;i 

Mav 

1 

May 

0 

May 

1 

May 

8 

May 

1 

Mav 

:i 

Ma'v 

5 

Apr. 

24 

May 

I; 

Mav 

1 

May 

1 

Apr. 

28 

D.r. 

18 

.i.tv. 

18 

N.)v. 

25 

Nov  . 

20 

N.pv. 

:;o 

D.'C. 

5 

S.'pt 

0 

N..V. 

24 

Nov. 

2:1 

Nov. 

20 

Nov. 

24 

Nov. 

27 

Nov. 

20 

1885. 
1880. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
181)0. 
1891. 
1802. 
l.-iOII. 
1804. 
1805. 
1806. 


Mav 

1 

Nov. 

:to 

Mav 

1 

Nov. 

;to 

Mav 

'J 

Nov, 

:io 

Mav 

'J 

D.'I'. 

•1 

Apr. 

•JO 

N.iv. 

:iO 

Apr. 

'JO 

Nov. 

•JO 

Apr. 

211 

Nov, 

28 

.Apr. 

,'I0 

Nov, 

:io 

Mav 

1 

Nov. 

;io 

Apr. 

'j:i 

Nov  , 

;',() 

A  pr. 

20 

N.)v. 

:io 

A  pr. 

27 

. . . . 

av 


I'tamMlalt.  of  .'losiiiK,  Ni)V.>iiilii<r  •JS.  avi'ray.^  niinili.-r  ol' .liiya 


iv.'|iiii  1^   I 'i'|Nii  I  nil  III  III    iiiiii- 

vN.  l>iiiiiini(iniil'C;iiiM<la,  1890. 


Av.-rn(;.' ilati- lit' opi-ninn.  Ma.v    I; 
clom-.l,  154. 

Aiilli.iiiiii'.'^     li.nrral  K.-port  I'lililir  WorUw.  Canada,  1,807   l.'<8'J;  .Vnimal  K.'porls  D.-pai  liiirlil  ol  iuiil- 
wayMand' aiialK,  Diiiniiiloiiorcaii;iil;i.  I88;i  1890;  D.'piirliii.'iilori'uliii.' W  0  ■      "  '     ' 


•T""^r' vm^ 


H 


254  REPORT   OK    IT.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

No.  Ui:».-II,MNOIS  ANH  MICHIGAN  ("ANAL,  CHICA(K). 


Year.       1  Opencil.      CloHotl. 


1850 
1851 
ISo'J 
18W 
1851 

i8r.r. 

1850 
18.".7 
1858 
1859 
1860 
18CI 
18fi2 
186;t 
18(i4, 
1865 


Mar. 

■  Mar. 
;  Mar. 
I  ^Inr. 

Mar. 
,  Apr. 
i  Ajir. 
[  ^la.v 
:  Apr. 

■  Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Ai)r. 


Deo.  6 
Dec.  8 
■2!»  Deo.   8 

14  Dec.  12 

15  Deo.  2 

3  ,  Dec.  12 
8  ■  Dec.  4 
1   Nov.  30 

Deo.  1 

16  Doo.  3 
8  Nov.  26 

4  Nov.  28 

1  

4  Doo.  1 

10  Dec.  1 
10  Nov.  15 


15 


1 


Year. 


1806 
1867 
1808 
1860 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
187!) 
1880 
1881 


Opeiieil.   Cloned. 


Year.   !  Opened.   Closed. 


Apr.  n 
Apr.  10 
Apr.  4 
Apr.  7 
Apr.  7 
Apr.  6 
Apr.  1 
Apr.  10 
Mar.  30 
Apr.  15 
Mar.  25 
Apr.  16 
Mar.  20 
Mar.  29 
Mar.  22 
Apr.  25 


Oct. 

Nov. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Deo. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Deo. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 


1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 

188!>  

1890 

iwl 

1892 

1  i;  !893 

1  i  1894 

20  '  1895...... 

18  i  1896...... 


Mar. 
Apr. 
.\pr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
A]ir. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


13  Nov. 
2  '  Nov. 
7  :  Dec. 


Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 
1  1  Nov. 
1  i  Nov. 
1  Nov. 
1  I  Nov. 
1  


30 
25 
I 
25 
25 
19 
15 
15 
21 
22 
15 
15 
15 
15 


i! 


A\  cra^e  diito  of  opeiiiu;;,  Ai>ril  1 ;  average  date  of  olosing,  November  24;  average  number  of  dayn 
closed,  V2X. 
Auliiority  :  Annual  Ki'iiort  of  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  (>hicago,  1895. 


N...  164.— I.ACHINE  (!ANAL. 


Year.       |  Opened.     Closed. 


Year. 


1835 Nov. 

1830 May     1  Nov. 

18117 Apr.  26  Nov. 

1838 Apr.  23  Nov. 

1839 Apr.  11  Nov. 

1840 Apr.  21  Nov. 

1841 May     1  Nov. 

1842 May     2  Nov. 

1813 May     4  Nov. 

1844 Apr.  23  Nov. 

1845 M..y     5  Nov. 

184C) MaV     0  Deo. 

1847 Mav     6  Dec. 

1848 Apr.  24  Deo. 

1849 A\n.  21  Deo. 

1850 Apr.  22  Deo. 

1851 Apr.  22  Deo. 

18.52 Mav     7  Deo. 

1853 Mav   20  Dec. 

1854 May    13  Dec. 

1855 Mav     1  ■  Nov. 


22 
25 
24 
23 
23 
23 
25 
20 
28 
17 
28 

9 
13 
11 
10 

7 
10 
10 


28 


18,56. 
1857. 
1858. 
1859. 
18(i0. 
1861. 
1862. 
1863. 
1864. 
1865. 
1860. 
1807. 
1868. 
1809. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1870. 


Opened. 


Mav  1 
May     4 

Apr.  25 
Apr.  21 
Apr.  20 
Apr.  24 
May  4 
Mav  4 
Apr.  25 

May  1 
Mav  2 
Mav  I 
Apr.  27 
May  3 
Apr.  29 
Apr.  24 
May  1 
May  5 
Apr.  29 
May  1 
Mav     1 


Closed. 


Deo. 

4 

Deo. 

5 

1)00, 

Nov. 

'*7 

Doo. 

Deo. 

Deo. 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Dec. 

2 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

20 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Average  dalr  of  o])oniiig,  April  30;  average  date  of  cloHing,  December  2;  average  number  of  days 
closed, 140. 

Autiiorities;  General  Heport  of  Public  Works,  Canada,  1867-1882;  Annual  Reports  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Railways  and  Canals,  Dominion  of  Cana<la,  1883-1895;  Department  of  I'ublic  Works,  Domin- 
ion of  Canada,  1896. 

No.  165._HorGHTON,  MICH. 
|47    04'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  t>0U.69  feel.    88^  17'  longitude  weal.] 


i 


Year. 


1848. 
1849. 
1850. 
1851 . 
1852. 
1853. 
1854 . 
1855. 
1850. 
1857. 
1858. 
1859. 
I860. 
1861. 
1862. 
1803. 
1804. 


Average 
closed,  141. 

Authoriti 
of  Railway 
Canada,  18! 


Year. 


1832. 
1833. 
18.34. 
1835. 
1836. 
1837. 
1838. 
1839. 
1840. 
1841. 
1842. 
1843. 
1844. 
1845. 
1846. 
1847. 
1848. 
1849. 
18.50. 
1851. 
1852. 
1853. 


Average  «1 
closotl,  158. 
Authority 


Year. 


Oitened. 


1882 1  Apr.  30  Deo.     1 

1883 '  Apr.  28  Nov.  25 

1884 Miy.    8  Nov.  28 

1885 May.  11  Nov.  20 

1886 Apr.  28  Nov.  20 


Opened.      Closed. 


Year. 


! 


May  5  Nov.  27      1892 

May  15  Nov.  16      1893 

Apr.  25  Nov.  20  j    1894 

Apr.  28  Nov.  25  1    1895 

May  1  Nov.  29    ,  1890 


Opened,     (.'losod 


Apr.  26 
Mav  9 
Apr.  22 
Apr.  22 
Apr.  22 


Nov. 

30 

Deo. 

1 

Nov. 

2S 

Doo. 

'I 

Average  date  of  o|ienliig.  May  1;  average  date  of  olosing.  Novenil>er  27;  average  num1>i>r  of  days 
olosod,  155. 

Autiiorities.  Mr.  G.  A.  Marr,  C.  K,,  assistant  ^engineer  Portage  Lake  Ship  Canals;  Mr,  J.  C.  Tbomp- 
snii,  agent  Anolior  and  Western  Kteamship  Lines. 

NuTE.— This  data  a]itdios  to  the  Portage  Lake  Ship  Canals. 


REPORT   OP   U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


255 


No.  166.— RAPIDE  PLAT  CANAL. 


t;io8wi. 


Nov.  30 

Nov.  2.") 

Dec.  1 

Nov.  25 

Nov.  25 

Nov.  19 

Nov.  15 

Nov.  15 

Nov.  21 

Nov.  22 

Nov.  15 

Nov.  15 

Nov.  15 

Nov.  15 


Cloneil. 


Duo. 

4 

Dfc. 

5 

!).>(■. 

4 

Nov. 

27 

])<■<■. 

1 

Dec. 

1 

Dec. 

1 

Nov. 

:io 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Dec. 

2 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

20 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Tear.         Opened. 


1848 Apr.  13 

1H49 Apr.    9 

1850 Apr.  27 

1851 Apr.  25 

1852 Apr.  13 

1853 1  May     1 

1854 May     3 

Apr.  20 
Apr.  28 
Mny     1 


1855 

1850 

1H57 

1858 1  Apr   25 

1859 Apr.  30 

1860 Apr.  21 

1861 ;.|  Apr.  24 

1862 Apr.  29 

1803 '  Mav     1 

1864 Apr.  20 


Closed,  j        Year.         Oponod. 


Dec. 

Dec. 
Ijet!. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


6 

15 
10 
25 
24 
1 

1^1 

1^1 

11 

5 

10 


1865. 
1860. 
1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 
1H72. 
1873. 
1874. 
Irt75. 
1870. 
1877. 


10  i  1878. 
30  .  1879. 
1880. 


Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
Mny 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


10   I  1881 1  Apr. 

il 


Closed. 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Doc. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


13 
11 

0 

5 

3 
10 

2  I 

V 

5 

5 

12 

a 
u 
10  : 


Y.nr. 


1882. 
1883. 
1884. 
1885. 
1880. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1S94. 
1895. 
1800. 


Opened. 

Apr. 

24 

May 

1 

Mav 

1 

May 

4 

Apr. 

29 

May 

30 

May 

2 

Apr. 

22 

Apr. 

22 

Apr. 

21 

Apr. 

20 

Apr. 

27 

Apr. 

2:! 

Apr. 

23 

Apr. 

»»'» 

Dec. 

11 

Dec. 

16 

Dec. 

17 

Dec. 

6 

Dec. 

4 

Dec. 

5 

Dec. 

10 

Dec. 

9 

Dec. 

4 

Dec. 

12 

Do.. 

13 

Dec. 

13 

Dec. 

10 

Dii'. 

10 

Average  date  of  opening,  April  27;  average  date  of  closing,  December  7;  average  number  of  days 
closed,  141. 

Authorities:  General  Report  Public  Works,  Canada,  1807-1882;  Annual  Report  of  llie  Dcpartin'snt 
of  Railwavs  and  Canals,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1883-1895;  Department  of  Public  Works,  Dominion  of 
Canada,  1806. 

No.  167.-RIDEAU  CANAL,  JONES  FALLS,  ONTARIO. 


Year. 


1832. 
1833. 
1834. 
1835. 
1836. 
1837. 
1H38. 
1839. 
1840. 
1841. 
1842. 
1843. 
1844. 
1845. 
1846. 
1847. 
1848. 
1849. 
1850. 
1851. 
1852. 
1853. 


Opentid. 

Julv 

30 

Julio 

7 

Ai)r. 

28 

Apr. 

23 

May 

0 

Apr. 

30 

Apr. 

25 

Ai>r. 

29 

Apr. 

23 

Apr. 

30 

Apr. 

22 

Apr. 

29 

Apr. 

22 

Apr. 

26 

Apr. 

19 

May 

1 

Apr. 

20 

Apr. 

20 

May 

2 

Apr. 

26 

Mav 

1 

Apr. 

27 

Closed. 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov, 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov . 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


Year. 


1854. 

1855 

1850. 

1857. 

1858. 

23  j  1859. 

24  1860. 
24  11861. 

22  11862. 
24  1863. 
20  1864. 
20  1W!5. 

23  1866. 

28  1867. 
30  I  1808. 

29  1H09. 

30  1870. 
30  I  1871. 
30  : 1872. 
12  ! 1873. 
23  !l874. 
27  I  1875. 


Opened.     Clo.sed. 


Year. 


Apr. 
May 
May 
Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
Apr. 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 
Apr. 
May 
May 
May 
May 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov, 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


27 

2 

1 
22 
"l 
20 

1 

2 

1 

4 

1 
24 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 
20 

1 

1 

1 

4  i  Nov. 


!  1876. 
1  1877. 
i  1878. 

1870. 

1880. 
;i881. 
'■  1882. 
I  1883. 
: 1884. 
I  1885. 
!  1880. 
■  1887. 

1888. 

1880. 

1890. 

1891. 
,  1892. 

1893. 

1804. 

1805. 

1890. 


Opened.      Closed. 


May  4 

May  2 

May.  1 

May  5 

Apr.  iH 

Mav  2 

May  2 

Mav  4 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


25 
10 
29 
lil 
17 
21 
20 


Apr.  28    . 


Average  date  of  opening,  April  23;  average  date  of  closing,  Nnvcmlu'r  22;  average  uuuiber  of  diiy.s 
closed,  158. 
Authority:  General  Report  Public  Works,  Canada,  1867-1882. 


Closed. 


Nov. 
Doc. 
Nov. 
Dec. 


30 
1 

28 


•r  of  dii>8 
C.  TUoMi])- 


I  I 


250 


REPORT    OF    U.  S.  PKr?    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


No.  UK.     lilDKAT  CAXAl..  K  INCSTOX,  ( )NTA  IMu. 


Yi'iir. 


1848 

184'.t 

i8r)(» 

1851 

185'.' 

IB-);'. 

185! 

18.". 

18:.'; 

IS.-'.T 

isr.s 

]8,V.) 

18011 

]8«1 

mv: 

18ti:! 

1804 


Oi)ein»1.     CIoHi'd. 


Mav 
Maiy- 
A  ]ir. 
May 
Mav 
},U\\ 
Mas 
Mav 
A,.K 
Mav 


Vi'ar.  Opt'iK'il.      Closed. 


Y«'ar. 


(tpeiml.]    Clone.  1 


Apr. 
T^Iav 
Ata'v 
May 
May 
A  l>r. 


1 

Nov. 

:ui 

o 

Nov. 

;u) 

1 

Doc. 

1 

•ir> 

Nov. 

:i() 

Nov. 

:to 

Nov. 

:to 

Nttv. 

30 

Nov. 

118  , 

Nov. 

•28  ' 

•>•( 

Nov. 

2:1 

Nov. 

t).i 

10 

Kov. 

:(ii 

Nov. 

•Ji) 

Nov. 

L','> 

Nov. 

;iii 

Nov. 

:io 

27 

Nov. 

;to 

18fi.'.. 
18')fi. 
1867. 
I8C8. 
18fi0. 
1870. 
1871. 
187'J. 
187;i. 
1874. 
1875. 
1870. 
1877. 
1878. 
187'.t. 
1880. 
1881. 


Apr. 

25 

1).<-. 

0 

Mav 

1 

D.c. 

4 

May 

1 

Nov. 

30 

May 

1 

Nov. 

2» 

May 

1 

Nov. 

14 

A  i>'r. 

2« 

Nov. 

27 

Apr. 

21 

Nov. 

20 

May 

1 

Nov. 

20 

Mav 

1 

Nov. 

21 

Mav 

1 

Nov. 

20 

-May 

:i 

Nov. 

18 

May 

5 

Nov 

•>- 

Ai)r. 

;!0 

Nov 

30 

May 

1 

Nov 

30 

May 

5 

Nov 

21 

Aiir. 

27 

Dec. 

17 

May 

** 

Dtf. 

20 

1882. 
IKHii. 
18K4. 
lH8.->. 
18K0. 
1887. 
1HH8. 
188i>. 
181(0. 
18!)1. 
1802. 
181)3. 
18U4. 
189,'i. 
18%. 


May 

1 

Dec. 

1:1 

May 

7 

Nov. 

28 

Alav 

,'•> 

Nov. 

18 

Mav 

11 

Nov. 

28 

May 

7 

Nov. 

30 

Mav 

*) 

Nov. 

2,'> 

Mav 

3 

Nov. 

21 

Apr. 

29 

Nov. 

22 

May 

Nov. 

20 

May 

1 

Nov. 

30 

Mav 

1 

Nov. 

30 

May 

1 

Nov. 

23 

Ajir. 

30 

Nov. 

19 

Apr. 

30 

Nov. 

2» 

May 

2 



.  ... 

Avorat;t<  <luli!  of  opt'iiiiig,  ^lay  1 ;  av<Taj;i'  date  of  I'loaiiiu,  November  28;  avern;j;(i  imniber  of  days 
closed,  l."i4. 

Aiitlioritii's:  (ieneral  Uejiort  I'lildic  Works.  (Janada,  1807  IHS2;  Annual  Report'*  Dei)arliiieiit  of 
Kaihvav  and  Canalx.  Donnnioli  i>l'  ('Muaila,  188:!-lri00:  Dejiartnieut  of  I'lihlii'  W'orkH,  l)oniiiiii>u  of 
Canada',  18SW. 

N.I.  n;;i.  — IMDKAl'  CANAL.  OITAWA,  ONTARIO. 


[iri    n;  lalitude  norlli. 


42'  lun^jitude  west. 


Year. 


opened.      Closed. 


Vi-ar.       ;  Opened,  j   Closed. 


Year.        '  Opmed.  '   Closed. 


1832... 

1833.... 

1834.... 

1835.... 

1830... 

1837.... 

1838... 

183!t..., 

1840... 

1841... 

1842  .. 

18.3.... 

1844  .. 

1845  .. 
1840... 
1847... 
1848... 
1840  ... 
IS-IO.... 
1851  ... 
1852.... 
1853.... 


^lav 
•May 
Apr. 
A  jir. 
Mav 
iMay 
May 
A  pr. 
.\pr. 
A  i)r. 
A  i)r. 
May 
A  pi-. 
Ajir. 
Ajir. 
May 
Apr. 
May 
May 
A  i)r. 
May 
Apr. 


2S 
23 

2 
24 
20 
21 

4 
17 
10 

3 
28 

4 
27 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dee. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


i8r>4. 

Ih55. 
IH.'JO. 
1857. 
1858. 
18.59. 
1800. 
1801. 
1802. 
1X03. 
1X04. 
1X05. 
1800. 
1867. 
1808. 
1809. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 


May 
Apr. 
May 
May 
May 
A  pr. 
May 
Apr. 
Mav 
May 
May 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 


Apr. 

27 

Dee. 

4 

May 

1 

Dee. 

0 

Mav 

1 

Dec. 

5 

Apr. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

May 

0 

Nov. 

27 

May 

0 

Dee. 

5 

Apr. 

22 

Nov. 

29 

May 

3 

Nov. 

30 

Mav 

5 

Nov. 

19 

■May 

5 

Nov. 

20 

Mav 

5 

Nov. 

22 

1 

1870... 
1877... 
1878... 
1879... 
1880... 
1881... 
1882... 
1883... 
1884  .. 
1885... 
1880... 
1K87... 
1888.., 
1889... 
1 8'.)(l . . . 
1891... 
1892... 
1893... 
1894... 
1895... 
1896. . . 


May 
May 
Alav 
May 
A  pr. 
May 
Mav 
Maj 

May 
Mav 
Ma\ 
Mav 
May 
Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
May 
A  i)i-. 
May 
Apr, 
M;iV 


Dec. 
Dec. 
D.'C. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


3 
4 

23 
24 
23 
27 
27 
24 
30 
29 
25 
22 
28 
29 
28 
30 
30 
20 
30 


Aver.ice  date  i<f  openiiij;.  April  30;  averajio  dale  of  closing.  November  25;  avera;:e  innnbi-r  of  day.s 
dosed.  lliO. 

Aiilliiiritles-  Cieiieral  Report  Public  W'orK-^.  Canada,  l.><t!7  1882-.  Animal  Reporl.~i  Dej)artineii t  of 
KailuMss  and  Canals.  Dominion  of  (,'anada.  188:1-1890:  Department  01  ;  iildic  Works  ttomlninn  of 
Canada,  1890. 


1843. 

1844. 

1845 

1840. 

1847. 

1848. 

1849. 

18.50. 

1851 . 

1852. 

1853 

1854. 

1855. 

18,56 

1857. 

1858. 

1859. 

186U. 


Year. 

1855 

18.56 

1857 

1858 

1859 

1860 

1861 

1802 

1803 

1804 

1805 

1 800 

1807 

1808 


Year. 


1850. 

1851. 

1852 

18,">3. 

18.')4. 

18,".5. 

1850. 

1857. 

l8;-.8 

18,V.). 

1800. 

1801 

1802. 

1803. 

1864. 

1805. 


3N. 


REPORT   OF    U.  S.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 


257 


No.  170.-STK.  ANNKS  h()(JK  AND  DAM. 


ppiutl.  1    Close  i 


av 

Doc. 

i:> 

av 

Nov. 

28 

lav 

Nov. 

18 

av 

11 

Nov. 

•JS 

ay 

Nov. 

M) 

av 

N  t)v. 

2:> 

av 

Nov. 

21 

pr. 

**0 

Nov. 

•M 

l.V 

Nov. 

2(1 

lilV 

Nov 

:'.o 

lav 

Nov 

■M) 

lav 

Nov 

•s^ 

I  pr. 

30 

Nov 

19 

ipr. 
lay 

30 

Nov 

29 

«  niinili 

1 

er  of 

lavs 

ts  l»eitarliniMit  of 
rkH,    t)iiiiiiniou  of 


)p»'iio<l.      ("loMcd. 


Jav 

0 

D.M'. 

r> 

lay 

1 

D.i'. 

■J 

lav 

1 

J).<'. 

4 

tav 

.■> 

Nov. 

2:t 

Vpr. 

28 

Nov. 

2i 

lav 

2 

Nov. 

2;i 

lav 

1 

Nov. 

27 

lav 

;i 

Nov. 

27 

lav 

1 

Nov. 

24 

l.iv 

8 

Nov. 

:iu 

la\ 

;i 

Nov. 

29 

lav 

3 

Nov. 

'Z-, 

lav 

;i 

Nov. 

22 

Vpr. 

20 

Nov. 

28 

lav 

f) 

Nov. 

29 

ipr. 

28 

Nov. 

28 

lav 

2 

Nov. 

30 

ipv. 

29 

Nov. 

30 

I;,V 

1 

Nov. 

20 

Ll.f. 

27 

Nov. 

30 

l''.V 

1 

. . . . 

;f  iiiiiiilirr  of  (lays 

DiMiarlint'ii  t  of 
irliM.   Doniiiiioii  of 


i< 


Year 


()p»!llO(l.        ClOHI'll. 


Year. 


1843 IniKi  2fi  Nov. 

1844 Apr.  28  Nov. 

184.') Apr  24  Nov. 

184tl Ai)r.  II  Nov. 

1847 Ma.\  5  Nov. 

1848 Apr.  l(i  Nov. 

1849 Apr.  20  Die, 

1850 ,  Apr.  29  ,  Dec. 

1851 Apr.  17  Nov. 

1852 Apr.  30  Dec. 

1853  Apr.  24  Nov. 

1854 Apr.  29  Dec. 

1855. Apr.  30  Nov. 

1856 Altr.  25  Dec. 

1857 Apr.  25  Dec. 

1858 Apr.  1!)  Nov. 

1859 Ai)r.  18  Nov. 

1860 Apr.  21  Dec. 


28 
29 
29 
30 
(i 
5 
24 
15 
28 


1 

4 
29 

28 


1861.. 
1802.. 
1 803. . 
18ii4.. 
1h05.. 
1866.. 
1807.. 
1868.. 
1809  . 
1870.. 
1871.. 
1872.. 
1873.. 
1874.. 
1875.. 
1876.. 
1877.. 
1878. . 


0|i()iio(1. 

A])r. 

27 

Ajir. 

29 

Apr. 

28 

Apr. 

23 

A  pr. 

12 

A  pr. 

26 

May 

1 

Apr. 

18 

Apr. 

29 

Apr. 

19 

Apr. 

13 

A  pr. 

29 

Apr. 

24 

Mav 

4 

May 

3 

May 

1 

A  pr. 

21 

Apr. 

15 

('limed. 


Dec. 

Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Doc. 
Dec. 


(i 

3 

27 

21 

30 

27 

29 

20 

26 

22 

29 

4 

0 


Year. 


1870 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1H88 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 


Opeiird.  (Closed. 


Apr.  21 

Apr.  24 

Ajir 

A  pr 

A  jir, 

Apr, 

.May 

Apr.  27 
4 
2 


18 
11 
30 
26 
7 


May 
May 
May  19 
Ai)r.  24 
Apr.  2;-)  I 
Apr.  27  I 
Apr.  'Ji  i 
Apr.  21  j 
Apr.  25  I 
Apr.  26 


Dee. 

Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nor. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


3 

24 
20 
30 
26 
24 
26 
27 
28 
22 
29 
25 
26 
28 
27 
25 
29 


A  verape  date  of  ojienin^.  Ajiril  25;  averaps  date  of  clo.sing,  November  29;  avera({o  number  of  days 
closed. 147. 

AnlhiiritieM  ;  (ieneral  Ueport  Public  AVork.s,  Canada,  1867-1882;  Aiini:al  Keporta  Department  of  IJail- 
vvav.s  audt'aualH,  Dominion  of  (.'anada,  1883-1800;  Department  of  Public  \Vork8.  Doiuiuion  of  (junada, 
1896. 

No.  ni.-SAl'LT  STK.  MAlilK  CANAL,  MICHIGAN. 

[46°  28'  latitude  nortli.     Sault  Ste.  Marie  altitude,  600,05  feet.     84°  22'  longitude  west.] 


Year.       '  Opened.  ;    Closet' 


1855.... 
18.56  ... 
1857.... 
1858.... 
1859.... 
I860.... 
1801.  .. 
1862.... 
18(i3.... 
1804.... 
1805.... 

1806 

1867.... 
1868.... 


Year. 


May 
May 
Apr. 
May 
May 
May 
Apr. 
Apr. 
May 
May 
May 
May 
May 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 

D.T. 

Di'C. 
Dec. 
Doc. 
Dec. 


23 

28 

30 

20 

28 

26 

14 

17 

24 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 


18(i9. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1870. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
188i. 
1882. 


Opened.  !    Closed. 


Year. 


May 
Apr. 
May 
May 
MaV 
May 
T^lay 
May 
ilay 
A  pr, 
May 
A  pr. 
May 
Apr. 


Nov. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Doc. 


1883.... 
1884.... 
1885.... 

1886 

1887.... 
1888.... 
1889.... 
1890.... 
1891.... 
1892.... 
1893.... 
1894.... 

1895 

1896.... 


Opened. 


May 

2 

Apr. 

23 

May 

6 

A  pr. 

25 

May 

1 

Mav 

7 

Ai)r. 

15 

A]ir. 

20 

Apr. 

17 

Apr. 

18 

Apr. 

29 

Apr. 

17 

Apr. 

25 

Closed. 


Apr.  16 


Dec. 

11 

Dec. 

10 

Dec. 

2 

Dec. 

4 

Doc. 

2 

Dec. 

4 

Dfjc. 

4 

Dec. 

•  > 

Dec. 

8 

Dec. 

() 

Dec. 

6 

Dec. 

6 

Dec. 

11 

Average  date  of  iii)ening,  .\pril  25;  av<<rage  date  of  closing,  DoceiubiT  3;  average  number  of  days 
dosed,  143. 

Authorities:  Moutldy  Weallier  Keview,  Keporta  of  tlu)  United  Statea  Chief  Signal  Ollicer;  Marine 
Keviow,  1896. 

No.  172.-ST.  or  US  LOCK. 


Year. 


Opened,     (.'losed. 


1850 

Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
A  pr. 

1851 

1852     

18,53 

18.54 

18,'>5  .    .. 

Apr. 
Apr. 
Ajir. 
Apr. 
A  pr. 
A  pr. 

18.56 

1857 

1W58  

18,59 

I860 

1861   

1862 

Apr. 
Apr. 

1863 

Apr. 
Aiir. 
A  pr 

1864 . 

!865 

14 

Dec. 

6 

9 

Nov. 

•>•! 

10 

Dec, 

13 

13 

Dec, 

4 

19 

De<'. 

4 

23 

Nov. 

30 

18 

Dec. 

2 

17 

Dec. 

4 

9 

Nov. 

19 

5 

Dec. 

3 

4 

Dec. 

5 

10 

Dec. 

3 

25 

Dec. 

'1 

29 

Dec. 

3 

7 

Dec. 

9 

10 

Dec. 

9 

Year.       ,  Opened,  i   Closed 


1866 Apr. 

1867 '  Apr, 

1868 j  :Mar, 

1809 1  A|U-. 

1870 Apr. 

1871 Mar. 

1872 Apr. 

1873 May 

1874 1  Ajir. 

1875 1  Apr. 

1H70 Apr. 

1877 Apr. 

1878 1  Apr. 

1879 Apr. 

1880 Apr. 

1881 '.  Apr. 


CloHod. 

Nov 

2« 

Nov. 

29 

Nov. 

30 

No\'. 

28 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

25 

Nov. 

24 

Nov. 

28 

Nov. 

28 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

30 

Nov. 

20 

Nov. 

2f 

Nov. 

2? 

Average  date  of  oi>ening,  April  10;  average  dali'  of  closing,  November  30;  average  nuniberof  days 
closed,  137.  _  .    ,,  ,.  „ 

ities:    (iener.'ll    I! 
and  Canal.s,   Do 
890, 

H.  Doc.  IIL' 1 


Autiiorities:  (Ieneral  Keport  I'uldic  Works,  Canada,  1807-1882;  Annual  Keiiorls  Department  of 
Hail  ways  and  Canal.s,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1883-1890;  Department  of  I'ublic  Works,  Dominion  of 
('auudu,  189*i, 


\t 


258  HKPORT   OP    U.  S.  DEEP    WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

Xo.  nn.— ST.  TETKUS  ("ANAL. 


Vonr.  Opi'iHMl.      Climcd. 


1870 \' 

1871 /    

1871 1  Ai>r.   15 

1872 ' 

187:i I  Apr.  ].') 

1874 1  May     ."i 

1875 May   10 

1870 1  Miiy     ;t. 

1877 I  MiiK'o   .luiH',    187ti. 

1878    ('  I  O  H  I'  <l      H  i  II  (■  c 

187!» Jiiii«','7ti     Opfii. 

1880 OfMli.  <»|iOIl. 

1881 OiHMi.  Die.   :il 


Jan.  10 

i)ef.  io 

IUt.  10 

Die.  1.5 

l).'f.  14 


Vt'ar. 


1882 \' 

1881! / 

188;i \i 

1884 / 

1884 \i 

188.'-. / 

188.1 ; 

1880 ' 

1887 \ 

1888 / 

1888.., 
1880... 
188U. . 


Opi'iH'd.      ('lna<4<t. 


Your.       I  <))/Ciii!(l.  I   CloHeil. 


Aliiy  r. 
Apr.  ie 
Apr.  20 


May 
May 
A  pr. 


<)mii. 
Jan. 


l.> 


Jan.  2 
Jan.  30 
Nov.  27 

.Ian.     7 


11  Apr.  28 1890 

/• !  Jan.     C 


1800 1  A,>r.  21 

1801 )1  Jan.   2(' 

1891 )\  Api.  22 

1802 J' 

1802 .\|  Apr.     1 

1803.. 
1803.. 
1894.. 

1894 I   Apr.  28 

1895 ....|  ("losedfo 

Mar.  30 


•\|  Apr. 

:|fXpr:- 


Mar.  23  ,  Nov.  23 


|i 


Hit.      24 

Jan.     20 

Jan.       0 

Jan.       (i 

Dec.  l.lrt 

r  II' pairs. 


a  For  re  pairs*. 


Avrram'  date  of  opening,  April  22:  av«>rap<  datu  of  «'lo!<inji,  Dei'emltor  31 ;  averai?t'  nunilier  of  days 
clcHcd.  1 12. 

.\iit!ii!Mli('s:  Annual  liciicnts  I)f|)artnii'iit  of  Kailwaysand  Canals,  Doniiniun  of  Canada,  1883-18U(i ; 
lU'partMicnt  iif  I'lililic  Works,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1800. 

No.  174.— Til K  (^.ALOl'S  CANAL. 


Yt)ur. 


Opcnt'd. 


CloHcd 


Tear. 


Opened. 


Clofted. 


T«ar. 


1848 '  Apr. 

1849 Apr. 

18,")0 i  A|)r. 

1)^.11    '  Apr. 

18.".2 Apr. 

18."i3 '■  May 

l^;'i4   May 

18.15 Aiir. 

IH.Ki. Apr. 

18.17 May 

18.18 Apr 

18.l!l Ajir. 

1800 Apr. 

iKtil Aj)r. 

18((2 Ajir. 

l.'««3 May 

181)4 Ajir. 


1)(T. 
1    IVf. 

I  Due. 

I  Nov. 

Nov. 

!    1)*T. 

Dec. 
i  1  >«■(•. 
.  I>.r. 
,  I).-.'. 
I  Dec. 

Dec. 

U.T. 

Dec. 

i  Nov. 

l).-f. 

D.c. 


6 
1.1 
10 
25 
24 

1 

8 
1.1 

(i 
12 
11 

5 
10 
10 

•to 

7 

10 


18rp5 Apr.  29 

18(ifi '  May     1 

1807 '  Apr.  311 

1808 :  Ajir.  27 

18B9 .M.-v      1 

1870 '  Ap'".  23 

1871 ,  Api    21 

1872 !  Muv     I 

187:! ;  Ma'y     1 

1871 May     1 

1875 May     1 

1870 May     1 

1877 May     1 

1878 Apr.  20 

1879 Apr.  28 

1880 J  lino. '10 

1881 Apr.  27 


n.c. 

\U-v. 
D.c. 
IVc. 
Dor. 
Dfc. 
Doc. 
DfC. 
1  »»'f. 
Dec. 
D«c. 
D.c. 
Der. 

D.M'. 

Di'f. 
Dec. 
D.r. 


Opened. 


Closed. 


1882 i  Apr.  24 

I  1883 1  May     1 

1884 1  May     1 

1885 !  May     4  ' 

,  1886 1  Apr.  29 

I  1887 May  30 

I  1888 1  May     2 

i  1880 1  Apr.  22  i 

1890 Apr.  22  i 

1891 1  Apr.  21  j 

1892 Apr.  20  1 

;  1893 1  Apr.  27 

I  1894 1  A])r.  23 

1895 Aj.r.  23 

1806 Apr.  22 


Dec 

11 

Dec. 

16 

Doc. 

17 

Dec. 

6 

Dec. 

4 

Dec. 

5 

Dec. 

10 

Dec. 

9 

Dec. 

4 

Doc. 

12 

Dec. 

13 

Dec. 

13 

Dec. 

10 

Dec. 

10 

Averatje  date  <if  opening,  April  27;  average  date  of  cloging,  l>ecenil>er  7;  average  niinil<er  of  days 
<  loscd.  141. 

Aiitliorities-  (leneral  lleport,  I'\ilili(-  Works,  (.'anaila,  1867-1882;  Annual  Iteport  of  tin  Department. 
of  Itailnavs  iinil  (.'iitjals,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1883-189.1;  Department  ol  Piildic  Works,  Duniiuioii  of 
Cauadii,  180(1. 

No.  175.-TKKNT    UIVEK,    TUKNTON,  ONTAUIO. 
[Altitude,  300  feet.) 


Year. 


Opened.  I  (.'limed. 


1867. 

1868. 

1869. 

1870 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875. 

1876. 


May 
May 
May 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Ajir. 
Apr.  M 
Ajir.  10 
Apr,  10 


Nov. 
Nov. 
I  )ec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov 
Nov.  .1 
Nov.  29 
Nov.  24 


15 
14 

£4 
10 
II 
24 


Year. 


1877 
1878 
1870 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1880 


Opened. 

Clou 

A  pr. 

20 

Dec. 

May 

1 

Nov. 

Apr. 

20 

Dec. 

Apr. 

« 
i 

Nov. 

Aiir. 

2(i 

Nov. 

Mar. 

15 

Nov. 

A  pr. 

28 

Nov. 

Mar. 

20 

Nin  . 

Mar. 

25 

Nov. 

A  pr. 

1 

Nov. 

Year. 


8 
10 
25 
18 
28 
12 
20 
23 


1887. 
18,M8. 
1889. 
181H). 
18111. 
1802. 
1893. 
1804. 


1805 I   Apr.  211 


Opened.      Clo.scd. 


Mar. 
A  pr. 
.\  i)r. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
.■\pr. 
AJir. 
AJtr, 


1896. 


Apr. 




27 

Nov. 

25 

20 

Nov. 

22 

17 

Nov. 

23 

21 

Nov. 

24 

20 

Nov. 

2(i 

21 

Nov. 

26 

10 

Nov. 

27 

5 

Nov. 

23 

211 

Nov. 

22 

18 

Avera^ie  date  of  open  in;;,  .\pril  17;  average  date  ofclosin;;,  .Novi-inln-r  22;  average  nurnlier  of  days 
closed.  1 10. 

.\ lit liorilies;  (leneral  report.  I'lililic  \Yoiks.  Ciiiitnla,  1867  1882;  Mr.  Tlmmiis  I).  Ilelctior,  siiperin- 
teiiiliiig  eiignnr;  Amiinil  reports  Depiulmenl  of  I'liLlic  WorkH,  Dominion  of  Canada,  1883-lHOO; 
Dejiartn.ent  of  I'nblic  Works,  Dominion  of  Canada,  18U6. 


1863.. 
1864.. 
1805.. 
1800  . 
1867.. 
1808.. 
I860.. 
1870.. 
1871.. 
1872.. 
1873.. 
1874.. 


U^^XMU^ 


HESSsf!'. 


ISSION. 


REPORT    OK    U.  8.  DKEP    WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


259 


No.  170.-\VKLLAN1)  CANAL. 


())>eiie(l.  I    CloHud. 


.. 

A,«r.  21 

Doc.     24 

1 

Jan.   2!'    

Api.  22    

.1 

,  Jan.     20 

Apr.     1    

.Inn.       0 

;) 

Apr.  24    

.lull.       fi 

Apr.  28      D.'c.   l.lrr 

CloHeil  tor  repuii's. 

Mar.  :iO 

veraije  number  of  ilnyH 
mof  Canada,  188:1-1890; 


Opened. 

Closed. 

Apr.  24 

Dec      11 

May     1 

Dec.     16 

May     1 

Dec.     17 

Mav     4 

Dec.       6 

Apr.  29 

Dec.       4 

May  3(1 

Dec.       5 

May    2 

Dec.     10 

Apr.  22 

Dec.       a 

Apr.  22 

Dec.       4 

Apr.  21 

Doc.     12 

Apr.  20 

I  »ec.     13 

Apr.  27 

Dec.      13 

Apr.  23 

Dee.      10 

Apr.  23 

Dec.     10 

Apr.  22 

rornKe  nunil>pr  of  dayn 


M)rf  of  till 
c  Works, 


Departmenti 
Duniinion  of 


Opened. 

(MoHcd. 

Mnr.  27 

Nov.    25 

Apr.  20 

Nov.     22 

.\pr.  17 

Nov,     23 

Apr.  21 

Nov.     24 

Apr.  20 

Nov.     20 

Apr.  21 

Nov.    :>.*} 

Apr.  10 

Nov.     27 

Ajir.    5 

Nov.     23 

Apr.  2(1 

Nov.     22 

Apr.  18 



ieraj;e  inimber  of  days 

IS  I),  llrlctior,  Hii|)erhi- 
■pf  C'aiiaila,  188;)-I890: 


Year.        i  Opened.  I    Closed. 


1831.... 
1832.... 

1813 

1834.... 

1835 

1830 

1837.... 
1838.... 
1839.... 

1840 

1841.... 
1842.... 
1843.... 

1844 

1845.... 
1840.... 
1847.... 
1848.... 
1849.... 
1850.... 
1851.... 
1852 


Aj.r. 
Alay 
iMiiy 
A  p'r. 
May 
.\l>r. 

A  pr. 


X 

l;i 
20 
10 

I 
28 

5 

5 


Xciv.  15 


Apr. 
May 


l»-i 
De. 


Apr. 
May 
Ai>r. 

A))!-. 

Apr. 
A,.r. 
Apr. 
-Mar. 
Apr. 


3 
14 
10 
3 
1 
25 
13 


De.'. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 


4 
4 

20 
15 

9 
1!) 

7 
12 
12 
14 


Year. 


18.53 

18.54 

1855 

18!i0 

1857 

J8.58 

1859 

1800 

1861 

1862 

1803 

1804 

1885   .  .    . . 

1800 

1807 

1808 

1869 

1870 

1871    

1872 

1873 

1871 


Opened. 

Apr. 

1 

Apr. 

3 

Apr. 

Ki 

A  pr. 

26 

Muv 
Apr. 
Apr. 

1 
7 
1 

.■\  pr. 
.Vjir. 

1 
8 

Apr. 

15 

Apr. 
A  jir. 
Aiir. 

13 
1" 
17 

Apr. 

17 

Apr. 

23 

Apr. 

15 

Apr. 

21 

Apr. 

20 

Aiir. 
Apr. 

5 

0'> 

A  pr. 
Apr. 

2T 

9 

CloHed. 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Dee. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
I)c<;. 
Uov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


17 
4 

12 

13 

15 

1 

8 

0 

12 

15 

13 

11 

15 

11 

7 

9 

10 

10 

9 

10 

15 

10 


Year. 


1875 

1870 

1.S77 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884   

1885 

l.'<80 

1887 

1,S8S 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

189U 


OpelHMt.       CIosimI, 


May 
Ajir. 
Apr. 
Mav 
May 
May 
Api-. 
Apr. 
A  111'. 
Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
May 
Apr. 
A  pr. 
Ajtr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Ai>r. 
Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 


17 

0 

5 

1 

29 

20 

5 

15 

5 

19 

3 

23 

16 

15 

20 

19 

24 

19 

20 

28 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Doc. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Doc. 


15 

15 

S 

14 

5 

30 

15 

5 

16 

4 

9 

1 

10 
1 
4 
10 
16 
12 
11 
11 
12 


Avera;:e  date  of  opening,  .\prill7;  average  date  of  clo.sing,  December  1(1;  average  number  of  daj's 
closed,  I'.M. 

.\iilliorities:  (ieiieral  Ueport  Public  AYorks,  Canada,  1867-1882;  Annual  Ueportof  tlie  De)iartiiieiil  of 
liailwavs  and  Canals,  Doinliiinn  cf  Canada,  1883-1895;  Department  of  Public  works,  Dominion  of  Can- 


U(bi,  1896. 


M.  No.  1— HATHritST,  NK\V  liUrXSWICK. 
[47^  39'  latitude  north,    d't^  42'  longitude  w(!st.| 


Year. 

1 
Opened.      Closed. 

i 

Y.'ar. 
1877 

Opened. 

Closed. 

Year. 

1887 

1888 

Opened. 

Open . 
May      8 
.Mill'.   25 
May      3 
A  III'.   21 
Apr.   22 
Jlay      1 
May      1 
Api'.   29 
Apr.   28 

Closed. 

1867 

Nov.    26 

1808 

■■     '1     

1878 

Apr.   30 
Apr.   20 
Apr.   29 
Apr.    20 
Mav    15 
May     3 
Api'.    28 
Open. 
Apr.    27 

Dec        5 

1809 

1879 

T880 

1889 

Dec.       4 

1870 

Nov.  2(5" 
Dec.     4  ' 
Nov.  29  , 
Open. 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

Dec        2 

1.S7I 

1872 

1K73 

1874 

Apr.  24  1  Nov.    0 

1881 

1882 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 

Dec.     18 
Dec.      14 
Dec.      14 
Nov.     29 

1875 

M;iy     10   : 

Dec.     I    i   18i)5 

Open.        1   1890 

Nov.    25 

1876     . 

Alav    15      Dec       5 

' 

.Vverjige  date  nf  opening,  .\pril  27;  iiverage  date  of  closing,  December  22;  iiveragc  number  of  days 
closed,  126. 

.\utliorities;  (IciH'ral  Ueport  T'liblic  Works.  Can;ida,  1807-1882;  Annual  Keport  of  tbo  Department 
of  Kaihvays  and  (.'aiials,  Dmiiiniiiii  of  Canada  18X3-1889;  Dipar(ni(nt  oC  Public  Works,  Dominion  of 
Caiiaila,  1800. 

M.  No.  2  KIUST  .\ND  I.A.ST  TKU'S  OF  STEAMKCS  HKLONOING  TO  TlIK  DKTUOIT 
AM)  CLKVKLAND  STKAM  NAVUJATION  COMPANY,  P.KTWEEN  DETROIT  AND 
CLEVELAND. 


(I  Could  iiavo  gone  to  Clovcland  on  tlie  12tli  had  steamer  been  r«>udy. 

Average  date  of  first  trip,  Manli  25;  average  date  of  hiM  trip,  December  5;  average  number  of 
days  not  running,  110. 

•Authority  :  Mr.  I).  Carter,  general  manager. 

NiiTK.— 1878-1887.  The  closing  of  these  seasons  were  generally  on  account  of  freezing  up.  1888- 
1895.     Till'  closing  trips  of  these  years  were  not  governed  so  iiiucli  by  the  close  of  navigation. 

All  other  departures  wen-  made  as  soon  as  could  be  on  account  of  ice,  e.vcept  1890,  when  a  steamer 
could  littvo  run  all  winter  so  far  as  ice  was  coucernetl. 


■ 


ITnti'ifiilBiifta 


i ) 


1 

;      I 
1 


!2G0  REPORT   OF    U.  s.  DEEP   WATERWAYS   COMMISSION. 

M.  No.  ;i.-Hri)SON  (.'II'V,  X.   V. -HUDSON  UI\  KK. 


Year. 


Oltuned.  ,    Clumul. 


Vdiir.  OiioihmI.  j   (Jlom'il. 


IHIH. 
18l!l. 
1  «'.»(•. 
1821 . 
iHTi. 
18'.M. 
18'.'4. 
1825. 
18J:.. 
18-JC. 
181'7. 
U:28. 
18'»). 
18;i0. 

I8:i0. 
18:!l. 
I8;n. 
18;t'.>. 
I8;t:t. 
I8;u. 

1835. 


Die. 
I)..'. 

n.c. 

Nov. 
D.c. 
D.i-. 
Die. 


14 
12 
12 

;iu 

5 

25 
I) 


.litii.    11 


Jim. 
Dec. 

Dec. 
I)tc. 
Dec. 


12 
6 
■f 
12 
14 
15 


I 


1 

IKIfi   

Der 

I8:t7  

Dc(;. 

I8;i8 

Nov. 

i8:iit 

Dei'. 

1840          

Doc 

1841      

Dec. 

1842 

Nov. 

184;t       

Dec. 

1844 

Dec. 

1845 

Dec. 

1840 

1847 

Deo. 
Dec 

1848 

Dec. 

1849 

Der. 

1850 

Dec. 

1851       

Dec. 

1852 \ 

185;i /    

lH5:i 

Jan. 
Dec. 

1M.^4 

]S5'i 

Dec. 
Dec. 

1850 

1  )ec. 

1 

24 
2:1 
25 
ID 
21 
1!) 
20 

;io 
i;i 
4 

14 
27 

24 
17 

11 


Opened.  ;  OloHed. 


1857 \ 

1858 J .Inn.     15 

18.58 , Dec.      18 

18,5!) I Dec.      10 

18fi0 1 Dec.      12 

1871 1 Dec.       4 

1802 Dec.     10 

18(!;t I Dec.       0 

1804 Dec.      18 

1805 Dec.      19 

1800 Dec.      15 

1807 j    Dec.       9 

1808   1  Dec.      10 

1809  1  l»ec.       7 

1H70 

1871 

1872 

187;i  ' 

1874 

1875 1 

1870 


Aiitliorily:  ('apt.  A.  W.  Seiiniiin. 


M.N0.4.-MOOSK  KORT,  MOOSK  lilVKIJ,  J.VMKS  HAY. 
I  51'^  10"  Intitude  north.     80^  iiO"  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


187 


Opened.     Clu!4ed. 


De 


1,^78 

1«79  

Apr.  29 

Nov. 

.i 

188(1 

May     9 

Nov. 

•> 

1881 

1882 

1883 

Ye 

ar. 

Ojjened. 

CloHed. 

1884 

1 S85 

1880 

1887 

1888... 

1889. 
1890. 

May 
Mav 

9 
24 

Nov.   14 
Nov.     5 

Year.  Opened.     Closed. 


1891 . . 
1892.. 
18'.(3.. 
i.J94.. 
1895.. 
1890.. 


>T..v     2  .  Nov.     18 


May 
May 
Apr. 
May 


Nov.  12 

Nov.  10 

Nov.  11 

Nov.  20 


.\verM};e  date  of  o])ening,  May  9;  average  date  of  dosinj;,  Novetnlier  13;  average  nuuilier  of  days 
.losed,  177. 
Authority:  Mr.   Hugh.   Y.    Payne,  Meteorolo>;icul  Ollice,  Tnrcmto. 

M.  No.  5.  -  I'OHTAtJK,   \\'i.>:. 
[43"  33'  latitude  north.     Altitude,  79(1  feet.     89 '  2.5'  longitude  west.] 


Year. 


Opened.      Closed. 


1853 
1854 
1855 
1856 
1857 
18.58 
1859 
1860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1800 
1867 


Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Ai>r. 
A]>r. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Ajir. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
-^  pr. 
AJir. 


I 
27 

3 
23 

I 
13 
U 
10 
31 

:t 
;i() 

29 

JO 

2 

11 


Year. 


1808. 
1809. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 

1877. 

1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 


Opened.      Chmed 


Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Ai)r. 
Feh. 
Mar. 
Feh. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Ajir. 


10 
28 

3 
13 
10 
31 
30 

0 

4 
22 
29 
24 
20 

5 
15 


Year.       j  <)i)ened.      Closed, 


> 


1882.... 
1883.... 
1884.... 
1885.... 
1880.... 
1887... 
1888.... 
IHHO .... 
1890.... 
1891.... 
1802.... 
1893.... 
1894... 
1895 .... 
1890.... 


Feh. 
Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Aiir. 
Apr. 
Ai>r 
Mar. 
Miir. 
.\pr. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
.Mar. 


14 

5 

28 

0 

5 

2 

0 

20 

24 

4 

27 

30 

5 

25 

25 


Autliority:  Portage  Dally  KegiHtor,  March  26,  1890. 


Year. 


1807. 
18(i8. 
1809. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1870. 


Year. 


1870. 
l.>*77. 
1H78. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 


Year. 


1862. 

1803 

18()4. 

1865. 

1806. 

1807. 

1808. 

1869. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 


ION. 


RErORT   OP   U.  a    DEEP   WATERWAYS    COMMISSION. 


261 


()p(>no<l.  :  (MoHeil. 


I 

'  .i'uVi.'is 

Dec.  18 

Dec.  10 

Doc.  12 

Dec.  4 

D«^r.  10 

Dm'.  0 

Der.  18 

!)<«•.  19 

Dt'C.  15 

,   Dec.  0 

Dec.  10 

i  l»cc.  7 


Oliciicil.      <;iose<l. 


Miv  2     Nov.  18 

Uuv  17  1  Nov.  12 

Uiiy  ]:i  ;  Nov.  16 

Vjn-.  30      Nov.  11 

^lii\  1      Nov.  20 


;u  iiiiuilicr  of  days 


•IuijiimI.      Clo.sfd, 


•lib. 

.pr. 

14  ! 

5    ... 

far. 

28  :.... 

.l>r. 
■  pr. 

6    ... 

5  1... 

,pr. 

2    ... 

.pr 

6  j.... 

li.r. 

20  1... 

I.'ir 

24   !.... 

pr. 

4  |.... 

[,.r. 

lar. 

;to   ... 

ar. 

5 

:iv. 

25    . .  . . 

ar. 

25    ;... 

1 

M.  No.  6.— UIMOl'SKI,  PROVINCE  OF  tiUEUEC, 
[48°  28'  lutitndo  iiortli.    68  ','!1'  loinrituib'  west.] 


Year. 


1807. 
1808. 
1809. 
1870. 
1871. 
1872. 
1H7H. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 


OpitllRd.   I    Cl08(!(t. 


Mar. 
Miir. 
Miir. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
A))r. 
Ajir. 
Mar.  24 


V, 

Dec. 

2(! 

!).:•. 

19 

D<-c. 

18 

Dec. 

5 

D.r. 

1 

Doc. 

3 

Dt'C. 

24 

Dec. 

12 

10 
8 
25 
15 
12 
10 
1 


Y(!ar. 


1877... 
1H78... 
1870... 
1880... 
1881... 
1882  .. 
188:)... 
1H84... 


Mar.  20     Nov.  20      1885. 
Mar.  :J0     Dec.     1  ||  1886. 


Opened. 

(.'loHcd. 

Year. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

Apr.    1 
Apr.    7 
Apr.  10 
Miir.  17 

Deo.     5 

1887 

Nov.  28 
Dec.     1 
Dec.   10 
Dec.   25 
Dec.    15 
Dec.   15 
Nov.    9 
Nov.    0 

1888 

\Hm 

1890 

.Mar.  20 

1891 

Mar.  22 

1802 

Mar.  12 

1893 

Mar.  15 

1804 

Mav    11 

18U5 

Ma'v     1 

1896 

Autliorities:  Giineial  Report  Piililit!  AVorks,  ('anada,  1867-1882;  Aiiiiiiiil  llepoit  of  tlin  Deimrtmeiit 
of  Kailwnys  iuid  ('anals,  Doiniiiiini  of  Canada,  1883-1889;  Mr.  U.  Steckel,  (,'.  E.,  engineer  Technical 
liranch,  JJominion  of  I'lilnic  Works,  ('anada. 

M.  No.  7.— ST.  CLOUD,  MINN. 

o  north.    Altitude,  962  feet.    04°  06' lonKitiide  west.] 


[15=  3: 

'  liitit.f'o  1 

Year. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

1876 

1  ,i<77           .       1       

1H78     

1S70 -- 

1880 

1881 

1882 

Year. 


Opened. 


1883 ! 

1884 , 

1885 

1886 

1887 

1888 :  Apr.  16 

1880 , 


CloBcd. 


Year. 


1890 
1891 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1895 
18UU 


Opened. 

Closed. 

Apr.  14 
Apr.  13 
Apr.     6 
Ai)r.  15 
A])r.    5 
Apr.     1 
Apr.  14 

Dec.       2 
Nov.    14 
Nov.    21 
Nov.     19 
Nov.     16 
Nov.    20 

Authority:  Mr.  A.  Honnemann. 


Year. 


1862.. 
1863  . 
1864.. 
1865.. 
1806.. 
1867.. 
1868. . 
1869.. 
1870.. 


Opened. 


Jan.   28 


Jan.    27 


1871 

1872 

1873 


Mar.  2 
Feb.  13 
.Mar.     1 


Closed. 


M.  No.  8.-WILMINGrON,  ILL. 
Year.  Opened.     Clo.sed. 


1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 


Y'ear.   i  Opened.  '  Closed. 


1886 

1887 

1888 

...    Feb. 
...    Feb. 

14     Dec. 
8     Nov. 

3 

27 

1889 

,    ^*  o  V 

20 

1890 

1801 

....    Nov. 

•>i> 

1802 

Feb. 


Feb.  16   Nov.  17  ;  1895. 


1803 1 Nov.  24 

1894 1 Dec.   28 


1884 :Mar.  10  Nov.  23   1896 Feb.  21 

18H5 1  Mar.  28  ,  Doc.   20 


Dec. 


M.  No.  9.— MISCELLANEOU.S  NOTES. 


Location. 


Norway  House 

Oxford  Lake 

Hattleford.  Sask 

Fort  (Jliurchill 

Moose  Fort, . I  ani"»  Hay 
Lake  Nipi.-<winji.  Out..  . 

Lake  .St.  John,  Ont 

Hreckenri(l(ii',  .Minn . . . 
(irand  Forks,  N.  Dak.. 


Latitude  Lonfiitudoj  .Vlti- 
north.         west.      tude. 


Estimated  averano 
<lates. 


SI.  Cloud,  Alinn... 
(Jranile  Falls,  Minn 
McGregor,  Iowa 

Lafayette,  Ind 

Ticobderojra,  N.  Y.. 

Allentown,  I'a 

Lynchburg,  Va 

Wilmington,  111.... 


53  40 

55  02 

52  45 

,58  52 

51  16 

46  16 

48  25 

46  10 

47  55 


45  32 
44  50 
43    01 


Feet. 

08  00       708 

05  10 

108  30 

05  00 
80  56 
79  45 
71  35 

06  32  '     058 

07  01  I    787 


Aver- 
age 
,  days 
Closed.    /6pened.  .(do.sed 


Nov.  26 
Nov.  1 


Juno  1 
.lune  4 


Nov.  29  j  Apr.  30 
Nov.  15  Juno  15 
Nov.  13   Mav   9 


642 
2il3 


Nov. 
Doc 


May  3 
Ma'v  10 


94  06   062 

95  35  ,  870 
01  10  I  604 


Nov.  15  I  Apr.  15 
Nov.  8  ■  Apr.  15 


Nov.  20  Apr.  9 
Nov.  10  Apr.  1 
Nov.  24  .Mar.  30 


40 
43 


51 


40  38 
37  12 

41  21 


86  53 

73  23 

75  33 

79  06 

88  07 


505 

05 
221 
523 


Dec. 

Dec. 
Dec. 
Dc(^ 
Dec. 


Jan. 
.A  pr. 
Feb. 
<l  an. 
Mar. 


19 

12 

14 

6 

1 


187 
215 
180 
212 
177 
155 
160 
151 
158 


140 
142 
126 

27 
124 
45 
29 
00 


Authority     for    esti- 
mated average. 


.Mr.  C.  C.  Chipman. 
Do. 

Mr.J.O.  Oliver. 

Mr.J.  li.Tvrell. 

Mr.  Hugh  V.  I'ayne. 

:Mr.  H.  C.  Varin." 

^Ir.  G.  F.  liaillairgo. 

Mr.  E.  Mattson. 

Mr.  A. O. Powell,  assist- 
ant United  States 
engineer. 

Mr.  A.  Honnemann. 

Mr.  George  Sein. 

Monthly  Weather  Re- 
vie%v. 

Prof.  H.  A.  Huston. 

Mr.  F.  A.  Baldwin. 

Mr.A.L.  Richenbad. 

Mr,  L.  F.  Lucado. 

Wilmington  Advocate. 


2G2  REPORT    OF    V.  8.  DEEP    WATERWAYS   (COMMISSION. 

A  No.  1._('(>MMIII.\,  I'A.    SlIS(Jl!Kll.VNNA  KIVKK. 


Year. 

()|t(m«<l. 

I'lom'tl. 

1872 

i87;i 

1H74 

^fnr.  25 
Miir.   11) 

Dec.      1 
1U>.'.     5 
npcn. 

Doc.     2 

1875 

1870 

Miir.  18 

1877 

Ffli.  3 
Vi'h.  11 
Mur.  10 

1878 

i 

18711 

1880 

i  >'«■(•.   22 
Nov.  2."> 

!l 

Vciir.         ()|ii'n«il. 


Vvh. 

12 

F.-li, 

•  » 

K(^l.. 

18 

K.-b. 

7 

A  pr. 

;i 

'V!.. 

i;i 

•  an. 
K..1.. 
Mur. 

2(1 

5 

Cl.«wl. 

I 

VtMir. 

OpUIKMl. 

18IK» 

18111 

18112 

I8ii:i 

Open. 
•Inn.     5 
Open. 
Kxit    1(1 

!)•!«.    18 

I)<M'.     15 

Dot'.    15 

i).o.  -i 
Dfir.  2it 
Die.  It 
Open. 

18114 

181),-. 

18l»rt 

Open. 
/.Iiiii.   11 
\Mnr.    4 

Mur.     1 

Cloau 

d. 

Dec. 

10 

Open. 

N..V. 

30 

Open. 

lU'V. 

8 

Kib. 

11 

Doc. 

15 

D.C. 

2 

Avorairo  dull' iif  opcniiis;,  Fi-ltruary  Itl;  avoni<riMliit*<  of  cloMiiii;,  DorcinlM-r  21  ;  nvfrai;o  iiiinibor  nf 
davH  ('loM«<l.  57. 

Aiilliorily:  .Mr.  K.  V.  Smith,  HiipcriiitoiHlcnt  anil  enuinccr,  canal  <livi8l(in. 


A  No.  2.  — LOWKLL,  MAS.S. 


Year. 


(•pencil.     CMoseil. 


1847. 

1848. 

1H48 

18411. 

1H,50. 

1851. 

1852. 

1853. 


Mar. 
Mar. 
Felt. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Fib. 
Ftb. 


1854. 


18.V5.. 
1H50.. 

1857.. 


Dec. 

18 

Mar. 

i:t 

Mar. 

H 

.\  pr. 

8 

Fib. 

It) 

1858. . . 

1851)... 
18«0... 


1861. 
1862. 


•Ian.  2^ 
Mar.  1!) 
Mar 
Mar 
Mar 


Ki 


a 


;< 


1863 

18(!4 


A  pr. 
Dec.    1 
Jan.    I 


Mar.  2(1 
Dec.  14 
.Mar.    7 


Jan. 

Dec. 

Dee. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec, 

Fib. 

Mar. 

Dec 

Dec. 

Mar. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Mar. 

Dec, 

Feb, 

Nov. 

|)ec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Doc. 

Dec. 

•Ian. 

Feb. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Dec. 


0 
23 

8 
13 

2 

21 
11 
lU 

5 
20 
28 

•J 

12 
I 

'» 

jd 
u 

30  .; 
«   I 

^^! 

10  ! 

21    ' 

3 

7 
21 

10    i 
il 


Year. 


1865 

1860 

1807 

1808 

1860 

\sm 

1H70 

1870 

1871 

1872 

1873  

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1H82   

1882 


Opened.  [   Climed. 


Year.  Openeil,     (.'loHed, 


17 


■!. 

I 

■\  ... 
(    .Mar.  23 


Mar, 
Feb,' 


Mar. 
.Mar, 
Dec. 

Feb.' 
.Mar. 
Apr, 

Ap-; 

Dec. 
Jan, 
Mar. 
Mar, 


18 
21) 

30 

io 


Nov,  28 


Mar, 
Mar, 

Mar', 
Mar, 
Feb. 
Mar, 


22 
27 

4 

30 
27 
15 


Dpc, 
Dec. 
Mar. 
Dec, 
Nov, 
Dec. 
Dee. 
Doc. 

'Feb.' 

Dec, 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Mar, 

Dec. 
(Nov, 
1  Nov, 

Dec. 


a 

14 
7 
14 
10 
4 
« 
8 

3 
10 
28 
30 

!) 
21 
2** 
15 
12 
12 
25 
30 

2 


Mar.    0 


:  Jan. 

1 

Dec. 

20 

Dec. 

18 

Nov. 

22 

i  Jan. 

3 

!  Nov. 

29 

1883 

1884 

1885 

18X6 

1887 

1888 

1888 

1889 

1889 \ 

18m)  / 

1890 1 

1891 

1891 

1832 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

18116 


Apr. 
Mar. 
Jan. 
Apr, 
Dec. 
■Ian. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Dec. 


9     Doc. 

23  Dee, 
Jan, 
Dec, 


Dec 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


15 
18 
17 

5 
20 

3 

22 
13 


Mar.    4 


Jan.     30 


Feb. 
Feb. 
Mar, 
Dec. 

'Mar', 
Mar, 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 


9 
27 
11 
23 

23 
29 

7 
27 

1 
19 


Jan. 
Feb, 
Dec. 
Dec. 

Jan, 
Dec. 
Deo. 
Nov. 
Doc. 


1) 
20 
10 
17 

'•24 
20 

4 
21) 

6 


Mar.    13 


Authority:  Mr.  Artiiiir  T,  Sallonl,  assistant  en(;Inecr  of  prop.H,  locks,  and  canalH,  Merrimac  Uiver. 


A  No.  3,-P()UT  CLINTON,  l'A,-SCnUYLKILL  RIVKU, 


Year.      |  Opened, 

Closed. 

18,')3 

Dei!    23 

1 8.')4 

IK.'-).''. 

185(1 

]8.'.7 

Feb.     9 

Nov.  21 

1858 

18,59 

1800 

1861 

Open, 
Dec.     5 

IKIi'J 

1863 

Dec,   23 

1K64 

Dec,     8 

1865 

D«'c.    16 

1806 

■ 

Dec.    13 

1867 

Dec,     9 



Year.  Opened, 


1868. 


Mar,  ;0 


1809 

1870 

1871 

1872 Mar.  23 

1873 Mar.  15 

1874 Open. 

1875 '  Mar,  18 

1876 , 

..i   Feb.     2 

...    Open. 

...    Feb,    12 


Closed, 


Y^ear. 


Dec.     9      1882. 


Opened. 


Closed. 


Dec.    10 


Nov.  18 
Open. 


1877. 
1878. 
1879. 


1880. 
1881. 


Feb.   10 


,  Dec. 

Dec. 

Open. 
!  Dec. 
I  Dec. 
i/Nov, 
l\Dec, 


18 


188:;.. 
1884. . 
1885.. 
1880.. 
1887.. 
1888.. 
1889. . 
1890.. 
181)1.. 
18!)2.. 
1893.. 
181)4.. 
1805. . 
1896.. 


Fob. 

Feb. 

Ft4). 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Jan. 

Mar. 

Mar. 

Open 

Jan. 

( )|)en 

Feb. 

Oiien. 

>Iar.    4 

Mar.  10 


13 

15 

8 

17 

13 

20 

2 

4 


26 


Dec. 
Dec. 
Doc. 


16 

20 

1 


Dec. 

Dec. 

Doe, 

Open, 

De(^ 

Open, 

Dec, 

Open. 

Dec. 

Dec. 


4 

20 
14 


10 

8 
5 


Author .'ty :  Mr.  E.  F.  Smith,  superintendent  and  enginiK^r,  canal  division. 


1864. 
1865. 

1800. 

18(17. 
l,S(i8. 

18(19. 

1870.. 

1871. 
1872. 
1873.. 
1874.. 


Aut 


Yf 


18811. 

IHIKI. 

1891. 

18112 

1802. 

1893. 


Ave 

doMi'il 

Aut 


iiiiitnriiinrtii 


tssiON. 


Oponi'il. 


Closed. 


<i|ion 

Doc. 

10 

•Fnn. 

6 

Open. 

OiNtn 

Nov. 

30 

l-"«b. 

10 

<  >pi'ii. 

Open 

Doc. 

H 

Jan. 

11 

Kol). 

11 

Mnr. 

4 

D.>o. 

K, 

•Mur. 

1 

Doc. 

2 

I :  avoriiL'o  niiiiil>ur  of 


Opencil. 


Apr. 
Mar. 
Jan. 
Apr. 
Doc. 
Jan. 
•Mar. 
Mar. 
Doc. 


Closed. 


Doc. 
Doc. 
Jan. 
Doc. 
Doc 
Doc. 
Dec. 
Deo. 


15 
18 
17 
.l 
20 

:i 

22 

i:i 


Mar.    4 


.1  Jan.     ao 


Fob. 
Fob. 
Mar 
Doc. 


Jan. 
Feb. 
Doc. 
Doc. 


II 
20 
10 
17 


Jan. 

24 

Mar. 

23 

Doc. 

20 

Mar. 

2!) 

Deo. 

4 

Mar. 

7 

Nov. 

2!t 

Mar. 

27 

Doc. 

U 

Mar. 

1 

Mar.  19 


Mar.    13 


iittlH,  Merriuiac  River. 

u. 

Opened. 

Closed. 

..    Feb.  13 

Doc. 

16 

..    Fob.   1.') 

Doc. 

20 

..    Fob.     K 

Doc. 

1 

..    Fob.   17 

..    Fob.    K! 

Doc. 

4 

..    Jan.  2!) 

Dec. 

20 

..1  Mar.    2 

Doc. 

14          ' 

..    Mar.    4 

Opon. 

.    Opon. 

Doc. 

2 

,.;  Jan.     5 

Opon. 

, 

( ipeu. 

Dec. 

10 

Fob.  26 

Open. 

; 

, 

Ojion. 
Mnr.    4 

Dec. 

8           1 

Dec. 

5 

Mar.  10 

... 

REPORT    OK    U.  S.   DEKl'    WATEIiWAYS    COMMISSION.  263 

AN(..  4.    Sl'KINOFlELD,  MASS. 


Year.         Opened.      (Moscd. 


1H04.. 
186,'i. . 

I860.. 

18(17.. 
1S08.. 

1800.. 

1870.. 

1871.. 
1872.. 
1873.. 
1874.. 


M;.r. 

Mar. 
( l-'oli. 
\Mar. 

Mar. 

.Mar. 
(Apr. 
\Doc. 
(Jan. 
\Fcl.. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

A  iir. 

Jan. 


Dec. 
Dor. 
.Mar. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
De.'. 


20 
10 
10 

•JO 
12 


Dec. 


De.v  17 
Nov.  20 
Due.  10 
Nov.  27 
Jan.    'JO 


Year. 

( (jionod. 

'  Feb.   'J.l 
..    .Mar.  16 
Dec.     ;i 
. .    .\  pi-.     5 
(Jan.    22 
••\Mar.     8 
..    Mar.    9 
..    Jan.    2:t 
..    Mar.  2:t 
..    Jan.    2i» 
..    Mar.     0 
..    iMar.     2 
..    Mar.  28 
..    Miir.   18 

CloHOd. 

Mar    13 
N<iv.  20 
Doc.    tl 
Nov.  28 
Feb.     3 
Doc.      1 
Doc.   20 
Doc.   22 
Doc.    21 
Dec.    rj 
Dec.    11 

,\ov.  ;io 

Dec.      :i 
Dec.    10 

Year. 

Opened. 

Mar.  30 
F.-b.    lO 
Mar.  18 

Closed. 

1874 

1H75 

1885 

188H 

1887 

1888 

Doc.     20 
Dec.       8 
Do(^       4 

1   1880     

1870 

1   1890   

1877     

'  IHUI      

|h7H 

1802     

IKTii 

lH9;t     

IHKO   . . . 

IH'.U      

■  "HI 

1805     

I.SS'.'   

18U0  

lH8;i 

1881 

Autliority:  Mr.  Uervey.I,  Doiuin;;. 

A  No.  ,'■..- WASIIINC;  ION  I'AUK,  CHICAGO. 


Year.       !  Opened.      CUmod. 


Year.  O|)unod.      Closed. 


I 


Mnr.    1 


1889 !  Feb.   28     Jan.     J  1H1(4   ... 

1800 Fob.   J,'.     .Ian.      1  1801 \ 

1891 1  Mnr.     .">     .Ian.     4  lWt"> /   Fob.  23 

1802 Fob.    •J4     Jan.      3  1H!I,-, i 

1802 \i ,  Doc.    18  iHOii I    Fob.  28 

1893 /   Feb.   27  ' 


Jan.     2 
Doc.   29 

Doc!  "it' 


1890 
1897 


Year.         Opened.      Closed. 
...'  Dec.     0     Doc.       3 


.\vera«odatei)f  openiiij;,  February  J7;  aver.iu'edatcDliloHiuj;,  Deceniber27i  average  nuniborof  days 
clo^^e(l.  02. 
Autliority:  Jlr.  </'.  W.N(i({ont. 


*H 


«i» 


aatsnEmssc 


HA. 

.3om 


ly  3pecial 

KB^S.LAKE 

3.  lake: 

4.  LAKE  1 

5.  LAKE  ] 
O.LAKB 

7.  LAKE  1 
AND% 

8.  SAIN1 

9.  THEC 
Itt  HUDSi 

I      II.  LAKH* 

12.  OSOR< 

1&  THE  G 

14  "RAHV 

lb.  IN  TBI 

MAPLAKB 

(THSO 

CM 


a, 
r 


3D: 


U.S. 
DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 

Profile     No.i 

Chicaf o,  June,  1896 . 


-700- 


)B0- 


6PO|te— 

^   I. 


— BCH,;^- 
380  A— 

-800  r 


■? 


•880  S— 


-aoo^— 

-80    S- 


Mean  Tide  at  New  York 


..I 


i  +  i 


ffirj^  OFaAJJfT  LAWHSNCM 


-.      Si 


i 

o 

I 


p  2^'A 


HM  WUH  WBW  BWICTgy 


H  Docy^i.-   54  2 


1 


■  mi.««»—u»«»w<»«imimiiiii 


HW 


mr 


msr 


=bbe: 


-lUBL 


-lur 


.  IIBI 


Twr 


zssz 


■  Ill 


mwi 


X,  A.  X  ^ 


( 


r^-^< 


rms: 


^        cr        n         o        I/- 


OUHnW-iUPHIKIII 


Mew'Tide  at  New  York 


5»nlt  Stt.Marit  ,oi  A 


, 

t 
1 

CHitAtO 

i    A  He             M  1  C  H  1  e  A  n 

MuliinuvClty 

1 

ouLUTn-aupiKim 

L  A  H  t 

s  <jf  em  on 

-  »'"'>'n'^""    "Tifi 

Mtckinaw  Cilf 


I    A    »  r  At  t  C  H  I   9  JIN 


L  A  H  f  s  u  f  e  n  I  O  It 


u     •"'i 


L    A  H    B  MICHIGAN 


MIL  1  »»»u  muiw  anin  mtiiTi 


.9 


i 


i 


ti 


a 


J 


t 


«rcz.Aza  itf»a»  J^JOf  jftudS^nr 


Z,W.£lmt,  mm 


X  ^ 


DISTANCE  DIAGRAM 


SCALE 


(MMiMiM'mxn 


MacKinaw  City 


I  L  *  nt  nut 


lyl/rr     r^/f    /iOUTE 


rt,l.r««4.tl.t.      «»j«m     DITWOIT 


LAKE  ertie 


.10.  LAM  HURON 


"^Hthoit  Riv.cr. 


MMtlM 


MVMUn 


I  MgOMTt 


•jc.i«m  ji.rjui 
«7        LAwmtNot     nivein 


ua^  Mt^M* 


i.rjsu 


njmai  oswMo 


kI«»M(nt 


SitUm 


iOTTAlM 
Yftiit        a 


OTTAKMRtine 


JCLAKCOarARIO 


JCl/IK(  HURON 


.^..^.M 1 ■        »■*«.«.>>« TOM.,0 


X  IHRtl^N  UY 


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ttoaniiju. 


II^^M^r 


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^tuuti^ 


ffuoaon   TROY 


MOHAWH  ff  f  V  £  ^ 


HUOaOM     mvlTtf       NIWVORUOHT 


crfiafi£o  'f^  << ' 


WBIfai 


40  liUluudOR 


OTTAWA     ROUTE 


Uuliliiw  Cilv 


LOKI  (itiMotrn 


lilai 


OTTAWA      mivtn 


T-MI 


•lOKia*  MY  Rom 


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^J*"*  '  '  '  'IV MUl 

f  llTLWU 

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(iVojMfed) 


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ST.        L/kWHtMet     itnem 


Mt^  mi^mt 


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OMMO 


ST.    LAW/ltNCt     Itlveit 


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L.enAiim»iii 


HUOaON     """ 


n  '^    ATLANTIC      OOtAN 


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MO  HA  wH      m  I  ¥  t  n 


##«.«  Mn.ta  umuM  YMM  mw 


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l-CHAMHAIM 


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HUDSON    Tdoy 


WWyMKCITT 


'-'  tr.  lAmAtmct' 

tUAMTfC  OCfAA 


Mnaii  Tide  ai  New  York 


ffvoaoAf    niviTif     Niwv««««rr 


uffl^"  O    ATLAAtr/C    OCtAA/ 


IV  I, 
tHPlAW  aau.!. 


_l»{jct  *»:        ^^'>'**'"jL.^..    """f 


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-■B»  HiLii  >■■■  WW  <BMaiTvmmraTT- 


~IK~ 


"TCff~ 


THE  LAKES  AND  ATLANTIC  WATERWAY 
CHICAGO  AND  DULUTH-SUPERIOR  to  the  SEABOARD 

through  the 
Great  Lake$  and  ty  the  St.LawrenceEiver  t^ndby  tlie  Hudson  River. 

ByAuthoTity  of  the 
DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 


lar 


TWB~ 


mw 


-ynr 


nar 


"■ 


im- 


AUTHORITY 
(/ontpiCed  and  drvuvH  (y  GS.Isbell,  und»r  th»  cUrection  o/' 
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GENERAL  PROFILE 

Accompanied    by 

Route  Map  and  Distance  Diagraj 

SCAliEd 
HoriEonlal:  Stutut«.\IUs« 

VerlicaJ:  Feet, 


To  accompany  Special  Prof iloi and  Map  as  follow*: 

PRaWliBNRB.LAKE  SVPERl  OR  TO  LAKE  HURON. 

3.  LAKE  MICHMAN  TO  LAlffi  HURON. 

4.  LAKE  HURON  TO  LAKE  ERIE. 
B.  LAKE  ERIE  TO  LAKE  ONTARIO. 
0.  LAKE  ONTARIO  TOLAKK  ST.rRANClS. 

7.  LAKE  STrRANClSTOLAKB  CHAMPUAIN 
AND  MONTREAL. 

8.  SAINT  LAWRENCE  RIVKR. 

9.  THE  CHAMPLA1N-HUDBONYAI.LEV 
lu  HUDSON  BIVBR. 
II.  LAKBONTARJO  TO  HUDSON  RIVER. 
12  OEOROIANBAY  TO  LAKE  ONTARIO, 
la  THE  OTTAWA  ROUTE. 
14  EARLY  CANAL  SYSTEMS. 
18.  INTBRH..AKE  ROUTES.  fOmittta  J 

MAP  LAKE  ONTARIO  TO  HUDSON  RIVER 

(THI  OSWiaO-OMUOA-MOHAWK  AMD  THI 
CHAMPLAIN  '  HUP*  OH  VALLVYI ) 


~HW~ 


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lAL  PROFILE 

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D  Distance  Diagram. 


U.S. 
DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 

Profile     No.i 

Chicago,  Jiiiie,  IH&6 . 


SCALES 
gonial:  Statute  MUM 


ecial  Profileiand  Map  as  follow*: 

,AKE  aiTPERIORTOIiAKE  HURON. 

iAKE  MICHiaAN  TO  LAlffi  HURON. 

MKE  HUKON  TO  LAKE  ERIB. 

-AKB  BRIK  TO  LAKE  ONTyVRIO. 

-AKB  ONTARIO  TOLAKK  STFRANCIS. 

jAKE  STrRANClSTOLAKB  CHAMPUAIN 

tNDMONTKEAL. 

Saint  i.awrence  biver 

rhe  ckampla1n-hud80nvai.uev 

hudson  bivkr. 

l.AKl  ONTABJO  TO  HUDSON  RIVKR. 
aBOROlANBAY  TO  LAKE  ONTARIO. 
THE  OTTAWA  ROUTE. 
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INTBRH.UUU:  ROUTES.  fOmiUtd  J 
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(THIOSWaOO-OMUtU-MOHAWKAIIITHI 
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jyefiitred  by  WiUiain  Pier-son  tftidson  M.^.Soe.C.S.,  Jf.Tntt.  C.JF.  fbr  U.S.Deefi 
thr  State  Engineer  ttnti  Surveyor  of  the  State  ofJfetrTorky  Ify  the  t^S.Qeolofficat 
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'Mwego  to  Jfioenix  :  S/tecial  Surv^a ,  MftSi  Secordx,  Of/Vce  oT'State  JSngine 

Phoenix  fo  Ptica  :  Sfteeial  Sttrveys  and  ExamintcHons ,  JS9S  and  JitffSy  jSttrvt 
Stanivix  £ngine«rin,if  t'o.,  Homer "tft^trtSj  U.S.  ffenloffiral  A 

f/Tira  fo  Fonda :  S/wriat  Surras  and  JSaim/riaftons ,  Ma/!  and  ISae ,  Jfrcords 

Fonda  To  TVov  J}am  :  Sfteriat  Snrt-i^s  and  XxaminaKons ,  M9S  and  /M9Si  Jteror 

Jirawn    fiy  .Tori  f/rayBarri ,  C  B.  and  traced  ty  Hermann  Meinze. 


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•J,  /*#*/  Bevords,  Office  rt/'Stnte  JSngineer,  JT.  T. 

intl Examinations ,  JSaS  atut  JttltS,-  jSuryeys  ly  V.S.Sn^ineerJt,  JS74',-  tVurveys  of  Jiome Summit , 
•in<f  f'o.,  Jtonxfeiitearts,  U.N.  ffenlnifiral  tVurfey. 

a  Examination.^ ,  lao/t  and  Ifae ,  Jtecords,  tirftre  <f  State  Engineer,  Jf.  Y. 

and  Examinalinns ,  M9S  and  M9S I  Jtecofda,  Oflfte»  iVtate  Sngtneer,  H-T. )    (Starts,  V.S.  geological, Vurv^. 

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H  Doc  y^x?  .  54  2 


/ 


II 


WATER  LEVJ 


GAITOE 


1860 


1864 


1865 


1868 


1860 


1870 


iiiiiMiria'anawiB*«Ma'.'awiBmnmwrana««awi 


innnin  iinniniiir-JiiiiiiaMinf  INI 


aiiMSaiaiinWM«Ol«BkM«.,^^ft.iitgBgg81«BgMBllgHMMMiifcM 


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TER  LEVELS 


1870 


fs  s^  ^  ^ 


1871 


^  ^  -S 


Si   V- 


1872 


«i  '^  ^  ^ 


1873 


FOR  THE  GREAT  LAKES  AND  SAI^ 


1874: 


ITI 


1875 


s  ^  "^  ^ 


1876 


h,    5^    -^^    t^ 


1877 


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1880 


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1881    I     1882 


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1888 


i  i  > 


18841 


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iriiiniiminiiiariiijiiiiiiiiiiiiniiuuiiiiiiB»ninBiBmillllll8lllll 


SS  ■BS'S'SSSS"  S3"555'S5"»  ■■'■■■■■Bi 


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GREAT  LAKES  AND  SAINT  LAWRENCE  RIVER 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880         1881 


1882 


1888 


1884 


1885 


1886 


1887 


1888 


1889 


I  in 


1890 


1171 


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E  RIVER 


U.S. DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION. 

Water  Level  Diagram  JS^  1 

Cldcago,  Juty,  1896. 


L888 


1889 


1880 


1891 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1595 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


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SAINT  LAWRENCE  RIVER 


U.S. DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 

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ChinaKo,  August  1886. 


1884 


1893 


18M_ 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


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WATER  LEVELS  AND    SLOPES  -   RIVERS 


18W0 


PES  -   RIVERS    CONNECTING  THE  LAKES 


U.S  DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 

Water  Level  Diafd-am  N"  2 

Chiugn,  July  ,1806. 


Elevations 


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N9I 


THE  ICE  SEASON. 

BASIN  OF  THE  GREAT  LAKES 

AND 

SURROUNDING  TERRITORY. 

LONGITUDE    70*  TO  109"  WEST. 
LATITUDE    37"  TO    59"N0RTH. 

SHOWING  BY  YEARS  AND  AVERAGES  THE  RECORD  FOR 
CHARACTERISTIC   ROUTES  AND   REGIONS. 


explanations: 

SCALE : 

horizontal: —    DAYS 


MAV 


SIGNS. 
ACTUAL     ICE ■^«^i^«ii.»^«« 

LAST  AND  FIRST    VESSEI wih^iiim  i 

OFFICIAL    CLOSING  AND  OPENING  __     e^^i 

OPEN    SEASON c. . .--  . 

EQUIVALENT     PERIOD 


authority. 

Convfiilect  6*/  CLssistcint   Chat-las  Poor-e  ,  under  dcr'ecitv/t   of 
X .E.  Cotyle^,  C.jE.,  from  RecofoLs at^M^Afefeorolof/lcctf   Ofyit-.e-  ,  Jfe/Kxr-itnent 
of  Publix:  WoT'fcs ,  J)«/tartme-Tti^    cf  Jfcwine  ou:«€l  JFis/uiries ,  cuidL  De/uxT-f.. 
TTL^rU.   of  M^jUfwoLifs  a^nci  CctrvctZs  ^  ManvirvCorv   of  Cfomctdtx. ,  artd  nfihe 
Weaifcei'  Sut'e.ctu^,  Sriffineer'  C*onft^   U.tS.A.fJjigftt  Hoiis^  J!slcd>lisfi^Tt,e./xti 
MTtd    CoUr.cit*r-S   of  Cvistofrva   of  the.  Urt^ite^  f^iai^f,  frnrrt   Jfathnt-    Cortt.- 
nxissiorters ,  Sudsort  ^ca/  Corn/tcmt/ ,vcu'U>tai  clor.aritr-rUs ,  cuul  /irira*e 
recorcls  ,  ohttxrlrte^i  largest/  it/  specicd  corresruyytde^we^ ,  cuvd  origi'jioilUf 
corrxfdle^   for  the.    Cortxnxission.  . 


AVERAGES  FOR  THE  PERIOD  FROM  WINTER  OF  1876-77  TO  WINTER  OF  1895-96  INCLUSIVE^ 


ROUTE    between    CHICAGO    AND    ATLANTIC  OCEAN. 


AVERAGES  FOR  THE 


LOCATIO 


LAKE  MICHK 


CHICAGO,  ILL  .Strejirr 
MILWAUKEE, WIS. 
GRAND  HAVEN,  MICI 
GRAND  RAPIDS,  MIC 
GREEN  BAY,  WIS. 
LONG  TAIL  POINT    L 
SHERWOOD 
MISSION  POINT  ll6H 
GREEN  ISLAND       •' 

minominle:  light  i 
eagle  bluff  ligh 
grand  traverse  l 
porte  des  morts 
south  fox  islanc 
little  traverse 
poverty  island  i 
wa60shance  l'gh" 
escanaba,  mich. 

STRAITS  OF  MACK 
MACKINAW    CITY,  ^ 
PASSAGE  ISl'D  L.H. 
PORT  ARTHUR,  ON" 
GRAND  MARAIS  LIGH 
DULUTH.MINN. 
ASHLAND,  WIS. 
OUTER  ISLAND  LIGH 
PORTAGE  RIVER     •• 
SAND  POINT  LIGHT 
MARQUETTE,  MICH. 
'>  LIGHT 

GRAND  ISLAND  LISI 
SAULT  ST  E.MARIE 
DETOUR  LIGHT  HOUJ 
CHEBOYGAN  LIGHT 
ALPENA, MICH. 
THUNDER  BAY  LIG 
STURGEON  POINT  L 
KINCARDINE     ONT. 
TAWAS  LIGHT  HOU 
CHARITY   ISLAND  L 
SAGINAW   RIV.  RAN 
PORT  AUSTIN  LIGHT 
SAND  BEACH       »' 
GODERICH,  ONT. 
FORT  GRATIOT  L*G 
SARNIA,  ONT. 
PORT   HURON,  MI 


LAI- 


ST. CLAIR  FLATS  L. 
WINDMILL  POINT  L'O 
BELLE  ISLE  L.H.,L.S 
PORT  DOVER,  ONT. 
PORT  STANLEY, O 
WINDSOR,  ONT. 


IAVERA6ES  FOR  THE  PERIOD  FROM  WIWTER  OF  1876-77  TOW 

^  ^  DEC 


LOCATION 


NOV. 


LAKE  MICHIGAN,  LAKE  SUPERIOR  AND  LAKE   HURON 


CHICAGO  ,  ILL  .Streams  in  near  vicinity 

MILWAUKEE, WIS. 
GRAND  HAVEN,  MICH. 
GRAND  RAPIDS,  MICH. 
GREEN  BAY,  WIS. 
LONG  TAIL  POINT    L.H.,WIS. 
SHERWOOD        "         "  "      " 
MISSION  POINT  ll6HTH'SE,MlCH 
GREEN  ISLAND       •'         »      WIS. 
MINOMINEE   LIGHT  HOUSE, MICH 
EAGLE  BLUFF   LIGHT  HSE  ..WIS 
GRAND  TRAVERSE  L.H.,WIS. 
PORTE   DES  MORTS    L.H.,WIS. 
SOUTH  FOX   ISLAND    •»  "   MICH. 
LITTLE  TRAVERSE  L.H.,MICH 
POVERTY   ISLAND  L.H.,MICH 
WA60SHANCE   L'GHT  H'SE.,  MICH 
ESC  AN  ABA,  MICH. 
STRAITS  OF  MACKINAC,  MICH 
MACKINAW    CITY,  MICH. 
PASSAGE  ISl'D  L.H., L.SUPERIOR 
PORT  ARTHUR,  ONT. 
©RAND  MARAIS  LIGHT  h1SE.,MINN. 
DULUTH.MINN. 
ASHLAND,  WIS. 
OUTER  ISLAND  LIGHT  H'SE.,MICH 

PORTAGE  RIVER 

SAND  POINT  LIGHT  HOUSE     " 
MARQUETTE,  MICH. 

V  LIGHT  HOUSE,MICH 

GRAND  ISLAND  LIGHT  H'SE. 
SAULT  ST  E.MARIE  ,  ONT. 
DETOUR  LIGHTHOUSE,  MICH. 
CHEBOYGAN  LIGHT  HOUSE, MICH 
ALPENA, MICH. 

THUNDER  BAY  LIGHT  HSE., MICH 
STURGEON  POINT  L.H.^  MICH 
KINCARDINE     ONT. 
TAWAS  LIGHT  HOUS:i,  MICH 
CHARITY   ISLAND  L.H. 
SAGINAW   RIV.   RANGES  L.H.,MICH 
PORT  AUSTIN  LIGHT  HOUSE, MICH 
SAND  BEACH       "  »  » 

GODERICH,  ONT. 
FORT  GRATIOT  L'GHT  H'SE.,MICH. 
SARNIA.ONT. 
PORT   HURON,  MICH. 


LAKE    ST. CLAIR    AND    LAKE 


ST.  CLAIR  FLATS  L.H.,  L.ST  CLAIR 
WINDMILL  POINT  L'GHT  H'SE  ,MICH 
BELLE  ISLE  L.H.,L.ST.CLAIR.    » 
PORT  DOVER,  ONT. 
PORT   STANLEY, ONT. 
WINDSOR,  ONT. 


NTER  OF  1895-96 INCL    AVERAGES  FOR  THE  PERIOD  FROM  WINTER  OF  I87G-7J 


LOCATION  T   NOV.]    DEcTTjAN. 

MISSOURI    RIVER  .1 


FORT   BENTON,  MONT. 
BUFORO    .  N  D. 
BISMARCK,  N.D. 
PIERRE. S.D. 
YANKTON,  S.D. 
SIOUX  CITY,  IOWA 
OMAHA,  NEB. 
NEBRASKA  CITY,  NEB. 
ST. JOSEPH,  MO. 
LEAVENWORTH,  KAN. 
KANSAS  CITY,  MO. 
JEFTERSON   CITY,  MO. 
ST.  CHARLES.  MO. 


YELLOWSTONE    RIVI 


FORT   CUSTER, MONT. 


RED   RIVER    OF    THE    N 


MOORHEAD.MINN 
ST.VINCENT,      " 
WINNIPEG,  ONT, 


i 


MANKATO,MINN. 


MINNESOTA    RIVEI 


MISSISSIPPI    RIVEI 


BRAINERD,MINN. 
ST  PAUL.  MINN. 
LAKE  PEPIN 
LA  CROSS, WIS. 
DUBUQUE,  IOWA 
DAVENPORT,  IOWA 
ROCK   ISLAND,  ILL. 
DES   MOINES   RAPIDS 
Kt  OK  UK.  IOWA 
QUINCY,  ILL. 
ST.LOUIS.MO. 
CAIRO,  ILL. 


ST.    CROIX    RIVER 


HUDSON  .WIS. 


ILLINOIS    RIVER. 


MORRIS,  ILL. 
SENECA,   " 
HENNEPIN  ,  ILL. 
PEORIA,  ILL. 
MEREDOSIA,ILL 
PEARL, ILL. 


[HE  PERIOD  FROM  WINTER  OF  1876-77  TO  WINTER  OF  1895-^INd: 

MAY 


IT  I  ON 


NOV. 


DEC. 


JAN.      FEB.    MAR.     APR. 


MISSOURI    RIVER  . 


lONT. 
;N  D. 


[NEB. 

Ikan. 

lO. 
',M0. 


■™f 


MONT 


YELLOWSTONE    RIVER. 


RED   RIVER    OF   THE    NORTH. 


MINNESOTA    RIVER. 


MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


L. 
IIDS 


ST.    CROIX    RIVER 


ILLINOIS    RIVER. 


U.S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 

Chicago,  NovCTTiber,  IH86. 


CANAL     CLOSING     SEASON. 


LOCATION 


NOV. 


DEC. 


JAN. 


FEB. 


MAR. 


APR. 


MAY. 


JUNE. 


U.S.  CANALS 


PORTAGE    LAi-£  SHIP  CANALS 

SAULT     STE.  MARIE 

ILLINOIS  &    MICHIGAN 

DES   MOINES   RAPIDS 

ERIE    CANAL 

CHAM^LAIN 

DELAWARE    AND   HUDSON 

DELAWARE  AND   RARlTAN 

CHESAPEAKE  AND   OHIO 


ezssszsi 


^SSS^I 


rf'-j-jsa-w 


^■■«.-'«j-» 


CANADIAN    CANALS 


WELLAND 


Corrvfiilect  Ay  CLssistunt   Charlns  Paore  ,  under  cicr'evtion   «/' 
J^.£.  C'oole^,  C£.,  frorn.  RecofcLs (^"t/UAfete.o ro7.ot/iccU   0/"/t*^e- ,  /ie/tart/ne/ri 
of  .Public  Works ,  J)9/icirime.tvt    of-"  Jfetr'irve  cuicl  J'ts/mriea ,  cui*i.J)e/t4xrf-.. 
rrvenl-  af  £*tifu.'a.ifs  oirvcl  Cci^vaZs ,  JDom-irvCoTv   of  C!cui,€X.€lcL ,  a.rttf  o/'i/te 
'HHtciiK^tr   SufexXJU^,  Etvgirve^r  Clor/t^   U.S.A^JLi^fit  Hotise  J^stctblisft^rt-e-ftt-, 
'<iwt4i4L  C(nltticit*ns   of  distorns   ttf^'Vve.  UTvltm*^  '*^^gf^.  from  Jfaj-bni^    Cortt.- 
rrtissiorters ,  jffudlsorty  Sea/  Cbrn/tcint/ ,  t^cwiotts  dotujtrrte-nts ,  cuut  jwiyaie 
recordts ,  otntcLirte^i  IcLfffeJttf  by  spje4^ia.t  corresfiofnierur^f  arvd  origuuMli4f 
corrtftil-e^  for  </te    CoTJxmission,  . 


AVERAGES  FOR  THE  PERIOD  FROM  WINTER  OF  1876-77  TO  WINTER  OF  1895-96  INCLUSIVE. 


ROUTE    BETWEEN    CHICAGO    AND    ATLANTIC  OCEAN 


VIA   ST.  LAWRENCE  RIVER 


LOCATION 


CLOSED 


PORT  ARTHUR, ONT. 

DULUTH,  MINN. 

SAULT    ST E.  MARIE,  MICH , 


CH I  CAS  O  ,  ILL.  Streams  in  x\*.%t  vicWiily, 
STRAITS  OF  MACKINAC 
ST    CLAIR    FLATS. 
DETROIT     RIVER. 
MONROE, MICH.     (Local) 
TOLEDO,  OHIO.  'J 

CLE  VE  LAND,  OHIO.    " 
BUFFALO,  N.Y.  n 

OSWEGO,  N.Y. 
OGDENSaURG,  N.Y. 
LAKE    ST.  FRANCIS. 
MONTREAL, RQ. 


DEC.  23 
DEC.  14 

DEC.4 


JAN  10 
JAN. 6 
DEC.17 
DEC. 18 
DEC.  13 
DEC. 16 
DEC  23 
DEC. IE 
DEC. 19 
DEC.  1 5 
DEC.  23 
DECIO 


MAY  I 

APR2+ 

APR.25 


FEBZ4 
APR.15 
APR. 5 
MAR.2I 
MAR.  7 
MAR.3I 
MAR.  24 
APR.  9 
APR. 4 
APR.  6 
APR  14 
APR. 19 


No.  OF  DAYS 
CLOjSeP 

129 

131 

142 


45 
99 

iod 

93 
84 
I05 

91 
118 
I06 
112 
I  12 
I30 


NOV. 


DEC. 


JAN. 


FEB. 


MAR. 


APR. 


MAY 


VIA    LAKE  CHAMPLAIN 


HUDSON   RIVER 


L.CHAMPLAIN  OPRBURLINGTON 
WHITEHALL,  N.y. 
ALBANY,  N.Y. 


JAN.  20 
DEC  25 
DEC.  22 


MAR.Z4 
APR.  6 
MAR.Zel 


VIA    MOHAWK 


ONEIDA   LAKE 
ALBANY.  N.Y. 


NY. 


DEC. 
DEC. 


16 
22 


APR.  7 
MAR.  26 


GEORGIAN    BAY   ROUTE 


COLLINGWOOD,ONT. 
LAKE    SIMCOE,    " 
TORONTO ,  ONT. 


DEC.  3 
DEC.  25 
DEC.2I 


APR.  24 
A  PR.  22 

MAR.Z5 


142 

118 

94 


KINCARDINE,  ON 
TAWAS  LIGHT  H( 
CHARITY  ISLAND 
SAGINAW  RIV.  R 
PORT  AUSTIN  LIGI 
SAND  BEACH 
GODERICH,ONT. 
FORT  GRATIOT  I 
SARNIA,  ONT. 
PORT  HURON, 

L^ 


ST.  CLAIR  FLATS 
WINDMILL  POINT 
BELLE  ISLE  L.H., 
PORT  DOVER, ON 
PORT  STANLEY 
WINDSOR,  ONT. 
DETROIT  R.MAMA. 
MONROE, MICH.  R> 
TOLED0,0HI0 
SANDUSKY  BAY,( 
CLEVELAND,  OHK 
ERIE,PENN. 
BUFFALO,  NY. 


LA 


OTTAWA   ROUTE. 


COPONANINS,  MOUTH   OF  FRENCH    RIVCR 

LAKE     NIPISSING.ONT  Esti. 
OTTAWA,  ONT. 


OKC,  % 

NOV.  23 
NOV.  25 


TORONTO, ONT. 
OSWEGO,  N.Y 
BELLEVILLE, ON 
CAPE  VINCENT, 
KINGSTON,  ONT. 
OGOENSBURG^t 
CONSTANTIA,N.Y. 
BREWERTON,  N: 


ST.  LAWRE 

LAKE  STFRANCIJ 
MONTREAL,  RQ. 
QUEBEC, RQ.  S- 
ROUSES  POINT,  r 
L  CHAMPLAIN,  O 
WHITEHALL, N.Y 
ALBANY,  N.Y. 
THE  ARSENAL  C 


OWEN  SOUND, C 
COLLINGWOOD, 
LAKE  SIMCOE 


YORK  FACTORY 

WIMTin  0»  lMO-\w  TO  WlNI 


THE    WfBNtU    COMPAN>,  AKRON, 0 


STUTTSkON  PUIN  1   L.N.>iLhl 

KINCARDINE,  ONT. 

TAWAS  LIGHT  HOUSE,  MICH 

CHARITY  ISLAND  L.H. 

SAGINAW   RIV.   RANGES  L.H,MlCl 

PORT  AUSTIN  LIGHT  H0USE,MIQ| 

SAND  BEACH       »             »            " 

GODERICH,  ONT. 

FORT  GRATIOT  L*GHT  H*SE,MICH 

as 

1 

^JZ 

— ^ 

ROCK  ISLAND,  ILL. 
DES  MOINES  RAPIDS 
KEOKUK.  IOWA 
QUINCY,  ILL. 
ST.LOUIS.MO. 
CAIRO,  ILL.                       ♦ 

'E. 

«i 

mm^ 

^ 

1 

4 

^D 

^^ 

_^^_^ 

■ 

: "           " '— J 

^, 

■ 

ST.    CROIX    RIVEF 

SARNIA,  ONT. 

PORT  HURON,  MICH. 

■ 

— — 

— 

1 

HUDSON  .WIS.                               1           M 

LAKE    ST. CLAIR    AND    LAKE    ERIE. 

ILLINOIS    RIVER 

ST.  CLAIR  FLATS  L.H.,  L.ST  CLAIR 

WINDMILL  POINT  L'OHT  h'SE  ,MICH 

BELLE  ISLE  L.H.,L.STCLAIR.    " 

PORT  DOVER,  ONT. 

PORT   STANLEY, ONT. 

WINDSOR,  ONT. 

DETROIT  R.MAMAJUDA  ISL'D  L.STA 

MONROE, MICH.  RAISIN  RIVER. 

TOLEDO,OHIO 

SANDUSKY  BAY,0.,CEDARPT.L.H. 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 

ERIE,PENN. 

BUFFALO,  NY. 

■■ 

^_ 

mais--.^mi 

■ 

MORRIS,  ILL. 
SENECA,   '♦ 
HENNEPIN.  ILL. 
PEORIA,  ILL. 

*R. 

MAY 

i^^ 

— 

= 

=. 

MEREDOSIA,ILL.                             | 
PEARL, ILL.                                       1 

OHIO 

river. 

— 

-^" 

PITTSBURG,   PA. 
CINCINNATI  ,  OHIO 
CAIRO, ILL. 

^"^ 

^ 

^^^^ 

.1. 

...i. 

Mi 

KANAWHA    RIV^ 

LAKE   ONTARIO    AND   LAKE    ONEIDA. 

CHARLESTON.W.VA.                        | 
POI N T  PLEASANT ,  W. VA .              [ 

«. 

TORONTO, ONT. 
OSWEGO,  N.Y. 
BELLEVILLE, ONT. 
CAPE  VINCENT, N.Y. 
KINGSTON,  ONT. 
OGDENSBURG,  N.Y. 
CONSTANTfA,N.Y. 
BREWERTON,  N.Y. 

^ 

^^^^^^^^ 



■ 

— 

1 

^Mi^ 

■MM 

SUSQUEHANNA    Rl| 

^^^^^ 

1 

- 

DU    BOISTOWN,  PA. 
HARRISBURG,PA. 

., 

H 

H 

CONNECTICUT    Rlj 

..M 

^MM 

■ 

■ 

ST.  LAWRENCE    RIV.,L.CHAMPLAIN  AND  HUDSON  RIV. 

turner's  falls,  mass. 

HARTFORD,  CONN.                          | 

LAKE  ST  FRANCIS,  ONT. 

MONTREAL,  RQ. 

QUEBEC, Pq.  ST. CHARLES  RIV. 

ROUSES  POINT,  NY. 

L  CHAM  PLAIN,  OPR  BURLINGTON 

WHITEHALL, N.Y. 

ALBANY,  N.Y. 

THE  ARSENAL  CENrL.PARK,N.Y( 

. 



,^, 

MERRIMAC    rive] 

— 

— 

— • 

AMOSKEAG,  N.H.                            j               | 

H 

v/cd 

1 

flc-Mpo^p     PI 

■ 

^^^ 



- 

i9C.ncoc.lL     r\i  v  ^-'b 

ROCHESTER,  NY. 

1      

—H 

L^UM^ 

1 

— 

IT" 

OTSEGO    LAKE! 

— ^ II          1          1      1 

1 

' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' J ■ 

GEORGIAN    BAY    ROUTE. 

COOPERSTOWN,  NY. 

.._  _l-l 

■■ 

ONWAHGENA     L>J 

OWEN  SOUND, ONT. 
COLLINGWOOD,ONT. 

1    Al/p    ciftj^/^cr      r\Ki'T' 

^^i  M  WW  r^  1  I  ^i'l—  1  ^  #~>        ^  r^m 

i— i 

— 

CAZEN0VIA,N.Y. 

la.-  ..iitLS-  ■■  ■           -I -J.  ■i.-.a  a.-.-.   :;,■: \ ::    ■  :■  -.=—- ■         ,jsr- 

JL=;  - -r=:r=r.=- 

— 

hi 

^^^ 

■ 

LAKE  SIMCOt  ,  ONT. 

HUOS 

ON&  BAY  . 

L__ 

1  ■     ' " 

LAKE  WINNEBA^ 

— 

YORK  FACTORY.  HAYES  RIVER 

WIKTM  or  IMO-IW  TO  WINtlR  OT  «7a  ■'90  lNCI.U»IVt 

, 

1 

OSHKOSH,  WIS. 

::-:^-=i 

L  . 
DS 


ST.    CROIX    RIVER. 


I 


ILLINOIS    RIVER. 

T 


OHIO    RIVER. 


KANAWHA    RIVER. 


IW.VA . 


SUSQUEHANNA    RIVER 


CONNECTICUT    RIVER. 


CANAL     CLOSING     SEASON 


LOCATION 


NOV. 


DEC. 


JAN. 


FEB. 


MAR. 


APR. 


MAT. 


JUNE 


U.S.  CANALS. 


PORTAGE    LAH£   SHIP  CANALS 
SAULT     STE.  MARIE 
ILLINOIS  &   MICHIGAN 
DES   MOINES   RAPIDS 
ERIE   CANAL 
CHAMPLAIN 

DELAWARE  AND  HUDSON 
DELAWARE  AND  RARlTAN 
CHESAPEAKE  AND   OHIO 


CANADIAN    CANALS 


WELLAND 
RIDEAU  -OTTAWA 

"  JONES    FALLS 

KINGSTON     . 
GRENVILLE 
CARILLON 

ST  ANNE'S    LOCK  AND  DAM 
CHAMBLY 
ST  OURS    LOCK 
THE    GALOPS 
RAPIDE     PLAT 
FARRANS    POINT 
CORNWALL 
BEAUHARNOIS 
LACHINE 
ST.  PETERS 
TRENT    RIVER 


B^aa 


E^SZ^ 


ITBSSSi 


^ZZSBIS^ 


\S2ZZSIA 


TfTlfi'f't'^ 


MISCELLANEOUS    NOTES. 


(ASS. 


^ 


MERRIMAC    RIVER. 


1 


GENESEE    RIVER. 


OTSEGO    LAKE. 


OHWAHGENA    LAKE. 


LAKE  WINNEBAGO. 


^=^ 


NORWAY     HOUSE 
OXFORD    LAKE 
BATTLEFORD    SASK . 

FORT  CHURCHILL, Hudson's  BAY 

MOOSE  FORT, JAMES  BAY 
LAKE    NIPISSING  ,  ONT- 

«         ST.  JOHNS         /' 
BRECKENRIDGE  ,    MINN. 
GRAND    FORKS,    N.D. 
ST.  CLOUD,  MINN. 
GRANITE      FALLS,  MINN. 
M5  GREGOR  ,   IOWA. 
LA  FAYETTE,  IND  . 
TERRE   HAUTE  ,  IND. 
ZANESVILLE,  OHIO. 
TICONDEROGA,   N  .Y. 
ALLENTOWN,  PA  . 
LYNCHBURG, VA. 
WILMINGTON,  ILL. 


JSTIM  ATED 


Hiratvn    by    tier/nanri  ffeinze. 


H  Doc  /f^   54  2 


U.S.  DEFP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION. 

Chicago,  J^ovember,  1896 . 


GRAND    MARAIS  LIGHT  HOUSE,MINN. 


S3~ 


PORT  ARTHUR,  ONT. 


PASSAGE    ISLAND  L.H.,LakeSuperior,WIS. 


H  DOC  /^^    54  2 


I  ti 


THE  ICE  SEASON,    N92  . 


PORT    HURON,  MICHIGAN. 


GODERICH,  ONTARIO. 


CHARITY    ISLAr 


MAY 


SARNIA,  ONTARIO 


FORT  GRATIOT  RANGE  LIGHT  HSE.,MICH. 


SAND  BEACH    LIGHT   HOUSE,  MICH 


PORT  AUSTIN    LIGHT   HOUSE,  MICH. 


KWKTEROfl   NOV. 

Dec. 

JAN. 

FEB.] 

MAR,|     APH. 

MAY 

l885-'!9« 
I889-590 

1879-^ 

AVCRAAE 

'"^iiHHilHEi 

OFITYeikRSaiM 

■ 

■■- 

SAGINAW    RIV.  LIGHT  RANGES,  MICH. 


IfWNTEROf 

NOV. 

.  DEC. 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR. 

APR. 

.  MAY 

1895-198 
1889-90 

1879-80 
1874-75 

AVERASI 

s 

B 

p. 

^ 

■ 

JHI 

■ 

B 

»  S8  vi 

«■ 

l^t 

'TI^iM 

^LUS 

■HMSaM 

H^^ga 

TAWAS    LIGH 


KINCAR 

IWINTEROfI 

NOV. 

DEC. 

JA 

l89B-'96 

...^ 

^ 

— 

1869 -''90 

~ 

^^s 

1879 -'ao 

ie76-77« 
AVENACt 

'tirimm 

S|B 

STURGEON    P 


CHARITY    ISLAND   L  .  H.,  MICHIGAN, 


TAWAS    LIGHT   HOUSE,  MICH. 


KINCARDINE,  ONT. 


STURGEON    POINT  L.H.,MICH. 


THUNDER    BAY   ISLAND    L.H.,MICH. 


ALPENA,  MICH. 


CHEBOYGAN     LIGHT   HOUSE,  MICH, 


WINTER  OF 

NOV. 

DEC. 

JAN.  [    FEB.  1     MAR.      APR. 

MAY 

l895-'!96 
l889-'90 

1880-bl 

|avera6C 

""""S^^^^HPK^ 

ir'tiVit 

II                                                 =L^s^= 

MACKINAW    CITY,   MICH. 


STRAITS    OF    Ml 


KMNTFAOn    NOV.       DEC.       JAN  I 


1878 -'8( 


IB69-7( 


1859- 

1853-54 
AVERASe 


--1- 


yi6YEA|RS 


ESCAN, 


WIMTEROr 


I89B-96 
1889-^0 

»79-lB0| 
1871 -"72 

AVCRASE 


NOV. 


DEC.       JA^ 


OFZBVRI 


WAGOSHANCE    LI 


WWTEROfl   NOV.   I    D^-  l_^f 


1895-96 

l889-'90 
AVKRAOe 


or  9  Y  E  kRS 


POVERTY  ISLAND 


WINTEROf     NOV.       DEC.       dA^ 


)F  9  VR» 


LAKE  HURON ,  LAKE  MICHIGAN    AND    LAk 


OF   MACKINAC,  MICH. 


EC.  I    JAN.  I   FEB.;     MAR.i     APR.     MAY 


SCANABA,  MICH 


|DE.C.  I    JAN.'    FEB.  I     MAR.I     APR 


MAY 


E    LHNCE    LIGHT   HOUSE,  MICH 


JAN^B dec!    JAN.'    FEB.'     MAR.i     APR. 


L 


MAY 


AND  HsLAND  LIGHT   HOUSE,MICH. 


LITTLE    TRAVERSE  LIGHT  H'SE.,MICH. 


WIKTEROf 

NOV. 

DEC. 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR. 

aprTI 

MAY 

1895   '96 

1889 -'90 
1  AVERAGE 

B 

B 

a 

L 

3 

OF  8YE/ 

.."■ 

■■  ^i^ 

\ 

SOUTH    FOX  ISLAND  L 

.H., 

MICH. 

mm 

NOV. 

DEC. 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR. 

APR. 

MAY 

1895 -'9« 
1889 -'90 

AVERAM 

F 

or  9y'r 

L 

^ 

PORTE    DES    MORTS  L.H., WISCONSIN. 


WINTER  on    NOV 


ie95-'!96 
1889-00 


:: 


DEC.       JAM.      FEB.       MAR.       APR.      MAY 


GRAND  TRAVERSE  LIGHT    H'SE,  WIS. 


EAGLE    BLUFF  LIGHT  HOUSE,  WIS 


KMHTtROr     NOV. 

DEC. 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR. 

_APR. 

MAY 

1895-96 
I8a9-\M} 

■■IHiBK 

AVCRAM 

^l»YiA 

^^ 

MENOMINEE  LIGHT   HOUSE,  MICI 


GREEN    ISLAND  LIGHT    HOUSE,  V 


MISSION    POINT  LIGHT   HOUSE,  V 


SHERWOOD  POINT  LIGHT   HSE., 


LONG   TAIL  POINT  LIGHT    H'SE., 


WMTEROFJ 

NOV.' 

DEC. 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR. 

.   AP^ 

t8»5-'de 

1888 -tBO 

AVIRAOK 

tl 

"■ 

jfsy'rs 

^m 

PH 

^ 

..^MBH 

^s 

iMaa^HH 

^^B^^ 

I^^B^RI 

KHMHM 

CHIGAN    AND    LAKE   SUPERIOR. 


NEE  LIGHT   HOUSE,  MfCH. 


MILWAUKEE,  WIS 


1    DEC. 

JAN.  j   FEB.!     MAR. 

AP". 

MAY  jl 

j 

1 

"Ti 

■■■HH^^^ 

> 

1 

5LAND  LIGHT    HOUSE,  WIS. 


POINT  LIGHT   HOUSE,  WIS. 


= 

DEC. 

JAN. 

feT] 

MAR. 

APR. 

MAY 

„ 

"1 

m 

B 

■ 

-- 

SB 

ft 

50D  POINT  LIGHT   HSE.,WIS, 


AIL  POINT  LIGHT    H'SE.,WIS. 


f. 

DEC. 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR. 

APR. 

MAY   1 

EL. 

"i 

a^ 

R6 

J-             1    1           1             Jl         ,    1   ,     ..,1 

GRAND 

HAVEN 

,MICH. 

NOV. 

DEC.      JAN.  '  FEB. 

MAR. 

APR. 

MAY 

1895-^6 
j|l889-'90 

1878-80 

l869-'70 

lUvlRAOC 

M    , 

1 

—  Cl'ZZ 

'•'zz::zj^ 

i«4»— 

^^— . 

mm 

r 

,"~~^ 

OP  28  V 

lARa  -.. 

1— 

GRAND   RAPIDS,  MICH. 


GREEN    BAY, 

WIS. 

MNTEROF 

l8d&-96 
1883-190 

ie79-'80 
1874-75 

AVKRASi 

NOV.        DEC . 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR. 

APR. 

MA' 

1 

jj^^B 

B 

g 

bb 

"~^^^^J 

iHB 

m- 

CHICAGO,  ILL.,Streams  innear  vicinii^ 


WINTER 


l89S-'96 
l889-:9ol 


I879-'B0 


1869-70 
1859-^ 

1849-50 
AveRA«J 


APR.J[jfM 


inn-nicTjn 


DETOUR    LIGHT  HOUSE,  MICH 


APR.      MAY 


jar  vicinity. 


TT. 


APR.  I   MAY    I 


K.  I    /Krw. 


mks^mm 


SAULT    STE. MARIE,    ONT. 

WINTEROF 

NOV. 

DEC.  1   JAN.!   FEB.      MAR.  {    APR.     MAY  | 

l89S-^6 



'     r   '    !     ! 

1889 -'90 



S^^^^^^br 

1878 -IBO 

■ 

isea-Vo 

AVERASK 

GRAND    ISLAND  LIGHT   HOUSE  ,  MICH 


MARQUETTE,  MICH 


SAND    POINT  L.H.    LVknsc  ,     MICH. 


fE.MICH 


\n.\    APR. 

MAY 

i 

MARQUETTE  LIGHT  HOUSE,  MICH. 

iMNTEROf 

i 1 

NOV. 

DEC.^ 

r^AN. 

FEB. 

MAR. 

APR. 

MAY 

1895-196 
1869-^ 

1879 -'80 
187+ -75 

AVKRA«I 

■■ ~n 

or  22  vV 

a 

■ 

PORTAGE  RIVER  LIGHT  HOUSE  ,  MICH 


MICH. 


MAR. 

APR. 

MAY 

^— 

^ 

1 
1 

1 

1 

OUTER   ISLAND  L.H./iear  Ashland, WIS. 


U.S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION. 

Chlcago,:Nbvember.  1896 .  ^    * 

GRAND    MARAIS  LIGHT  HOUSE^MINN. 


WnNTEROFJ 

NOV. 

DEC. 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR.  1    APR. 

, L 

MAY 

l885-'9d 
l889-'90 

ms-'ee 

-^MMH^H^Bhr 

:..j 

DULUTH  ,  MINN. 


ISC.     MICH. 


MAR. 


PORT  ARTHUR,  ONT. 


HOUSE,  MICH 


ASHLAND  ,    WIS 


PASSAGE    ISLAND  L.H.,LakeSuperiooWIS. 


H  Doc  /fJi    54  2 


14- 


|!pK 


¥  I 


I — I  *•< 


U.S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 

Chicago  Novemlier,  1896 . 


LLE  ISLE  LIGHT  HOUSE,  Detroit  River,  Mich. 


INT 


I  um=m=^  J95, 


I89S 


BI689 


RI87S 


1866 


I8S! 


184! 


3E 


nNDMILL    POINT    LIGHT    HOUSE, 
Lake  St.Clair,  Mich. 


wii 


1831 


184 


182' 


I8< 


18" 


|I8U 

la 

180^ 
180 

AVI 


ROP 

NOV. 

DEC. 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR. 

APR. 

, iji 

MAY    1 

'96 

L- 

-'30 

■s 

-80 

■i 

^^ 

-•75 

^ 

1 

tAec 

OF22VC 

^RS..Hi 

— 

■■■'■■ 

— 

ST.  CLAIR   FLATS    LIGHT    HOUSE, 
Lake  SLCIair,  Mich. 


HDoc/f-^-  54  2 


24 


ir—wt'^wrf*'*' 


THE  ICE  SEASON,  N?3. 


LAKE  ERIE     AND     LAKE  ST 


BUFFALO,  NY.    Lake  Erie. 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO. 


MONROE  ,  MICHIGAN,  Rasin  Rive 


iwiWTEROfjj"  NOV.    '     PEC.   |    JAN.  |     FEB.!     MArTJ^  APR.I    MAY    | 


ERIE,  PENNA. 


It        MMTEROFI  NOyT^DECrTT'ANjj'EB.  I    MAR. 


APR. 


MAY 


B95-96 

J88-'90||. 

i 
B79-1B0 


871  -'72;, 


lANDUSKY  BAY,  OHIO.CedarPointLi^htHousc. 


TOLEDO,  OHIO. 


DETROIT  RIVER. Mamajuda  IsI'd.LightSl 


WINDSOR,  ONT. 


ERIE     AND     LAKE  ST.  CLAIR 


MONROE  ,  MICHIGAN,  Rasin  River. 


i  Nov: 

DEC. 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR.^ 

APR. 

MAY 

. 

1            "* 

i: -... 

m^ 

SI 

^i.s'S 

E- 

-t 

^■■"^Bg^ 

B— ^bmJ 

isBaxa 

PORT 

STANLEY,   ONT. 

MMTtROFl    NOV.  |     DEC. 

1     JAN.      FEB.      MAR.{     APR. 

MAY. 

—      1 
l88S-'96 

1889-50: 

i__ 

1          I 

1        ■ 

F" 

1879 -'ao| 

^ 

!8li?:^ 

r 

•ViDAei 

ortsYtifns    ■■ 

U.S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 

#  Chicago  November,  I89fi. 

3E1LE  ISLE  LIGHT  HOUSE,  Detroit  River,  Mich. 


24 


ROIT  RIVER. Mamajuda  IsI'd. Light Sta. Mich. 


BLOCKADE  OF  DETROIT  AND  CLEVELAND  STEAMERS. 


WINDMILL     POINT    LIGHT    HOUSE, 
Lake  St. Clair,  Mich. 


974 -75 
\vtii«ei 


WINDSOR,  ONT. 


PORT    DOVER, ONT. 


ST.  CLAIR    FLATS    LIGHT    HOUSE, 
LakeSt.Clair,  Mich. 


MAY 


H  Doc/^-?-^  54  2 


m 

8C 

86 

87 

87 
wm 


Mrmi 

189! 
168] 

f878 

1871 
Aven 


18 


18 


I8i 

18! 

AV 


^ 


WIHTEI 
1895  < 
1889- 

1879 -! 

1868- 


1859-^ 
•856-! 

AVtllA« 


I8t 

idi 


187 

i 

hah 


ise 

i8« 


'Ok 


181 


18 


tei 


18. 


la. 


4    3 


!» 


THE  ICE  SEASON  ,N24. 


j 
LAKE  ONTARIO     AND     LAKJI 


OGDENSBURG,N.Y. 


CAPE    VINCENT,  N.Y. 


KINGSTON,  ONT. 


BELLEVILLE,  ONT. 


OSWEGO,  N.Y. 


l834-'a5 

AVERAGE 


0F36Yt<.Wa- 


MAY 


1849- 
I845-; 

AVClAi 


m*- 


IHt    WERNER  COMPANY.AHRON^O. 


ARIO     AND     LAKE  ONEIDA. 


U.S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 

Chicago,  Jfovember,  1896. 


MAY 


MAY 


I.      MAY 


;ONSTANTIA,  N.Y.    Oneida  Lake. 


JAN.      FEB.       MAR.       APR.      MAY 


BREWERTON  ,  N.Y.    Oneida  Lake 


TORONTO,  ONT. 


LAKE    ST.  FRANCIS  ,  ONT. 


jHflMTEWet| 


DEC. 


JAN. I    PEB.fMAR^.  I    ARR^ 


MAY 


H  Doc  /fZ    54  2 


awtamr^. 


} 

a 


18 
IS 


i 


U.S.  DEEP  WATERWAYS  COMMISSION 

Chicago,  NoviMnber,  1896.  Q  g 

HUDSON    CITY,  N.Y.Hudson  River. 


18 
18 


HARTFORD,  CONN.  Connecticut  River. 


H  Doc  /^-f.    54  2 


,1  ' 


THE  ICE  SEASON  ,  NS5 

QUEBEC,  P.  Q.  St. Charles  River. 

[jWITCTOf     NOV.        DEC.   1    JAN.  I    FEB.  |mAR^^  ^wTT^IA^ 


MONTREAL,?.  Q. 


WHTtRoS^NOV.        DEC.       JAN.      FEB.  !    MAR.   ,    APtf.      MAY 


1849-50 

AVIKAfet 


LAKE  CHAMPLAIN,  SAINT  LAWRENCE,  HUDSON,  CONNECTICU' 


ROUSElS    POINT,  N.Y. 


LAKE   CHAMPLAI^ 

1 ,  opp.  Burlington. Vt. 

wmnRor 

NOV. 

DEC. 

JAN.  I    FEB.  1    MAR.  |    APR. 

MAY 

l895-'96 
|l889-'90 

11879-180 

1869-70 

l8B9-'60 

1 

tl849-'B0 

1839-40 

1829-^ 

1819 -'20 
AvcRAee 

^4^- 

M 

? 

^i^^^^^^^^^^^^B^^^^^y 



r 

l^t 

■ 

1^^  1           1        ' 

^gJH 

^^^^I^^^Pi^ 

—  a^^^^ 

OrSIVIi 

w»  ..- 

1 

WHITEHALL, 

N.Y. 

WWTCROf 

NOV.        DEC. 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR. 

APR. 

1895 -'96 

ie89-'ao 

1879-80 

1869-70 

l8S9-'60 
AVERAGE 

B 

CL 

^^fc 

e- 

AMOSKEAG,  N.H.  6are House,Merrinn 


THE  ARSENAL  CENTRAL  PARK,N«wY< 


MNTEROFII   NOV. 

DEC. 

JAN. 

FEB. 

MAR. 

APR 

isss-'ael 

lOOO    3»> 

l889-'90 

1879-190 

• 

"^^-. 

^ 

' 

b^ 

1869-70 

"^I 

1 

-SSfl^kt 

l859-'60                1            n 

AVCDASI.     t  35  Tllf  US  .  -     ■ 

^■^^a 

^~~      ' 

^ 

lUDSON,  CONNECTICUT  AND  MERRIMAC  RIVERS. 


WHITEHALL,  N.Y. 


^InOV.   I    DEC.        JAN.      FEB.       MAR.       APR.      MAY 


SKEAG,  N.H.  6are House,Merrimae Riv. 


ARSENAL  CENTRAL  PARK,N«wYori(,N.Y. 


ALBANY   N.Y.    Hudson  River. 


TURNERS   FALLS, MASS.    Connechcut  Riv. 


wnmROF 

NOV. 

DEC.      JAN. 

FEB.  1    MAR.      APR. I   MAY  ||{ 

l8S5-'96 

1889 -"So 

IR85-'86 

AVIWAM 

lfl»Y(«« 

~r 

r     1 

«ig 

1 

S 

U .  S.  DEEP  'VATERWAYS  COMMISSION 
Chica'^o,  Novemlicr,  1896. 

HUDSON    CITY,  N.Y.  Hudson  River. 


26 


HARTFORD,  CONN.  Connecticut  River. 


H  T)OC/^J     54  2 


